A compact ADPLL based on symmetrical binary frequency searching with the same circuit

A compact all-digital phase-locked loop (C-ADPLL) based on symmetrical binary frequency searching (BFS) with the same circuit is presented in this paper. The minimising relative frequency variation error Δη (MFE) rule is derived as guidance of design and is used to weigh the accuracy of the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) clock frequency. The symmetrical BFS is used in the coarse-tuning process and the fine-tuning process of DCO clock frequency to achieve the minimum Δη of the locked DCO clock, which simplifies the circuit architecture and saves the die area. The C-ADPLL is implemented in a 0.13 μm one-poly-eight-metal (1P8M) CMOS process and the on-chip area is only 0.043 mm², which is much smaller. The measurement results show that the peak-to-peak (Pk-Pk) jitter and the root-mean-square jitter of the DCO clock frequency are 270 ps at 72.3 MHz and 42 ps at 79.4 MHz, respectively, while the power consumption of the proposed ADPLL is only 2.7 mW (at 115.8 MHz) with a 1.2 V power supply. The measured Δη is not more than 1.14%. Compared with other ADPLLs, the proposed C-ADPLL has simpler architecture, smaller size and lower Pk-Pk jitter.     

一种新型宽频域全数字锁相环的研究与设计

针对传统锁相环研究中电路结构复杂、鉴相精度不高、锁相范围窄等问题,提出一种新型全数字锁相环。与传统锁相环相比,鉴相模块中的时间数字转换电路能将鉴相误差转换为高精度数字信号,一种双边沿触发的数字环路滤波器取代了传统的数字环路滤波器的电路结构,采用可变模分频器来替换传统的固定模分频器。应用EDA技术完成了系统设计,并采用QuartusⅡ软件进行了系统仿真验证。仿真结果表明:该锁相环锁相范围约为800 Hz~1 MHz,系统锁定时间最快为10个左右输入信号周期,且具有锁相范围大、精度高、电路结构简单和易于集成等特点。     

A low jitter supply regulated charge pump PLL with self-calibration

This paper describes a ring oscillator based low jitter charge pump PLL with supply regulation and digital calibration. In order to combat power supply noise, a low drop output voltage regulator is implemented. The VCO gain is tunable by using the 4 bit control self-calibration technique. So that the optimal VCO gain is automatically selected and the process/temperature variation is compensated. Fabricated in the 0.13 μ m CMOS process, the PLL achieves a frequency range of 100-400 MHz and occupies a 190×200 μ m² area. The measured RMS jitter is 5.36 ps at a 400 MHz operating frequency.     

一种用于脉冲式超宽带接收机的低抖动，低杂散多相输出锁相环

本文提出了一种用于脉冲式超宽带接收机的低抖动,低杂散多相输出锁相环。为了同时满足低抖动、低功耗和输出多相时钟这些需求,该锁相环基于一个环形振荡器结构。为了提高多相时钟的时间精度和相位噪声性能,设计了一个改善了噪声和匹配特性的压控振荡器。在设计中,通过良好的匹配电荷泵和仔细选择环路滤波器带宽来抑制参考频率杂散。测试结果表明,当载波频率为264 MHz时,1 MHz失调频率下的相位噪声为-118.42 dBc/Hz,均方根抖动为1.53 ps,参考频率杂散为-66.81 dBc。该芯片采用0.13 µm CMOS工艺制造,1.2 V电源电压下功耗为4.23 mW,占用0.14 mm2的面积。     

一种低抖动电荷泵锁相环的设计

采用动态鉴频鉴相器、基于常数跨导轨到轨运算放大器的电荷泵、差分型环形压控振荡器,设计了一种低抖动的电荷泵锁相环。基于SMIC 0.18-μm CMOS工艺,利用Cadence软件完成了电路的设计与仿真。结果表明,动态的鉴频鉴相器,有效消除了死区。新型的电荷泵结构,在输出电压为0.5 V~1.5 V时将电流失配减小到了2%以下。压控振荡器在频率为1 MHz时输出的相位噪声为-94.87 dB在1 MHz,调谐范围为0.8 GHz~1.8 GHz。锁相环锁定后输出电压波动为2.45 mV,输出时钟的峰峰值抖动为12.5 ps。     

基于斜坡电荷泵控制的高速低抖动锁相环

本文提出了一种新型高速低抖动锁相环架构。通过实时监测鉴频鉴相器的输出产生线性斜坡电荷泵电流,实现了自适应带宽控制。主要通过在传统锁相环的基础上,巧妙地设计了一个快速启动电路和一个斜坡电荷泵电路。首先,使能快速启动电路实现对环路滤波器的快速预充电;然后当鉴频鉴相器输出的充电电流脉宽超过设定的最小值时,斜坡电流控制电路将线性增加电荷泵电流,从而实现了快速响应和低相位噪声。同时,通过零温度系数电荷泵电流的设计,保证了高速低抖动指标的温度稳定性。所设计的新型锁相环架构已在一款基于0.35 μm的DSP处理芯片中得到验证。测试结果显示所设计斜坡电荷泵锁相环在宽温度范围内使得锁定时间提高了60%,且峰峰值抖动仅有0.3%的良好特性。     

基于自由环振和飞加法器结构的时域数字控制振荡器

A time-domain digitally controlled oscillator （DCO） is proposed. The DCO is composed of a free-running ring oscillator （FRO） and a two lap-selectors integrated flying-adder （FA）. With a coiled cell array which allows uniform loading capacitances of the delay cells, the FRO produces 32 outputs with consistent tap spacing for the FA as reference clocks. The FA uses the outputs from the FRO to generate the output of the DCO according to the control number, resulting in a linear dependence of the output period, instead of the frequency on the digital controlling word input. Thus the proposed DCO ensures a good conversion linearity in a time-domain, and is suitable for time-domain all-digital phase locked loop applications. The DCO was implemented in a standard 0.13μm digital logic CMOS process. The measurement results show that the DCO has a linear and monotonic tuning curve with gain variation of less than 10%, and a very low root mean square period jitter of 9.3 ps in the output clocks. The DCO works well at supply voltages ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 V, and consumes 4 mW of power with 500 MHz frequency output at 1.2 V supply voltage.     

A time-domain digitally controlled oscillator composed of a free running ring oscillator and flying-adder

t supply voltages ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 V, and consumes 4 mW of power with 500 MHz frequency output at 1.2 V supply voltage.     

Jitter and phase noise of ADPLL due to PSN with deterministic frequency

In this article, jitter and phase noise of all-digital phase-locked loop due to power supply noise (PSN) with deterministic frequency are analysed. It leads to the conclusion that jitter and phase noise heavily depend on the noise frequency. Compared with jitter, phase noise is much less affected by the deterministic PSN. Our method is utilised to study a CMOS ADPLL designed and simulated in SMIC 0.13?µm standard CMOS process. A comparison between the results obtained by our method and those obtained by simulation and measurement proves the accuracy of the predicted model. When the digital controlled oscillator was corrupted by PSN with 100?mVpk-pk, the measured jitters were 33.9?ps at the rate of f_G?=?192?MHz and 148.5?ps at the rate of f_G?=?40?MHz. However, the measured phase noise was exactly the same except for two impulses appearing at 192 and 40?MHz, respectively.     

2-GHz CMOS锁相环时钟发生器研究与设计

采用包含预充电通路,自适应偏置的压控振荡器,设计了一种2-GHz锁相环时钟发生器,并用0.18μm混合信号CMOS工艺实现.分析了环路参数对锁相环输出噪声影响,并对环路参数进行优化.1.8V电源电压下2GHz时钟的rms抖动,peak-peak抖动的测试结果分别为7.27ps,37.5ps,功耗为42mW.     

A voltage-controlled oscillator with an ultra-low supply voltage and its application to a fractional-N phase-locked loop

With feature size scaling, the supply voltage of digital circuits is becoming lower and lower. As a result, the supply voltage of analogue and RF circuits must also be reduced for system on chip (SoC) realisation. This article proposes an ultra-low-supply voltage-controlled oscillator (ULSVCO) and designs a sigma–delta fractional-N frequency synthesiser which adopts such ULSVCO. A mathematical phase-noise model is built here to describe the noise performance of the low-supply voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The substrate of the cross-coupled NMOSFETs in the proposed ULSVCO is not grounded but connected to the supply to further reduce the supply voltage. Implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the proposed ULSVCO can be operated at a supply voltage as low as 0.41 V, the central frequency is set to 1.55 GHz, the phase noise is ?116 dBc/Hz@1.0 MHz. The minimum supply voltage is decreased by about 11% after our idea is adopted and the power consumption of the ULSVCO is only 1.04 mW. With the proposed ULSVCO, we design a sigma–delta-modulator (SDM) fractional-N phase-locked loop frequency synthesiser, which has a 1.43–1.75 GHz frequency tuning range. When the loop bandwidth is set to 100 KHz, the phase noise of our PLL is ?110 dBc/Hz@1.0 MHz.     

A 0.8 V low power low phase-noise PLL

A low power and low phase noise phase-locked loop(PLL) design for low voltage(0.8 V) applications is presented.The voltage controlled oscillator(VCO) operates from a 0.5 V voltage supply,while the other blocks operate from a 0.8 V supply.A differential NMOS-only topology is adopted for the oscillator,a modified precharge topology is applied in the phase-frequency detector(PFD),and a new feedback structure is utilized in the charge pump(CP) for ultra-low voltage applications.The divider adopts the extende...     

Digital-only PLL with adaptive search step

In this paper, an all-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) with adaptively controlled up/down counter serves as the loop filter is presented, and it is implemented on a field-programmable gate array. The detailed circuit of the adaptive up/down counter implementing the adaptive search algorithm is also given, in which the search step for frequency acquisition is adaptively scaled down in half until it is reduced to zero. The phase jitter of the proposed PLL can be lowered, yet keeping with fast lock-in time. Thus, the dilemma between the low phase jitter and fast lock-in time of the traditional PLL can be resolved. Simulation results and circuit implementation show that the locked count, phase jitter and lock-in time of the proposed PLL are consistent with the theoretical predictions.     

一种0.8V低功耗低相位噪声锁相环的设计

本文提出了一种低电压应用的低功耗、低相位噪声锁相环（PLL）。其中压控振荡器（VCO）的工作电压为0.5V,其他模块的工作电压为0.8V。为了适应极低电压下的应用,文中振荡器采用了纯NMOS差分拓扑结构,鉴频鉴相器（PFD）采用改进的预充电结构,而电荷泵（CP）采用新型负反馈结构。预分频电路采用扩展的单相时钟逻辑电路构成,它可以工作在较高的频率下,节省了芯片面积和功耗。此外还采用了去除尾电流源等设计方法来降低相位噪声。采用SMIC 0.13μm RF CMOS工艺,在0.8V电源电压下,测得在整个锁定范围内,最差相位噪声为-112.4dBc/Hz@1MHz,其输出频率范围为3.166~3.383GHz。改进的PFD和新型CP功耗仅为0.39mW,占据的芯片面积仅100μm×100μm。芯片总面积为0.63mm2,在0.8V电源电压下功耗仅为6.54mW 。     

基于MSP430的高精度低功耗数字多功能表设计

为适应现代电子测试对仪表的要求,以MSP430单片机为控制核心,采用高效DC-DC电源转换芯片、低功耗高精度仪表放大器和真有效值转换芯片等,设计并实现了一种数字多功能表.能够精确测量交直流电压值、电阻、电容、晶体三极管的β值等.整个系统由一块9V电池供电,具有低功耗、高精度和便携等特点.     

宽频率范围的单子带压控振荡器设计

基于TSMC 180 nm CMOS工艺,提出了一种振荡频率为2～3 GHz的宽频率范围、低相位噪声的单子带压控振荡器(VCO).采用双平衡吉尔伯特混频结构,将单子带5～6 GHz压控振荡器与固定频率3 GHz压控振荡器进行下混频,可得到振荡频率为2～3 GHz的单子带压控振荡器,实现相对带宽从18.18％到40％的展...     

A 10 GHz high-efficiency and low phase-noise negative-resistance oscillator optimized with a virtual loop model

A virtual loop model was built by the transmission analysis with virtual ground method to assist the negative-resistance oscillator design, providing more perspectives on output power and phase-noise optimization. In this work, the virtual loop described the original circuit successfully and the optimizations were effective. A 10 GHz high-efficiency low phase-noise oscillator utilizing an InGaP/GaAs HBT was achieved. The 10.028 GHz oscillator delivered an output power of over 15 dBm with a phase-noise of lower than -107 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The efficiency of DC to RF transformation was 35 %. The results led to a good oscillator figure of merit of-188 dBc/Hz. The measurement results agreed well with those of the simulations.     

A 10 GHz high-efficiency and low phase-noise negative-resistance oscillator optimized with a virtual loop model

A virtual loop model was built by the transmission analysis with virtual ground method to assist the negative-resistance oscillator design, providing more perspectives on output power and phase-noise optimization. In this work, the virtual loop described the original circuit successfully and the optimizations were effective. A 10 GHz high-efficiency low phase-noise oscillator utilizing an InGaP/GaAs HBT was achieved. The 10.028 GHz oscillator delivered an output power of over 15 dBm with a phase-noise of lower than -107 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The efficiency of DC to RF transformation was 35%. The results led to a good oscillator figure of merit of-188 dBc/Hz.The measurement results agreed well with those of the simulations.     

采用虚拟环路模型优化设计的10GHz高效率低噪声负阻振荡器

利用虚拟接地传输分析法（TAVG）建立一个匹配的虚拟的环路模型以辅助负阻振荡器设计,通过该环路模型可以提供了直观的分析视角,对振荡器的噪声和功率特性进行便捷的优化。经测试,所设计制作的基于InGaP/GaAs HBT器件的10GHz振荡器工作于10.028GHz,直流到基波的转换效率超过35%,距离基波100kHz偏移处的相噪低于-107dBc/Hz,振荡器优值达-188dBc/Hz,实测结果与仿真结果高度一致,证明所采用的虚拟环路和准确的电磁场仿真模型在微波振荡器的设计中具有良好的应用效果。