矿用救生舱瓦斯爆炸动力响应数值模拟

为确保煤矿井下可移动式救生舱的合理设计和安全使用,基于瓦斯爆炸原理,利用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,采用ALE流固耦合算法,对体积分数为9.5％,体积为200 m³的瓦斯/空气混合气体在井下巷道内爆炸产生的爆炸流场进行数值模拟,分析了两类典型救生舱舱体在入射冲击波峰值超压0.6 MPa,历经400 ms时间作用下的压力场分布、塑性应变及各重点部位位移时程等动力响应．计算结果表明,改变舱体截面尺寸对舱体的抗爆性能影响显著,采用瓦楞型侧壁的舱体结构能有效增大舱壁的抗弯刚度,而改变舱体长度对于舱体的抗爆性能影响不大．     

起爆位置偏差对结构内爆炸荷载的影响分析

针对结构近距内爆炸试验所得的内爆炸荷载数据离散较大的特点,建立考虑起爆位置偏差影响的三维有限元内爆炸流场计算数值模型,对比试验数据验证了数值计算模型的合理性.采用数值方法计算了起爆位置有偏差时的内爆炸流场,对比分析了起爆位置偏差对结构近距内爆炸荷载的影响.结果表明：结构内爆壁面反射超压峰值对起爆位置偏差非常敏感,拟合得到了起爆位置偏差距离对超压峰值影响系数的经验计算公式;起爆位置偏差对冲量影响很小,其最大相对差值不超过2%.     

起爆位置偏差对结构内爆炸荷载的影响分析

针对结构近距内爆炸试验所得内爆炸荷载数据离散较大的特点,建立考虑起爆位置偏差影响的三维有限元内爆炸流场计算数值模型,对比试验数据验证了数值计算模型的合理性.采用数值方法计算了起爆位置有偏差时的内爆炸流场,对比分析了起爆位置偏差对结构近距内爆炸荷载的影响.结果表明:结构内爆壁面反射超压峰值对起爆位置偏差非常敏感,拟合得到了起爆位置偏差距离对超压峰值影响系数的经验计算公式;起爆位置偏差对冲量影响很小,其最大相对差值不超过2%.     

储罐外爆冲击波数值模拟及超压公式研究

为研究储罐外爆冲击波的传播规律和对储罐安全性的影响,应用软件LS-DYNA建立炸药-储罐的数值模型,并进行空爆数值计算。研究分析储罐外爆冲击波超压的衰减关系和罐体的动力响应,与经验公式的对比验证了模型的可信性,并结合经验公式平均值对数值模拟结果做了进一步修正。结果表明:冲击波运动到迎爆面中心后,外罐主应力在10 ms时迅速达到最大值,随后主应力值迅速减小,并不断振荡;迎爆面中心首先产生较大的拉应力,混凝土外罐的破坏属于脆性破坏;比例距离大于1时,现有超压计算公式拟合超压的衰减规律误差较小,比例距离小于1时,超压计算公式误差较大,修正后的超压计算公式可为储罐抗爆设计提供参考。     

煤与瓦斯突出冲击波传播规律研究

应用应力波理论研究了煤与瓦斯突出过程中产生的冲击波在煤体界面上的反射、透射现象,得到了入射、反射和透射超压解析解,根据空气动力学分析了冲击波沿巷道方向传播规律.结果表明：透射超压值为入射超压的两倍,而反射超压值略小于入射超压.冲击波超压与冲击气流、突出的膨胀能量成正比,与通风巷道的截面面积呈反比;当冲击波在单个层状煤体中传播时,它会在其两端自由界面上出现反射,反射波反向卸载,自由面上物体振动速度加倍,又将其撕裂成若干个更薄的层状体;当冲击波传播到构造煤和硬煤岩体的分界面上时,产生了强烈的透射和反射现象,透射波在分界面上叠加,其应力值加倍,煤体受到强烈压缩作用,当其超过软煤强度时,软煤被压裂破坏.     

瓦斯与煤尘混合物爆炸特性数值模拟仿真

运用Fluent对瓦斯煤尘混合物爆炸过程进行了数值模拟,并对爆炸过程中爆炸超压和火焰温度,进行了分析.结果表明:在爆炸初始3ms内的火焰温度上升速率达到了3 000K/ms,火焰最高温度达到了3 400K.瓦斯煤尘混合物爆炸的最大爆炸超压随着煤尘粒径的增大而减小;当瓦斯浓度为5%,煤尘浓度为390g/m3时,瓦斯煤尘混合物爆炸的最大爆炸超压值最高.该模拟仿真系统的仿真结果为预防煤矿瓦斯、瓦斯煤尘爆炸提供数据基础和参考.     

建筑外窗形式对窗户气密性能的影响

采用压差法测量了天津大学校园内5种典型的常用建筑外窗的气密性,这5种窗户分别是PVC单层窗、PVC双层窗、铝合金平开窗、铝合金推拉窗以及铝合金上悬上悬窗,每类窗户测量3组,测量压差控制在0~60 Pa之间。通过测量结果分析了窗框材料、开关窗形式、使用时间以及窗户所处环境对窗户气密性的影响。最终,当压差为5 Pa时,前4种窗户的漏风量分布在10~20 m³/h之间,而铝合金上悬上悬窗的漏风量则在35~40 m³/h之间,漏风量比较大。窗户的渗漏系数C与窗户气密性存在较大关系,压力指数n基本分布与0.5~0.6之间,受气密性影响小。再根据标准GB/T 7106-2008计算了所测外窗的气密性,通过计算,PVC双层窗的气密性最好,平均为5.17 m³/h·m²;铝合金上悬上悬窗的气密性最差,平均为17.9 m³/h·m²。通过对实验的可重复性进行测量,发现经过测量得出低压段（≤ 10 Pa）的漏风量受环境影响较大,高压段（≥ 15 Pa）较小;每两次重复性测试的时间间隔为1周,每两组重复测量之间的误差都小于15%,实验可重复。     

煤矿井筒保温全风量送风系统设计及热管阻力的优化研究

为了探究热管换热单元阻力特性和优化井筒保温全风量送风系统设计,建立了热管单个模块阻力分析模型,分析了不同并联模块的阻力特性,在此基础上提出了热管阻力平衡计算方法;同时分析了不同工况下,井筒不同进风口进风量的规律。结果表明：通过改变管排数量,风速分布较原设计更加均匀,阻力减少。最大风速差由2.1 m/s降低至1 m/s内,系统风速不平衡率由80%降低至20%以下。全风量送风系统运行过程中,密闭性是决定新风风道进风量的最主要因素;当辅助风道开启时,进风风量可达2 600 m³/min,占总进风量比例26.8%。     

开敞空间大体积天然气爆炸荷载数值模拟研究

基于前期进行的开敞空间天然气爆炸试验,利用AutoReaGas软件对开敞空间大体积天然气爆炸荷载与传播距离和气体体积V的关系进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明:开敞空间大体积天然气爆炸正相超压峰值和冲量均与传播距离近似呈反比;而正相超压峰值与气体体积的2/3次方近似呈线性关系,气体体积越大,拟合程度越高;冲量与气体体积的2/3次方近似呈线性关系,且拟合度在99.6%以上.研究成果能有效预测开敞空间大体积天然气爆炸的荷载.     

矿井瓦斯爆炸后巷道空气温度分布规律

结合气体爆炸动力学弱冲击波爆炸理论等知识,建立了爆炸后的超压、温度随距点火源距离变化的非线性计算公式,并把超压计算值和实验值进行了对比.结果表明:对于体积分数分别为5.0%,7.5%,9.5%的100 m3瓦斯爆炸后的巷道内大气温度变化范围分别是:582.5~309.7,709.2~315.2,825.0~320.0 K;对于体积分数分别为5.0%,7.5%,9.5%的200 m3瓦斯爆炸后的巷道内大气温度变化范围分别是:688.3~314.3,867.4~321.8,1 028.4~328.3 K.爆炸后的温度随着距离的增加先迅速递减后平缓降低到矿井正常空气温度,随着爆源的体积分数、体积的增加所产生的最高温度越高,温度变化范围越大.     

Mitigation of blast loadings on structures by an anti-blast plastic water wall

Seven in-situ tests were carried out in far field to study the blast mitigation effect of a kind of water filled plastic wall. Test results show that the mitigation effect of water filled plastic wall is remarkable. The maximum reduction of peak reflected overpressure reaches up to 94.53%, as well as 36.3% of the minimum peak reflected overpressure reduction in the scaled distance ranging from 1.71 m/kg1/3 to 3.42 m/kg1/3. Parametric studies were also carried out. The effects of the scaled gauge height, water/charge scaled distance(the distance between the explosive charge and the water wall), water wall scaled height and water/structure scaled distance(the distance between the water wall and the structure) were systematically investigated and compared with the usual rigid anti-blast wall. It is concluded that these parameters affect the mitigation effects of plastic water wall on blast loadings significantly, which is basically consistent to the trend of usual rigid anti-blast wall. Some formulae are also derived based on the numerical and test results, providing a simple but reliable prediction model to evaluate the peak overpressure of mitigated blast loadings on the structures.     

Effect of variation in gas distribution on explosion propagation characteristics in coal mines

In order to investigate the effect of variation in the distribution of gas on explosion propagation characteristics in coal mines, experiments were carried out in two different channels with variation in gas concentration and geometry. Flame and pressure transducers were used to track the explosion front velocity. The flame speed (Sf) showed a slight downward trend while the methane concentration varied from 10% to 3% in the experimental channel. The peak overpressure (Pmax) dropped dramatically when com-pared with normal conditions. As well, the values of Pmax and Sf decreased when the methane concentration dropped from 8% to 6%. The flame speed in the channel, connected to a cylinder with a length varying from 0.5 to 2 m, was greater than that in the normal channel. The peak overpressure was also higher than that under normal conditions because of a higher flame speed and stronger pressure piling up. The values of Pmax and Sf increased with an increase in cylinder length. The research results indicate that damage caused by explosions can be reduced by decreasing the gas concentration, which should be immediately detected in roadways with large cross-sections because of the possibility of greater destruction caused by more serious explosions.     

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Gas Explosion in Urban Regulator Station

Regulator station is an important part in the urban gas transmission and distribution system. Once gas explosion occurs, the real explosion process and consequences of methane gas explosion in the regulator station were not revealed systematically. In this study, a full-scale experiment was carried out to simulate the regulator station explosion process, and some numerical simulations with a commercial CFD software called FLACS were conducted to analyze the effect of ignition and vent conditions on the blast overpressure and flame propagation. The experimental results demonstrated that the peak overpressure increased as the distance from the vent increased within a certain distance. And the maximum overpressure appeared 3 m away from the door, which was about 36.6 kPa. It was found that the pressure-time rising curves obtained from the simulation are basically the same as the ones from the experiment, however, the time of reaching the peak pressure was much shorter. The numerical simulation results show that the peak overpressures show an increase trend as the ignition height decreased and the vent relief pressure increased. It indicates that the damage and peak overpressure of gas explosion could be well predicted by FLACS in different styles of regulator station. In addition, the results help us to understand the internal mechanism and development process of gas explosion better. It also offers technical support for the safety protection of the urban regulator station.     

Experimental Investigation on Shock Wave Characteristics of Aluminized Explosives in Air Blast

To investigate the shock wave characteristics of RDX-based aluminized explosives, air blast tests were conducted for measuring the parameters of 10.kg aluminized explosives which contained 0-40% aluminum. The results showed that with the increasing of aluminum content, the overpressures and impulses increase at first and then decrease within 7 m or 5 m, which reached the maximum when aluminum content was 20% or 30%. Power exponential formulas are used to fit the shock wave parameters vs scaled distance, where an equal weight of TNT is used to calculate the scaled distance. The overpressures of HL0 and TNT in tested locations not only conform to the similar law, but also conform to the same attenuation law after gaining the scaled distances of equal TNT mass. The pre-exponential factors of overpressure and impulse, k_p and k_I, decrease along with the increasing of Al content and keep the same pace as the calculated P_CJ. The attenuation coefficients a_P and a_I increase at first and decrease later with the increasing of aluminum content, and they reached the maximal values with 30% Al containing, which keeps the same pace as the calculated Q_V.     

Boundary layer distributions and cooling rate of cooling sloping plate process

According to the principle of grain refining and slurry preparation by cooling sloping plate process, the distributions of boundary layers during melt treatment by cooling sloping plate were studied, and mathematic model of cooling rate was established. The calculation value approximately agrees with the experimental result. Laminar flow and turbulent flow exist on sloping plate surface commonly. The thickness of velocity boundary layer and the critical transfer distance from laminar flow to turbulent flow increase with the decrease of initial flow velocity. The thickness of temperature boundary layer increases with the increment of flow distance and the decrease of initial flow velocity. The melt cooling rate and melt thickness have an inverse proportion relationship. The melt cooling rate increases along the plate direction gradually when the initial flow velocity is lower than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate keeps nearly a constant when the initial flow velocity is 1 m/s, when the initial flow velocity is higher than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate decreases gradually. The melt cooling rate of cooling sloping plate process can reach 102-103 K/s and belongs to meta-rapid solidification scope.     

Experiments on and predictions about properties of sand bonded by microbe cement

Microbe cement as a new bonding material is presented. Sandstone (0.05 m diameter, 0.5 m height) and sandpile (0.125 m³) are joined by microbe cement to make a whole body. Evolutions in the related properties of treated sand samples are examined through compressive strength and calcite content. Results indicate that the structure of the cemented body is nonuniform, that the calcite content decreases with distance from the injection port, and that the compressive strength also decreases with distance from the injection port. In addition, evolutions in the measured calcite content and compressive strength are summarized by a numerical model that considers microbe concentration distribution. The numerical results of the calcite content at different positions for 0.5 m height sandstone are similar to the test results, and the experimental results for calcite content and compressive strength of 0.125 m³ cubic sandpile are similar to the numerical results. Prediction results indicate that the simulations should become a significant supplementary tool when microbe cement is applied in actual engineering projects.     

天津港“8·12”特大火灾爆炸事故建筑物及非结构构件破坏特征

为了研究分析天津港“8·12”特大火灾爆炸事故对建筑物及非结构构件造成的破坏特征,为城市防灾规划中安全距离划定提供依据,在详尽的灾害现场调查及相关数值计算基础上,建议了一种综合描述近场和远场冲击波超压峰值与比例距离关系的表达式。通过与实际建筑物及其玻璃的破坏情况的对比验证,并根据爆炸能量大小和距爆炸源的距离不同,以及可能造成的人员伤亡情况,将灾害危害范围划分为不同的破坏等级,可为城市防灾规划编制提供借鉴。