空气弹簧调平系统研究

空气弹簧隔振系统应用于超精密加工设备,其姿态倾斜将为超精密加工引入误差。针对超精密机床采用气浮导轨、气浮主轴刚度相对液压主轴较低、抵抗空气弹簧的倾斜能力较差的特点,建立机床倾斜的数学模型,分析倾斜对加工精度的影响,得到系统需要的调平精度。根据计算的充/放气量,设计调平控制系统控制四点支撑空气弹簧系统中的三点,保持机床的水平复位精度达到±0.02mm以内。该调平控制系统可以根据气浮导轨运动速度,实现空气弹簧隔振系统的主动控制。     

空气静压导轨气膜波动的辨识

空气静压导轨的气膜波动已成为超精密加工工件波纹度的主要影响因素.为分析空气静压导轨性能,利用雷诺方程推导出双排节流孔结构形式的空气静压导轨气膜刚度计算公式,并对相应空气静压导轨进行静态刚度检测试验以验证建立的导轨气膜刚度模型的正确性与可行性.结合静压导轨的模态分析结果,建立空气静压导轨的动力学模型.根据气浮导轨系统的动力学方程,给出气浮溜板刚度及其在加工过程中随气膜厚度变化的波动频率的仿真步骤和结果,根据引起的振动幅值分析气膜波动对加工结果的影响.利用小波变换把加工工件面形检测结果分解为各尺度下低频信号和高频信号,并把各尺度下高频信号做功率谱密度分析,从导轨气膜波动频率出发辨识出导轨气膜波动信号所在的尺度,根据相应的功率谱密度幅值推导出对加工结果的影响程度.     

超精密机床热形变及其对运动精度的影响研究

超大口径超精密机床研制是大口径光学元件加工的必要基础,超大口径超精密机床在大行程、长工作周期的加工过程中,由于导轨发热引起的机床热形变将严重影响运动部件的直线度与光学元件的加工精度。利用ANSYS Workbench软件进行热-结构耦合仿真,对所设计的龙门式大口径磨削机床、5轴柔性气囊抛光机床进行了热形变分析,得到了导轨生热对机床整体热形变的影响规律。针对现有的磨削、抛光机床进行温度-直线度监测实验,探究了热形变对磨削机床所用液体静压导轨与抛光机床所用直线导轨运动直线度的影响规律,实际测量结果表明机床液体静压导轨的油膜生热对导轨运动直线度有较大影响。     

精密直线进给系统直线度热变效应仿真研究

由热效应引起的精密直线进给系统直线度变化会显著影响机床精度稳定性。针对这一问题,对精密直线进给系统直线度的热变效应进行了仿真研究。首先,利用有限元热-流-固耦合仿真技术建立进给系统温度特性仿真模型,并在此基础上构建了进给系统热变形特性仿真模型;然后,分析热变形仿真结果得出进给系统直线度误差热增量及其测试基准线热漂移量的预估模型;最后,通过实验验证了精密直线进给系统直线度热变化分析模型的准确性。研究表明:综合热源对精密直线进给系统直线度误差测试基准线的热漂移具有明显影响,但对直线度误差热增量影响相对较小;而造成直线度热变效应的主要因素是机床床身热变形引起的床身-导轨装配面热漂移。     

超精密机床多尺度设计方法和仿真研究

提出了超精密机床多尺度设计方法,建立了包含机械结构、控制系统、电磁驱动在内的集成模型.采用仿真方法计算了气浮导轨气腔微结构在一定气体压力下内部气流场压强和速度分布数据,并代入集成模型中分析了微结构对宏观机床动力性能的影响.用实例证明了超精密加工机床的结构设计与分析综合考虑机构系统在宏观、介观和微观尺度下多尺度、多层次特征,对设计超精密加工机床的必要性.     

向心滚动轴承的精化方法

滚动轴承导轨 具有运动灵活、摩 擦力矩较小和承载能力比滚珠导轨大等优点,被广泛应用于超精密加工机床和精密测试仪器(如三坐标测量机等)的垂直和侧面导向系统。滚动轴承导轨的运动直线性,不但与导轨本身的直线度有关,而且与向心滚动轴承的旋转精度有关。一股外购的标准向心滚动轴承适用于高速     

自动调节气压卸荷导轨计算机辅助设计

导轨摩擦力对机床的性能,尤其是对机床运动的平稳性和定位精度影响很大。本文介绍一种可根据载荷的大小自动调节卸荷气压的气压卸荷导轨及其计算机辅助设计方法,自动调节气压卸荷导轨可使导轨上的载荷部分地由压缩空气承受,从而降低摩擦力。气压可随载荷的大小而变,使机床在进给中摩擦力基本上保持不变,载荷的变化量由检测器检出,经一种特殊设计的自动控制器,根据自动控制闭环系统原理来控制导轨气槽气压,从而部分地抵消载荷的变化量,这个办法可以提高机床的定位精度和接触刚度。     

超精密机床径推一体式空气静压轴承的静态特性(英文)

提出了一种新的径推一体式静压主轴支撑方式来优化机床主轴系统性能,以满足超精密飞切机床对气体静压轴承高刚度的要求.采用计算流体力学和有限体积法对气体静压轴承气膜内部的流场与压力场进行仿真,并研究其静态特性.为提高计算精度,完成了轴承宏观尺寸与气膜厚度相差几个数量级时气膜厚度方向2 μm间距的网格划分.仿真结果表明,在偏心状态下由于气膜压力的变化使节流孔气体流速在1～200 m/s内变化,机床所采用径推一体式轴承静态刚度达到3 508 N/μm.研究表明,通过增大轴承的供气压强和减小节流孔的直径可改善轴承的静态性能进而提升机床性能.     

使用短基准的超精密长导轨直线度误差测量方法

在超精密加工与检测技术中,高精度长导轨直线度误差的测量与补偿技术一直是一个研究重点。在系统研究现有各种导轨直线度误差测量方法的基础上,提出一种使用短基准的导轨直线度误差测量方法,将长导轨直线度误差的测量问题分解为具有一定重叠区域的数段较短导轨直线度误差的测量问题。直接利用超精密直线度物理基准测量各段导轨直线度误差,通过将各段导轨直线度误差拼接起来,重构出长导轨的直线度误差。利用空间坐标变换关系建立基于最小二乘法的直线度误差测量算法,以及相对机械运动误差对测量结果影响的数学模型,分析研究重叠区域二次采样点的匹配误差,以及测量误差、采样频率等因素对重叠区域长度选择的影响规律。对长550 mm的气浮导轨进行实际测量试验,仿真与测量试验表明上述方法简单实用,可操作性强。     

辊筒模具超精密机床系统设计与工艺

为了提高国内大尺寸光学微结构薄膜的光学级模具制造水平,打破国外在辊筒模具超精密加工装备的垄断,完成了国内首台套大尺寸光学微结构辊筒模具超精密机床的设计、集成以及典型微结构工艺的研究工作。首先,根据辊筒模具表面微结构加工工艺的特点,分析了辊筒模具超精密机床的关键技术并完成了机床结构与运动控制系统设计。在机床系统集成后,完成了运动控制系统的调试。直线轴执行阶梯运动完成了直线轴运动分辨率的测试。其次,通过准直仪和激光干涉仪完成了机床关键轴系的直线度及定位精度的测试和补偿。最后,采用多步切削法切削实验,以降低毛刺高度为目标,完成了V槽阵列的加工工艺参数优化。经测试,该超精密加工机床的直线运动分辨可达到5nm,直线轴的双向定位精度均优于1μm/1 100mm;采用多步切削法加工V槽阵列,最后一次切削深度建议在1~2μm,可以获得合格的V槽阵列。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.