Mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon

This study aims at mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. The study reveals that scholars affiliated with Indian institutes and originated from India have played a key role in this research discipline. Country wise, the highest number of frugal innovation cases is from India. The articles on frugal innovation have published in a wide range of disciplines and journals. Scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers have understood frugal innovation concept in various ways. Studies are predominantly in sectors, such as healthcare, electric and electronics, transport, finance, ICT, and energy. On the contrary, despite high importance, agriculture and education sectors have received limited attention.     

Delayed retardation phenomenon of fatigue crack growth resulting from a single application of overload

A pulse load applied to a fatigue crack propagating under constant amplitude loading results in delayed retardation phenomenon in the subsequent crack growth. According to Matsuoka et al.[2], this behavior for HT80 steel was specified by two material parameters of m and ω_B/ω_D, where m is the exponent of the Paris equation under constant amplitude loading and ω_D and ω_B are the overload-affected-zone size and the crack distance at the minimum rate of crack propagation (inflection point), respectively. In the present study, the delayed retardation phenomena in three steels and two aluminum alloys were investigated. It was confirmed that the model proposed by Matsuoka et al.[2] was in good agreement with the experimental data for these materials when the stress state at the overloading was satisfied with the small scale yielding condition. Then the parameters characterizing the retardation phenomena for these materials were determined.     

The Internet phenomenon

The Internet presents a vision of unlimited knowledge in information, text, sound, images and film transmitted at low cost directly to the point required. Most people have heard of the Internet but the information available seems so endless as to be overwhelming. The article describes the origins and unique nature of this phenomenon. It categorises the main components of the Internet in order to provide a foundation of understanding on which to build. Briefly discussed are E-mail, Usenet, the World Wide Web, and remote access to library catalogues and databases     

The bowl phenomenon revisited

A novel method of analysing serial production lines has been developed. This method lets one compute the throughput rate of lines composed of dissimilar stations, as well as for a large class of distributions of station service times. Several distribution-free models of 3-station lines are presented. These models are used to compute the throughput rate of unbalanced lines in which the sum of the mean service times is constant. Results are shown as contour plots of constant throughput rate. The bowl phenomenon is reviewed in the light of this capacity to model with a greater degree of freedom.     

The phenomenon of stress intensification

The article deals with and aims to provide a solution for the discrepancy which has been existing between the stresses calculated according to the in-plane and out-of-plane bending formulas (by von Kármán and Vigness respectively) on the one hand, and the results of stress measurements with strain gauges carried out in laboratory tests on the other hand.     

The phenomenon of glass transition

Principal features of glass transition phenomenon are summarised. Various theoretical approaches such as free volume, entropy, energy surface, etc., have been briefly discussed. Communication No. 47 from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit.     

The phenomenon of all-elements-sleeping-beauties in scientific literature

The phenomenon of all-elements-sleeping-beauties in science is revealed by four special cases. The ??sleeping beauties?? prick their fingers on the ??spindles?? so that they fall into sleep then are awakened by their ??princes??. The authors speculate that the phenomenon could happen in scientific literatures with high quality.     

The social sponsorship of innovation

The author reviews the nature of federal support for biological research over the past 40 years and the attendant roles of government, academia and industry in the innovation process. He notes a fundamental rearrangement in the social sponsorship of discovery and “a revolutionary compression” of the innovation process. This poses concomitant challenges to the government of the university and its faculty. The author outlines policy directions for the universities and proposes policy direction for academic scientists in terms of their collective responsibility for self-regulation, for example, in developing and maintaining criteria for peer review in the scientific community as a whole.     

The virtue of innovation: innovation through the lenses of biological evolution

We rehearse the processes of innovation and discovery in general terms, using as our main metaphor the biological concept of an evolutionary fitness landscape. Incremental and disruptive innovations are seen, respectively, as successful searches carried out locally or more widely. They may also be understood as reflecting evolution by mutation (incremental) versus recombination (disruptive). We also bring a platonic view, focusing on virtue and memory. We use ‘virtue’ as a measure of efforts, including the knowledge required to come up with disruptive and incremental innovations, and ‘memory’ as a measure of their lifespan, i.e. how long they are remembered. Fostering innovation, in the evolutionary metaphor, means providing the wherewithal to promote novelty, good objective functions that one is trying to optimize, and means to improve one''s knowledge of, and ability to navigate, the landscape one is searching. Recombination necessarily implies multi- or inter-disciplinarity. These principles are generic to all kinds of creativity, novel ideas formation and the development of new products and technologies.     

The role of an innovation centre

The article describes the function and operation of an innovation centre in the Liverpool area of the U.K. Suich centres attempt to bring together at one focal point all of the advisory expertise needed to help innovators evaluate their ideas and convert them into business projects. In its first 2–3 years the centre concentrated on individual inventors, but found this unrewarding. More recently the centre's attention has been focussed on the region's existing small and medium firms. It has been found that better results are obtained by visiting firms to discover their problems rather than waiting for requests for help.     

The phenomenon of thermal magnetization of highly anisotropic single crystals

The results of micromagnetic modeling show that the phenomenon of thermal magnetization analogous to that observed in polycrystalline samples is also possible in a highly anisotropic Nd₂Fe₁₄B single crystal. In this case, the thermal magnetization is related to a transition of the single crystal from a metastable to stable state and can take place within a narrow interval of sample dimensions.     

The phenomenon of vibration transfer in two-component oscillating interacting systems

We consider the phenomenon of vibration transfer of a physical quantity described by a scalar parameter and obeying the law of conservation in a two-component interacting medium. Expressions for the vibration-transfer coefficient are obtained for various cases of practical interest. A phantom model of vibration transfer is suggested. The results of a numerical experiment are discussed. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 487–492, 1997.     

Fatigue crack closure after overload

The fatigue crack closure after overload was measured by small foil strain gages. The effect of overload on crack closure stress and crack propagation rate was observed to extend over a range several times larger than the overload plastic zone. Analysis of experimental data showed that the extra amount of plastic deformation introduced by the overload was the controlling factor. A relationshp between crack closure stress and crack length in the affected zone was found, and the amount of plastic deformation by the overload was estimated. This estimate was further confirmed by analysis of the crack closure pictures.     

汽车警告三角牌标准的自主创新实践

一、背景 为充分调动标准化工作者的积极性和创造性,引导和推动标准化领域的科技进步,国家质检总局和国家标准委共同设立"中国标准创新贡献奖",以奖励那些在标准化工作中有创新精神、创新思路、创新技术的标准化工作者.国家标准委将逐步建立面向社会、面向市场的开放型计划立项管理模式,鼓励企业参与国家标准制定工作,每季度批准一批项目,如有急需,随时提出,随时批准立项,并及时在国家标准委网站上公布.这一系列的举措,足见国家标准化最高管理机关对标准化工作自主创新的重视.     

The co-location of innovation and production in clusters

ABSTRACT

This paper quantifies the extent of co-location of innovation and production for industry clusters with varying knowledge intensity. If input-output, knowledge, and skill linkages are interdependent and geographically bounded, then we would expect innovation and production to be co-located in regional clusters. However, theory predicts that the degree of agglomeration benefits associated with co-location may vary across economic activities with different knowledge intensity. Using data from the U.S. Cluster Mapping Project, I develop measures of the co-location of innovation and production for 27 industry clusters, examining patterns across regions and over time (1998–2015) in the United States. I find that there is a significant co-location of innovation and production for many clusters, especially for those with higher knowledge intensity. This paper focuses on the Information Technology and Analytical Instruments cluster and the Automotive cluster to illustrate the co-location measures and the micro-geography of innovation and production.     

The role of industrial design in technological innovation

This paper identifies a means of increasing the likelihood of success in technological innovation. Collated evidence is drawn from a study of nine science-based products which have received Design Council Awards. Even in this small design-conscious sample, there is enough evidence to suggest that opposition by engineers to the employment of industrial designers is fairly widespread.     

The effects of loading variables on overload induced fatigue crack growth retardation parameters

A growing fatigue crack is known to be retarded on application of an overload cycle. The retardation may be characterized by the total number of cycles involved during retardation, N_D and the retarded crack length, a_D. The loading variables play an important role to influence the retardation behaviour and thereby the retardation parameters N_D and a_D. The important loading variables are considered to be the stress intensity range, K during constant amplitude loading, stress ratio, R and the ratio of the overload stress to the maximum stress in constant amplitude loading, OLR etc. The objective of the present investigation is to study the effect of different loading variables on the retardation parameters. The investigation has been conducted in a 2024-T3 Al-alloy with centre crack tension panels loaded using an Electromagnetic Resonance Machine. The crack extension and crack closure have been measured during cyclic loading under constant amplitude and under overloading situations. The results do indicate dependence of crack opening stress intensity factor, K_OP on loading variables such as K, R and OLR. The delay cycle N_D is found to increase with loading variables K, OLR and R. The functional dependence of retardation zone a_D on loading variables has also been identified.