基于分片融合的代码隐式混淆技术

目前,在代码保护技术研究领域,传统的混淆方法具有明显的混淆特征,分析人员可根据特征对其进行定制化的去混淆处理.为此,提出了一种基于分片融合的代码保护技术,通过在源代码层面将目标代码按照语法规则进行代码分片,依据执行顺序与语法规则,将分片插入另一程序的不同位置,在修复函数调用过程与数据关系后,形成可正常运行两个代码功能的融合后代码.在实验部分,对混淆后的代码,从运行效率、代码复杂度影响、代码相似性这3个维度,与其他混淆技术进行对比.从测试结果可以看出:基于分片融合的代码隐式混淆技术能够有效地模糊代码语义,改变控制流特征,且没有明显的混淆特征.因此,融合技术在对抗多种相似性对比算法的能力上有明显优势.     

基于主成分分析的代码混淆有效性综合评估模型

针对目前代码混淆有效性评估问题的复杂性和不一致性,提出一种基于主成分分析的代码混淆有效性综合评估模型。该模型将传统主成分分析进行改进,提出动态自适应主成分分析并应用于代码混淆有效性的指标体系中,通过实现变量重命名、数据编码、控制流压扁算法和插入不透明谓词死代码四种混淆方法,同时定义代码复杂度综合评估值和代码混淆度两个反映代码混淆有效性的综合指标进行模型的有效性验证。实验结果表明,该模型能提供一种有效证明代码混淆有效性的综合评估方法,最后还讨论不同的混淆方法和主成分赋权方法对结果的影响。     

基于模式切换的ARM汇编代码混淆算法

针对ARM程序高层代码混淆存在盲目性较强而降低混淆准确度,且很容易被逆向还原的问题。从ARM汇编指令底层研究ARM程序混淆,通过结合ARM架构指令系统的特点,基于模式切换提出一种ARM汇编代码混淆算法,包括指令模式切换混淆、寄存器随机分配混淆和虚假指令混淆,使混淆后汇编代码的控制流变得更加复杂,且对切换地址的寄存器混淆也提高了动态调试跟踪的难度。模式切换及虚假指令混淆也会造成反汇编错误,从复杂强度、逆向弹性和性能开销三方面进行测试评估。测试结果表明,该混淆算法不仅有效地提高了程序的控制流循环复杂度,而且能够抵抗反汇编工具的逆向分析。该混淆算法引发的额外体积开销和时间开销较低,具有实用性。     

基于符号执行和N-scope复杂度的代码混淆度量方法

代码混淆可有效对抗逆向工程等各类 MATE 攻击威胁,作为攻击缓和性质的内生安全技术发展较为成熟,对代码混淆效果的合理度量具有重要价值。代码混淆度量研究相对较少,针对代码混淆弹性的度量方法与泛化性、实用性度量方法相对缺乏。符号执行技术广泛应用于反混淆攻击,其生成遍历程序完整路径输入测试集的难度可为混淆弹性度量提供参考,然而基于程序嵌套结构的对抗技术可显著降低符号执行效率,增加其混淆弹性参考误差。针对上述问题,提出结合符号执行技术和N-scope复杂度的代码混淆度量方法,该方法首先基于程序符号执行时间定义程序混淆弹性;其次提出适配符号执行的N-scope复杂度,定义程序混淆强度同时增强符号执行对多层嵌套结构程序的混淆弹性度量鲁棒性;进而提出结合动态分析与静态分析的混淆效果关联性分析,通过对程序进行符号执行与控制流图提取量化混淆效果。面向 C 程序构建了该度量方法的一种实现框架并验证,实验对3个公开程序集及其混淆后程序集约4 000个程序进行混淆效果度量,度量结果表明,提出的度量方法在较好地刻画混淆效果的同时拥有一定的泛化能力与实用价值;模拟真实混淆应用场景给出了该度量方法的使用样例,为混淆技术使用人员提供有效的混淆技术度量与技术配置参考。     

基于强度导向的JavaScript代码协同混淆方法

代码混淆是一种对软件代码的保护技术,通过提高代码逻辑的分析难度对软件进行加固。目前,针对代码混淆的研究主要集中在单一的新混淆方法的提出及其效果分析,针对多种混淆方法进行协同混淆的研究较少。针对此问题,文章提出一种基于强度导向的JavaScript代码协同混淆方法,首先对参与混淆的多种独立混淆方法进行强度评估;然后根据评估结果调整混淆方法的执行顺序,获得比单一的多方法叠加更好的混淆效果。实验结果表明,该方法能够以较低的代价获得更好的代码混淆效果。     

混沌不透明谓词在代码混淆中的研究与应用

通过改进Logistic混沌映射,提出了En_Logistic映射,将该映射应用到不透明谓词簇的构造过程中,形成混沌不透明谓词.将混沌不透明谓词应用于代码混淆过程.分别给出在程序分支判断点处和在顺序执行语句决中插入混沌不透明谓词的方法.对应用不透明谓词进行代码混淆的过程给出了程序复杂度评价以及控制流复杂度评价.安全性分析表明,混沌不透明谓词具备对抗动、静态攻击的安全性,并通过实验验证了其在代码混淆应用中的效果.     

代码混淆算法有效性评估

代码混淆是一种能够有效增加攻击者逆向分析和攻击代价的软件保护技术.然而,混淆算法的有效性评价和验证是代码混淆研究中亟待解决的重要问题.目前,对代码混淆有效性的研究大都是基于软件复杂性度量的,然而代码混淆作为一种保护软件安全的技术,更需要从逆向攻击的角度进行评估.将面向逆向工程的思想引入到代码混淆算法评估中,通过理论证明和具体实验验证了其可行性,该评估方法能够为混淆算法提供有效证明,并对判别和选择代码混淆算法具有指导意义,同时也有助于寻求更有效的代码混淆方法.     

基于同余方程和改进的压扁控制流的混淆算法

针对现有控制流混淆算法的混淆结果单一的问题,提出了一种基于同余方程和改进的压扁控制流混淆算法。首先,使用密钥和一组同余方程来生成源代码的基本块中需要使用的不透明谓词;其次,基于Logistic混沌映射提出了一种新的N态不透明谓词构造算法,并将其应用到现有的压扁控制流算法中,对现有的压扁控制流算法进行改进;最后,将上述两个对源码进行混淆的算法结合,以此来增加源代码中控制流的复杂度,使其更难被破解。与现有的基于混沌不透明谓词的压扁控制流算法相比,所提混淆算法使混淆后代码的防篡改攻击时间平均提高了22%以上,总圈复杂度平均提高了34%以上。实验结果表明,所提算法能够保证混淆后程序执行结果的正确性并且具有很高的圈复杂度,能够有效地抵抗静态攻击和动态攻击。     

基于随机插入策略的Java混淆器设计与实现

控制流混淆用于混淆程序的运行流程,从而防止对软件的逆向工程,但通常混淆后的程序在代码量以及执行时间方面都有较大增长.提出了随机插入混淆策略,采用分支插入算法和循环条件插入算法相结合,并引入了随机函数以限制代码的插入操作,从而控制代码长度的增长.使用BCEL设计并实现了基于Java字节码的控制流混淆转换工具,能够实现Java字节码的迭代混淆,且混淆结果具有一定的不可再现性.实验结果表明,该策略能够有效地控制混淆转换带来的性能过载,同时能够有效地防止逆向工程攻击.     

浅析嵌入式系统编程中的代码优化

随着嵌入式系统应用复杂度的提高,高效精简的软件代码是提高系统性能的关键因素之一。文章首先分析了嵌入式编程的特点,阐述了内联函数、循环展开、软件流水等几种代码优化方法,最后提出了应用行程编码(RLE)方法来减少常量数组对存储空间的占用。实验表明,经上述方法优化后的目标代码,执行效率提升了近50%,有效地提高了系统性能。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。