Macromodeling of integrated circuit operational amplifiers

A macromodel has been developed for integrated circuit (IC) op amps which provides an excellent pin-for-pin representation. The model elements are those which are common to most circuit simulators. The macromodel is a factor of more than six times less complex than the original circuit, and provides simulated circuit responses that have run times which are an order of magnitude faster and less costly in comparison to modeling the op amp at the electronic device level. Expressions for the values of the elements of the macromodel are developed starting from values of typical response characteristics of the op amp. Examples are given for three representative op amps. In addition, the performance of the macromodel in linear and nonlinear systems is presented. For comparison, the simulated circuit performance when modeling at the device level is also demonstrated.     

A dual current feedback op amp in CMOS technology

A CMOS circuit configuration implementing a current feedback or transimpedance op amp (CFB op amp) is presented. The architecture of the circuit is derived from similar bipolar CFB op amps. The properties of the CMOS implementation are similar to those of its bipolar counterparts, i.e., a high slew rate and a bandwidth which is independent of the closed-loop gain when the op amp is used with current feedback. Further, it is shown how two CFB op amps can be connected to achieve a non-slew-rate-limited voltage-mode op amp.     

Brief communication Current-mode highpass and bandpass filters using the operational amplifier pole

A circuit configuration for realizing current-mode highpass and bandpass filters using the operational amplifier (op.-amp.) pole is proposed. The circuit simultaneously realizes highpass and bandpass transfer functions using an op.-amp., two resistors and a capacitor. The effects of parastic poles (i.e. second and third poles) of the op.-amp. are also presented. Since the circuit uses an op.-amp. pole, it is suitable for high frequency operation.     

Current-mode lowpass and bandpass filters using the operational amplifier pole

This paper proposes a circuit configuration for realizing current-mode lowpass and bandpass filters using the operational amplifier (op.-amp.) pole. The circuit simultaneously realizes lowpass and bandpass transfer functions using an op.-amp., three resistors and a capacitor. The effects of the paras tic poles (i.e. second and third poles) of the op.-amp. on the gain of a lowpass filter are also presented. Since the circuit uses the op.-amp. pole, it is suitable for high frequency operation.     

Optoelectronic component arrays for optical interconnection ofcircuits and subsystems

The design and performance of arrays of hybrid optoelectronic detector and modulator elements for use as optical input and output pads for chip- and board-level optical interconnects are discussed. The application of these interface arrays to specific VLSI circuits is discussed, illustrating the potential improvements in performance levels. This solder bond technique is capable of very accurate component positioning at points across the entire surface of the VLSI circuit, so that precise alignment to the optical pathways can be envisaged with optical signals taken from or delivered to any position on the chip. Measurements presented indicate that submicron positioning can be achieved. In particular, a fabrication-tolerant modulator design incorporating a chirped semiconductor mirror is reported     

Real-time programmable unit-element SC filter for LPC synthesis

The letter presents a novel programmable unit-element SC filter for LPC synthesis. The circuit is based on the theory of wave-flow networks. It has the advantage that for a programmable 10th-order unit-element SC filter only five programmable capacitor arrays are needed. The capacitive loading of every op amp is constant, thus simplifying the op amp design. The circuit is insensitive to stray capacitances which are commonly associated with integrated MOS capacitors and transistors. It also exhibits a low sensitivity to coefficient quantisations; hence, the circuit is well suited for integration in MOS technology.     

Changing technology-banish the 741! [op amp]

Pick up a current electronics text and you're likely to find the 741 op amp not only used, but also showcased. It's the op amp of choice for lab experiments, treatment of innards, etc. This is truly amazing when you consider that the 741 is nearly 30 years old! Of course op amps should be presented they can be used to implement a remarkable range of circuit functions. An inexpensive op amp can give near-ideal performance in certain practical applications. Getting something to work is infectious-the first op amps gave a whole generation the opportunity to build analog functions that really worked. But, like all technologies, op amp development never ceased; there have been some serious developments over the last 30 years!     

模拟运算电路运算误差分析

模拟运算电路在测控领域有广泛应用。运算误差是评价运算电路性能的重要指标之一。确定影响运算误差的主要因素和估算运算误差的大小,对指导运算电路设计和评价运算电路性能,都是必要的。文章探讨了引起模拟运算电路运算误差的几种主要因素,给出了它们引起的运算误差的估算方法,讨论了在模拟运算电路设计中减小运算误差的相应措施。结论可用于指导模拟运算电路设计和运算误差评价。     

单电源运放的偏置原因分析与偏置方法

运放是模拟电路中的核心元件,近些年来单电源运放因其正常工作时只需提供单路电源的独特优点而应用日益广泛。但是单电源运放的设计却比双电源运放复杂。因此对单电源运放偏置的原因进行了深入的研究,并分析比较了各种不同偏置方法的特点,从而为正确分析和设计单电源运放偏置电路提供依据。     

超高速宽带运算放大器的设计与研制

本文叙述了新型超高速宽带运算放大器的电路设计,并对其制造工艺作了简单的介绍。电路设计是围绕高速宽带这一中心进行的。采用场效应管作输入级来提高放大器的输入动态范围,共射-共基的放大形式使中间级具有好的频率特性,还设计了输出级的大电流保护电路。根据新设计电路的特点,采用薄膜混合集成工艺。研制的运算放大器达到了较高的水平,其转换速率达到300V/μs,增益带宽乘积达100MHz。     

Digital-Compatible Testing Scheme for Operational Amplifier

This paper presents a digital-compatible testing scheme for operational amplifier (op amp). In the proposed scheme, the op amp device under test (DUT) is configured to a unity-gain buffer which is responded to a testing pulse, could be realized by a ring oscillator circuit. The output of the configured unity-gain buffer is digitized by simple digital counter and then the digitized counting number is compared to a predetermined critical value to evaluate the op amp DUT. The digitized counting number is sensitive to the specification of op amp DUT and easily to be observed in the digital domain. The testing parameters of testing setup of stimulus, testing result, testing accuracy, and testing time are also investigated to detail the proposed scheme. Digital compatibility and simplicity are main advantages of the proposed testing scheme. In addition, no complicated analog comparator and reference voltages are required. Behavioral and circuit level simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Low-drift integrator circuit

Drift of an op amp integrator used in a track-hold circuit can be reduced by the addition of large equal-value resistors from each op amp input terminal to ground.     

Distortion in single-, two- and three-stage amplifiers

Nonlinear distortion in single-, two-, and three-stage operational amplifiers (opamps) is the main scope of this paper. For each opamp, distortion contributions from different groups of transistors are identified and plotted versus frequency. This makes it possible to find the strongest sources of distortion in the various frequency regions. Further, equations that describe the third harmonic as a function of circuit parameters and input frequency are presented. Despite the simplifications, these equations describe the third harmonic accurately. Further, they provide insight and understanding by connecting distortion to circuit parameters such as transconductances, capacitances, poles, and zeros. The comparison of the opamps shows that each opamp has a frequency region where the distortion is lower than for the other two. The three-stage op amp has far lower distortion at low frequencies, the single-stage op amp is better at high frequency and the two-stage op amp is best for the mid frequency range.     

High performance op amps in a 40V BiCMOS process and their applications

This paper describes the design of three high-performance op amps in a 40V BiCMOS technology. The first circuit is a low-noise op amp with MOS inputs. A thermal noise level as low as with a 1/f noise corner frequency of 100 Hz is achieved. For applications that can tolerate a lower input impedance, a more economical bipolar input low-noise op amp has been designed, yielding an even better noise performance for source impedances up to 20 k. The third circuit is an internally compensated high-gain-bandwidth (GBW=15 MHz) op amp that can drive loads from 0 to 20 pF. A fourth-order low-pass switched-capacitor filter making use of the latter op amp is discussed next. Finally the applications of this 40V BiCMOS process are illustrated.     

Design for testability of embedded integrated operationalamplifiers

The operational amplifier (op amp) is one of the most encountered analog building blocks. In this paper, the problem of testing an integrated op amp is treated. A new low-cost vectorless test solution, known as oscillation test, is investigated to test the op amp. During the test mode, the op amps are converted to a circuit that oscillates and the oscillation frequency is evaluated to monitor faults. The tolerance band of the oscillation frequency is determined using a Monte Carlo analysis taking into account the nominal tolerance of all important technology and design parameters. Faults in the op amps under test which cause the oscillation frequency to exit the tolerance band can therefore be detected. Some Design for Testability (DfT) rules to rearrange op amps to form oscillators are presented and the related practical problems and limitations are discussed. The oscillation frequency can be easily and precisely evaluated using pure digital circuitry. The simulation and practical implementation results confirm that the presented techniques ensure a high fault coverage with a low area overhead     

共源共栅CMOS运算放大器的分析与设计

本文描述了一个共源共栅差分输入级、电流镜偏置输出级结构的两级CMOS运放,它对常规运放的电源电压抑制比、增益、输出驱动能力、噪声、失调等有显著的改善。文中对运放的工作原理及设计技术等进行了详细的叙述,并采用标准CMOS工艺进行了投片试制和采用SPICE进行了电路模拟。结果令人满意,达到了设计指标,证明了设计理论的正确性。该运放已成功地应用于开关电容滤波器芯片的制造。     

Input switch configuration suitable for rail-to-rail operation ofswitched op amp circuits

A switch configuration to be used at the input of switched op amp circuits is introduced. The circuit is an extension of the gate-source bootstrapping technique such that rail-to-rail operation of the input switch becomes possible. Simulations show the usefulness of the proposed circuit down to 0.9 V     

The design of fully differential CMOS operational amplifiers without extra common-mode feedback circuits

A new fully differential CMOS operational amplifier (op amp) without extra common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuit is proposed and analyzed. In this op amp, simple inversely connected current-mirror pairs are used as active loads. From the theoretical analysis, it is shown that the common-mode signal can be efficiently suppressed by the reduced effective common-mode resistance of the active load. The proposed op amp with 2 pF capacitance loadings has an open-loop unity-gain bandwidth of 63 MHz, a phase margin 47°, and a dc gain of 67 dB in 3.5µm p-well CMOS technology. The common-mode gain at a single output node can be as low as —38 dB without extra CMFB circuit. Experimental results have successfully confirmed the capability of the efficient common-mode rejection.This work was supported by the United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC), Republic of China, under Grant C80054.     

CMOS宽带互阻放大电路

介绍了用ＣＭＯＳ电流反馈放大器构成互阻放大器的基本原理。该互阻放大器具有宽频带、高增益、低功耗的特点,实用于Ｉ－Ｖ转换。文中给出设计指导思想,并给出模拟结果。     

A multiplexed switched capacitor filter bank

A technique is introduced which allows several integrator capacitors to be multiplexed onto a single operational amplifier. As a result, the op amp can be shared by several switched capacitor filter channels, drastically reducing the number of op amps required for filter banks. Twenty second-order filters have been implemented in a circuit using only two op amps and 2.5 mm/SUP 2/. The design of this system is presented and its performance is discussed. Some loss of signal energy is shown to occur during the multiplexing operations, which reduces filter Q. Causes of this charge loss are described, and its effects on performance are modeled. The design of the op amp used is presented, which incorporates a new system of input stage biasing and differential to single-ended conversion, as well as other features.