聚羟基丁酸酯环带球晶的形态

采用差示扫描量热法测试了聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)的结晶温度和熔融温度,采用偏光显微镜探讨了结晶温度和结晶时间对PHB结晶形态的影响及环带球晶形成机理。PHB在高于100℃易形成环带球晶,环带间距随着结晶温度的升高而降低,且低温下形成的球晶数目明显比高温多;结晶时间只能改变晶体尺寸,并没有改变结晶形态;环带是片晶沿晶轴方向作周期性扭曲的结果;PHB球晶中的裂缝主要是由于片晶在"侧立"取向扭曲成"平躺"取向时产生的。     

PVDF/PLLA共混体系的结晶行为和球晶生长形貌研究

通过溶液浇铸共混法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/聚左旋乳酸(PLLA)共混物,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、偏光显微镜(POM)以及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究共混物的晶体生长形貌和熔融结晶行为。结果表明:PLLA对PVDF的球晶生长有明显的阻碍作用,当PLLA质量分数达到80%时完全抑制了PVDF的结晶。共混物中PVDF晶体的生长方式随PLLA含量的增多,由原来的三维球状生长变为三维和二维生长并存。相反,少量的PVDF却有促进PLLA成核、结晶的作用,尤其当PVDF质量分数低于20%时,PLLA的结晶时间大幅缩短,结晶起始温度也显著提高。     

聚甲醛/聚氧化乙烯晶/晶共混体系溶液结晶行为

研究不同组成配比下的聚甲醛(POM)/聚氧化乙烯(PEO)晶/晶共混体系溶液结晶行为和结晶形态.结果表明:POM和PEO溶于其共同溶剂六氟异丙醇(HFIP),溶剂挥发过程中两组分由于分子链的相互作用,形成不完善结晶,POM在DSC升温曲线中出现熔融双峰,高熔点峰与纯POM熔点峰相同,而低熔点峰则随PEO含量增大而降低.PEO熔点随POM含量增大而降低.偏光显微镜测试表明:当体系中PEO质量含量低于40%时,POM球晶明显,其直径随PEO含量增加而增大,PEO形成碎晶;当PEO质量含量在60%到80%之间,POM先结晶形成较小的球晶,PEO后结晶,并可穿越POM球晶继续生长至布满整个视场.     

PBS/PHB共混合金的制备及其性能

采用双螺杆挤出机将聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)与聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS)熔融共混,制备了PBS/PHB合金,并研究了其性能.结果表明:PBS与PHB组成了热力学互容体系;随着PHB用量的增加,PBS/PHB合金的晶体形态为尺寸逐渐减小的环带球晶,合金的拉伸强度与韧性显著增加;PBS/PHB合金在紫外光老化后的抗冲击性能下降,...     

聚酯PTT及PTT/PBT共混体系的结晶形态

选取均聚物聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)及PTT/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)共混物为研究对象,以偏光显微镜(POM)和X射线衍射(XRD)为研究手段探讨了均聚物PTT的结晶形态,以及结晶温度、共混物的组成、等温结晶时间等因素对PTT/PBT共混物结晶形态和性能的影响。结果表明,PTT形成环带球晶的条件是155℃,PTT/PBT共混物的结晶尺寸由于PBT的引入而变小,在PTT质量分数小于60%以后就不能产生环带球晶;PTT/PBT共混物结晶时是两个组分各自结晶,并且相互竞争,使其生成环带球晶的关键是结晶组分的结晶速率要和非结晶组分之扩散速率相匹配。     

POM/PBS共混纤维的结构与性能研究

采用聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)对聚甲醛(POM)进行改性,经共混纺丝制得POM/PBS共混纤维,研究了POM/PBS共混体系的流变行为以及共混纤维的热稳定性、结晶结构和力学性能。结果表明:PBS对POM有一定的增塑作用,可以降低POM的黏度和剪切敏感性;添加PBS可降低共混体系的熔点、结晶温度和结晶度,POM的熔点为168.6℃,结晶温度为145.6℃,结晶度为78.6%,而加入PBS质量分数20%的POM/PBS共混体系的熔点为165.7℃,结晶温度为139.7℃,结晶度为68.9%;PBS增大了POM的球晶尺寸,但PBS质量分数超过15%时,由于发生相分离而产生PBS的环带球晶;当PBS质量分数为10%时,POM/PBS共混纤维力学性能最好,拉伸强度和弹性模量分别达到1 264 MPa,9.5 GPa,相比纯POM纤维分别增加了25.8%和15.9%。     

PHBV/PEA共混物结晶行为的研究

采用偏光显微镜(POM)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)深入研究了不同配比的聚己酸戊酸共聚酯/聚己二酸乙二醇酯(PHBV/PEA)共混体系在不同结晶温度下的结晶形貌、结晶热力学以及结晶动力学。结果表明:随着结晶温度的升高,PHBV/PEA共混物中PHBV的球晶尺寸和环带间距均有所增大;随着PEA含量的增加,PHBV球晶尺寸增大,结构更加开放,同时共混物中PEA组分受PHBV组分的影响,由原来的大球晶变成了细小的碎晶。此外,同纯PHBV和纯PEA相比,PHBV/PEA共混体系中两种组分的结晶速率均有所降低。     

PLA/PEO共混物的结晶行为研究

共沉积技术制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/聚氧化乙烯(PEO)共混物,通过DMA和相差显微镜考察了共混物的相行为。用DSC研究了PLA/PEO共混物的结晶形貌及其动力学,由于部分相容的熔融态PEO提高了PLA分子链的运动能力,导致显著促进了PLA的结晶速率;结合偏光显微镜(POM)观察分析,结晶速率的提高源于结晶生长速率的促进,而且在低的结晶温度时的结晶速率的增加更为明显。     

多组分单体接枝三元乙丙橡胶／PET共混体系的形态结构研究

以PS、DCP、GMA作为PET/EPDM共混体系的增容剂，以DSC和X射线衍射探讨了PET/EPDM共混物的结晶性能，以偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜探讨了共混物的形态。结果表明，PET／EPDM共混体系的熔点可提高10℃，玻璃化温度降低，结晶起始温度提高约20℃。共混体系中，当EPDM含量低时，PLM下观察到的是较为完整的球晶，随着EPDM含量逐渐提高，观察得到的是不完善的球晶、微晶、晶粒这样一个晶体变化过程，结晶完善程度降低。     

PHBV/PBS共混物的性能研究

通过熔融共混的方法制备了聚β-羟基丁酸戊酸酯/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PHBV/PBS)共混材料。研究了PHBV/PBS共混物的力学性能、相形态、结晶性能、热性能及晶胞结构。结果表明,将PHBV和PBS共混后,PHBV的韧性会有明显改善。当PHBV/PBS/TEC质量比为20/80/5时,PHBV的断裂伸长率由原来的5.7%增至124%、冲击强度由1.7 kJ/m2增加到4.3 kJ/m2,分别为PHBV的21.7倍和2.5倍。DSC研究表明,PBS的加入抑制了PHBV的结晶,但当PHBV/PBS/TEC质量比为20/80/5时,共混物出现了共晶现象。XRD显示PBS的加入在一定程度上影响了PHBV的晶型,复合材料的晶面特征峰发生了明显偏移。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。