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1.
W. D. Pohle 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1941,18(12):247-248
Summary The foam production of soaps made from rosin, modified rosins, and rosin acids were evaluated. The foam production of rosin
soaps was compared with soaps made from the individual fatty acids.
There was no difference in the foaming properties of soaps made from longleaf and slash pine rosin.
Oxidation of the unstable rosin acids in rosin caused the foaming properties of the rosin soap to become more nearly proportional
to the concentration.
The more hydrogen present in the rosin acid molecule the greater were the foaming properties of the rosin soap.
At temperatures between 200° C. and 275° C., the lower the temperature employed for producing pyroabietic acid catalytically,
the greater were the foaming properties of the pyroabietic acid soap.
There was a difference in the foaming properties of commercial stabilized rosins.
In foaming properties the soaps made from rosins, modified rosins, and rosin acids were more like sodium laurate than the
other individual fatty acid soaps tested.
The author wishes to express his indebtedness to to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research
Division for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study. 相似文献
2.
Summary A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent
action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap,
and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent
action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined.
The results of these detergent tests on rosin, fatty acid and fatty acid-rosin soaps indicated the following: (1) Rosin soaps
made from different gum rosins, produced from longleaf and slash pine gums, have equal detergent action; (2) The presence
of soaps of oxidized rosin acids has no effect on detergent action of the rosin soap; (3) The detergent action of soaps made
from pyroabietic acid, abietic acid and hydrogenated rosin parallels their ability to lower the surface tension of water and
the amount of hydrogen present in the rosin acids; (4) The addition of builders that increase the alkalinity of the rosin
soap solution improves the detergent action of the solution; (5) The blending of rosin soap with tallow soap improves the
detergent action of the tallow soap in solutions having a soap concentration of 0.25 percent or more; (6) Temperature affects
the detergent action of rosin and coconut oil soaps more than tallow soap. 相似文献
3.
Summary and Conclusions Price’s procedure as slightly modified (4) was used for studying the germicidal action of cleaning agents on the hands and
showed that rosin soap and a commercial soap containing rosin were more active germicidally on the bacteria normally found
on human skin than the usual commercial fatty acid soaps free from rosin soap.
The experiments indicate that the lather of a 10-percent coconut oil soap solution and of a 10-percent coconut oil-rosin soap
solution are germicidally active against the organisms removed. However, three 2-minute washes with these soap solutions had
little effect on the bacteria not removed from the hands. The use of a 10-percent rosin soap solution in the same manner had
a marked germicidal effect against both the organisms removed and those remaining.
The lather of a commercial soap containing rosin soap was shown to be germicidally active, but three 2-minute washes had only
a slight effect on the resident flora. However, the regular use of this soap daily for one week led to substantial reduction
of both the transient and resident flora of the hands.
The evidence of germicidal activity of rosin soaps and soaps containing rosin, both with regard to these hand-washing experiments
and the “in vitro” (7) experiments, indicates that wider consideration might well be given this type of soap where germicidal
activity is of importance.
L. S. Stuart was employed in the Industrial-Farm Products Research Division when this work was done. 相似文献
4.
W. D. Pohle 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1940,17(7):150-151
Summary The surface tension of soap solutions made from rosins and rosin acids has been measured and the surface tension of fatty
acid soap solutions and fatty acidresin soap solutions have been measured and compared. 相似文献
5.
W. D. Pohle 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1941,18(12):244-245
Summary The solubility of calcium soaps of rosin acids and fatty acids have been determined and compared.
The solubility of calcium soaps of rosin acids (d-pimaric, dihydroabietic, and l-abietic acids) present in gum rosin was found
to be greater than that of the calcium soaps of the following saturated fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic
acids.
The calcium oleate was much more soluble than the calcium stearate.
As the amount of hydrogen in the rosin acid molecule is increased, l-abietic to dihydroabietic to tetrahydroabietic acid,
the solubility of the calcium soap is decreased.
The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research Division
for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study. 相似文献
6.
Summary Acid-refined tall-oil was separated into resin acid and fatty acids of approximately 94% purity, made into soaps, and compared
with those made from oleic acid and rosin. Tall-oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap are roughly comparable in dispersing power
and lowering of surface tension and interfacial tension. The tall-oil fatty-acid soap shows some points of inferiority to
sodium oleate, as might reasonably be expected because of its greater unsaturation.
Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948. 相似文献
7.
Summary A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid-refined American tall oil. Sodium
soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resin-acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty
acid-resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these
soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of
fatty soap to resin soap.
The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better
than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils;
c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall
oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps,
indicating a synergistic effect.
As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate
and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive
to hard water than sodium oleate.
Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer
tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations.
Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948. 相似文献
8.
以天然亚油酸为原料,经氧化水解制备得到9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸(THSA),采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了THSA的结构。测定了THSA的钠皂9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠(STHS)的克拉夫特点、钙离子稳定性、钙皂分散剂消耗量、表面张力、临界胶束浓度和泡沫性能,并与对照物亚油酸、油酸及硬脂酸的钠皂进行比较。结果表明,STHS具有其他脂肪酸钠皂不具备的优秀钙皂分散性能和钙离子稳定性,并在低温和中性条件下显示出更好的水溶性。STHS不仅克服了普通脂肪酸钠皂不耐硬水和中性条件下溶解性差两大共同缺陷,也克服了饱和脂肪酸钠皂低温溶解性差以及不饱和脂肪酸钠皂易氧化酸败的缺点,因此,STHS具有在中性皂、低温皂和抗硬水皂配方中用作新皂基表面活性剂的潜质。 相似文献
9.
Edwin M. Meade 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(5):235-237
Tall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80–90% oleic acid, and 60–80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of
the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid
soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically
attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very
low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5–10% of conjugated linoleic acid. 相似文献
10.
Soapstock was converted into a liquid soap from its acid oil and formulated with varying amounts of rosin. The characteristics
of the acid oil and rosin were experimentally estimated. Liquid soaps were characterized by density, pH, total fatty matter,
free caustic alkali, critical micelle concentration, foaming capacity, wetting power, and washing performance. The foaming
results indicated that the liquid soap is best used as an ingredient in a washing-machine detergent. The dark aspect of a
formulation with 10% rosin precluded higher substitution. 相似文献
11.
Ainie Kuntom Hamirin Kifli Peang-Kean Lim 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(1):105-108
Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology
in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia
are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based
bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials
with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse
relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased
with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content
was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality
of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially. 相似文献
12.
Helena Ljusberg-Wahren L. Johansson 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》1989,91(11):456-458
Saponification of triglyceride oil emulsified in alkaline aqueous solution is found to proceed faster in presence of soaps from rosin acids than with soaps from fatty acids. The results are discussed in relation to differences in phase properties between the two types of soaps and applications in alkaline pulping. 相似文献
13.
Soaps made from blends of distilled palm stearin (PS) and palm (PK) kernel fatty acids were evaluated for total fatty matter,
sodium chloride content, moisture content, hardness, Hunter whiteness, foamability, iodine value, titer value, and acid value.
Data showed that these soaps had properties similar to palm-based soaps made from distilled palm oil and palm kernel fatty
acids. The soaps showed good whiteness (greater than 80%) and foamability. Total fatty matter ranged from 10–18%, sodium chloride
content was 0.5%, and free caustic was 0.1% except for blend 8 containing 10 PS:90 PK, which had a free caustic of 0.03%.
Initial penetration value, a reflection of soap hardness, ranged from 32–126 mm, with an average value of 54 mm. This value
is within the range of the best blends of palm-based soaps (50–63 mm). There was no obvious trend observed. Penetration value,
however was found to stabilize after a month of storage with an average value of 19.4 mm. Soap with this hardness value is
relatively hard and therefore should be blended with a small amount of soft oils. 相似文献
14.
Philip L. Robinson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(1):52-59
A unique polycarboxylic acid, 5(6)-carboxy-4-hexyl-2-cyclohexene-1-octanoic acid, has been available commercially for over
15 years. A new high-purity (>97%), light-color version of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid has been developed recently. Soaps of
the C-21 dicarboxylic acid can be used as hydrotropes to increase the solubility of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions
containing builders and/or anionic surfactants. Since these soaps are anionic fatty acid derivatives, they reduce the surface
tensions of formulations, thus improving detergency. The nontoxic and biodegradable nature of this dicarboxylic acid makes
it an attractive formulation component. This paper outlines application evaluations of the soaps prepared from the C-21 dicarboxylic
acids. These evaluations demonstrate how the soaps interact with nonionic surfactants or pine oil to provide clear formulations,
how they wet cotton skeins in neutral to highly alkaline solutions, and how they inhibit gel formation when preparing high-solids
fatty acid soap solutions. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of the soaps of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid products
are discussed. Mass-balance equations describe the preparation of aqueous soap solutions at any given concentration. Characterization
of the resulting soap solutions includes acid number, pH, color, color stability, foam stability, surface tension as a function
of concentration, and hard-water compatibility. 相似文献
15.
Norman O. V. Sonntag 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1981,58(2):A155-A161
The traditional use of coconut and palm oils for soap manufacture can be expected to continue indefinately. Certain oils of
the oleic/ linoleic acid group are too unsaturated to yield soaps of the desired degree of hardness and stability. They may
be hydrogenated to form suitable hard soap fats; a quantity of these oils is used regularly in the preparation of soft soaps
and in blends with harder fats. The chief animal fat used in soapmaking is tallow. Other fats and oils less frequently used
include babassu, palm kernel and olive oil. The ratio of tallow/coconut oil used for the manufacture of toilet soaps ranges
from 85:15 to 75:25. A correlation of soap properties with the ratio of 95:5 to 75:25 of tallow and coconut oil demonstrates
that properties such as cracking, swelling and hardness are not as sensitive to the changes in the blend ratios as are erosion
characteristics, slushing and lather. Present production of Russian and Eastern European soap is from huge quantities of straight-chain,
odd- and even-numbered, carbon saturated synthetic fatty acids (SFA). Future fat-based raw materials might include certain
fractionated fatty acids, methyl ester intermediates, acidulated sunflower and/or safflower soapstocks. Jojoba wax might be
a surprising new raw material. 相似文献
16.
Harry L. Larson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1951,28(7):301-304
Summary Hexachlorophene is determined in soap by measuring the color produced by reaction with ferric chloride in alcohol solution
with controlled conditions of time and temperature. The precision is within ±5% of the hexachlorophene content at the 1/2%
level or above. As a criterion, any soap that will give a finely dispersed barium soap and that does not form a precipitate
with ferric chloride under the conditions of the method give good results. This includes all milled bar soaps. The effect
of phenolic perfume ingredients on the result is negligible. Five per cent abietic acid in the fatty acid composition has
no effect on the result. The method is slightly modified for use with liquid potassium soaps. 相似文献
17.
Summary and Conclusion Procedures are described for the preparation of methyl glucoside diesters by direct esterification, using a ratio of one mole
of methyl glucoside with two moles of fatty acids. Rate studies indicated that lead or stannous soaps are more effective catalysts
than the sodium soaps for speeding up tis esterification. With equal molar quantities of methyl glucoside and fatty acid,
the lead and the sodium soap catalysts give products containing predominantly diester and half the methyl glucoside remaining
unreacted. Under the same conditions stannous soap catalysis gives high yields of monoesters containing only very small percentages
of unreacted methyl glucoside. From the standpoint of speed of reaction, color of the final produets, ease of removal of catalyst
from the ester products, and catalyst cost, litharge is the preferred cytalyst for the preparation of methyl glucoside diesters.
Properties of various methyl glucoside fatty acid diesters, prepared on a laboratory scale, are given. Du Noüy surface-tension
measurements indicate that small quantities of the methyl glucoside dilaurate, dicaprate, or dioleate are quite effective
in lowering the surface tension of water. 相似文献
18.
Transition temperatures and enthalpies and some phase diagrams of pure odd and even sodium soaps have been determined by means
of dif-ferential thermal analysis and scanning calorim-etry. Branched sodium soaps have been added for comparison.
No essential difference has been found between the number, type, and enthalpy of the transitions of the neighboring odd and
even soaps. The total enthalpy and entropy of transition are consider-ably lower than those of the corresponding par-affins
and fatty acids. The entropy of the subneat-neat and perhaps of the neat isotropic transition has an alternating character,
which suggests a different methyl end-group packing for even and odd soap. These two facts suggest that the melted soap is
still in an organized state.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1967. 相似文献
19.
介绍了一种使用经典的分析技术定量测定液体皂、皂胶、洗衣皂及香皂中存在的皂类、脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂及除肥皂以外的阴离子表面活性剂和两性表面活性剂混合物的分析方法。这种方法克服了分析混合表面活性剂系统时常常会碰到的问题。 相似文献
20.
R. L. Logan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1979,56(11):777A-779A
About 1949, with the advent of effective fractional distillation, the tall oil industry came of age, and tall oil fatty acids
(TOFA), generally any product containing 90% or more fatty acids and 10% or less of rosin, have grown in annual volume ever
since, until they amount to 398.8 million pounds annual production in the U.S. in 1978. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of the
Kraft process for producing wood pulp from pine wood. Crude tall oil is about 50% fatty acids and 40% rosin acids, the remainder
unsaps and residues; actually, a national average recovery of about 1–2% of tall oil is obtained from wood. On a pulp basis,
each ton of pulp affords 140–220 pounds black liquor soaps, which yields 70–110 pounds crude tall oil, yielding 30–50 pounds
of TOFA. Separative and upgrading technology involves: (a) recovery of the tall oil; (b) acid refining; (c) fractionation
of tall oil; and occasionally (d) conversion to derivatives. TOFA of good quality and color of Gardner 2 corresponds to above
97% fatty acids with the composition of 1.6% palmitic & stearic acid, 49.3% oleic acid, 45.1% linoleic acid, 1.1% miscellaneous
acids, 1.2% rosin acids, and 1.7% unsaponifiables. 相似文献