数学规划与图形方法相结合设计热集成用水网络

将数学规划法与图形方法相结合探究单杂质用水网络与换热网络的集成问题。首先构建混合整数非线性规划模型（MINLP）,在最小公用工程消耗下优化流股参数未知情况下的分离系统组合曲线面积,得到了最为节能、换热面积最小的用水网络结构。在此基础上,提出了新的分离系统组合曲线演化步骤和规则,可以得到换热单元数目较小的换热网络结构。算例表明,与现有的基于分离系统的热集成用水网络设计方法相比,在最小化公用工程用量的同时可以进一步降低换热器数目与总换热面积。     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成水网络设计方法

讨论了能量集成水网络中非等温混合对系统能量目标的影响,提出了分割温度的概念。对于同性混合,系统的公用工程需求量不会减少。对于异性混合,通过确定分割温度并比较分割温度以上区间混合流股的热量之和与低温区间所需的热量,可以准确确定系统公用工程会增加、减少或者保持不变。基于以上思想,得到了非等温混合规则。它能判断是否存在能量惩罚,以及如何通过设计混合温度来避免能量惩罚。结合改进的"分离系统"法,提出了一种系统化的能量集成水网络设计方法。     

Global superstructure optimization for the design of integrated process water networks

We propose a general superstructure and a model for the global optimization for integrated process water networks. The superstructure consists of multiple sources of water, water‐using processes, wastewater treatment, and pre‐treatment operations. Unique features are that all feasible interconnections are considered between them and multiple sources of water can be used. The proposed model is formulated as a nonlinear programing (NLP) and as a mixed integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) problem for the case when 0–1 variables are included for the cost of piping and to establish optimal trade‐offs between cost and network complexity. To effectively solve the NLP and MINLP models to global optimality we propose tight bounds on the variables, which are expressed as general equations. We also incorporate the cut proposed by Karuppiah and Grossmann to significantly improve the strength of the lower bound for the global optimum. The proposed model is tested on several examples. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

最小化新鲜水量与废水处理量的图形方法

水分配网络由回用、再生和废水处理3个相互作用的子系统构成。设计水分配网络需考虑质量负荷固定和流量固定两类用水操作模型。目前,兼顾两类用水操作的图形方法对水分配网络的研究局限于一个或两个子系统的设计,而缺少一种能同时处理3个子系统的方法。本文用新的方法合成了反映用水网络水源盈亏情况的总组合曲线,并由此得到最小废水量和新鲜水量。为考虑废水再生情况,提出通过用再生水线和废水线合成废水排放线的方法求解再生情况下的最小新鲜水量。同时,根据总组合曲线得到了废水组合曲线,求得最小废水处理量。实例表明,本文所提方法可在具体网络设计前,在同一浓度-质量负荷图中确定单杂质水分配网络的各目标参数,且简便易行。     

Simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks

This article proposes a new methodology for simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks (WAHEN). A novel disjunctive model is first developed to determine an optimal water allocation network (WAN) where water and energy are integrated in one step. Based on the optimal WAN, a detailed heat exchanger network (HEN) to satisfy the utility target is then synthesized. Although the final network structure is obtained through two steps, the targets of freshwater and utility are optimized simultaneously. The proposed method has specific advantages. First of all, it can capture a tradeoff among freshwater usage, utility consumption, and direct heat transfer by nonisothermal mixing. Second, it can greatly reduce the complexity of subsequent HEN design. Finally, it is effective for simultaneous water and energy integration in large‐scale WAHEN systems. The advantages and applicability of this new method are illustrated by three examples from literature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2202–2214, 2015     

Synthesis of non-isothermal heat integrated water networks in chemical processes

This paper presents a new approach for the simultaneous synthesis and optimization of heat integrated water networks. A new superstructure for heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis is proposed. The procedure is based on mixed integer non-linear mathematical programming (MINLP). Four relevant examples are presented to illustrate various aspects of the proposed approach.     

Optimum heat storage design for solar‐driven absorption refrigerators integrated with heat exchanger networks

A methodology is presented for optimizing hybrid renewable energy‐fossil fuel systems with short‐term heat storage. The considered system is an absorption‐refrigeration (AR) cycle integrated with a heat exchanger network (HEN) requiring cooling below ambient temperature. The AR cycle can be driven by multiple energy sources including excess energy from hot process streams, renewable energy sources (solar and biofuels), and fossil fuels. A two‐step approach based on mixed integer nonlinear programming methods is used for the optimization. First, the problem of optimal energy integration in the hybrid energy system without heat storage is solved on a monthly basis by minimizing simultaneously the total annual cost and the overall greenhouse gas emissions. In the second step, the multi‐tank thermal energy storage (TES) design problem is solved. The design involves the identification of the optimal number of storage tanks, their sizes, configuration and operation policies. The TES optimization is carried out on an hourly basis while incorporating the design targets determined by the first step. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 909–930, 2014     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成多杂质水网络优化设计

提出了一种分步综合多杂质体系水网络和换热网络的新方法。对于水网络,考虑进入操作单元的新鲜水与回用水之间的非等温混合,确保流股间的直接热回收;对于换热网络,可以只考虑水网络中的新鲜水和回用水流股之间的换热匹配。采用无进化次数的改进粒子群算法对本文建立的多杂质体系水网络非线性模型和换热网络混合整数非线性模型进行求解。实例表明,与不考虑非等温混合时比较,考虑非等温混合时的最优网络结构更简单,且年度总费用要节省2.4%。因此,本文提出的方法在实际生产中有较好的可行性和有效性。     

Optimal design of integrated agricultural water networks

This paper presents a mathematical programming model for the optimal design of water networks in the agriculture. The proposed model is based on a new superstructure that includes all configurations in terms of use, reuse and regeneration of water in a field constituted by a number of croplands. The model also includes the allocation of pipelines, pumps and storage tanks in different irrigation periods. The objective function consists in maximizing the annual profit that is formed by the economic incomes owing to the crop sell minus the costs for fresh water, fertilizer, storage tanks, treatment units, piping and pumping. The proposed multi-period optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming formulation, which was applied to a case study to demonstrate the economic, environmental and social benefits that can be obtained.     

换热网络控制分析与设计研究进展

回顾了近年来对换热网络可控性方面的研究,即分析了当前换热网络的两种控制策略:控制性能指数法和旁路优化控制方法。阐述了这些方法的优点和尚待改进的问题,并指出换热网络的设计应同时考虑工艺与控制两方面。提出了工艺与控制集成的设计方法的具体研究思路,并指出换热网络工艺与控制集成设计的方法将成为今后换热网络设计与控制方面研究的发展方向。     

换热网络旁路优化设计

提出了一种可以降低已有换热网络运行费用的旁路优化设计方法,使得网络控制自由度增大,运行费用明显降低。该优化设计方法将网络运行总费用作为目标函数,同时考虑结垢热阻对换热器换热效果的影响,经过多次优化计算确定旁路位置和开度,并根据现场具体情况选择合适的旁路开度下限,确定旁路数目,最终实现网络旁路优化设计。通过示例说明了本文所提方法的有效性和实用前景。     

基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法

现行的换热网络目标方法,在进行换热网络价格估算时,未考虑热物流的热损失。在真实的设计中,换热器壳体保温后仍与环境温度相差较大,则其热损失不可忽略。文章提出了一个新的基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法,该方法首先以综合费用最小为目标确定出最小温差,然后建立问题表格确定出夹点位置及最小公用工程消耗,最后再进行换热网络设计。文中采用某石油常减压换热网络系统为典型算例对该方法的前两步进行了分析研究,论证了该方法的必要性及可行性。结果表明:该方法与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法估算的投资费用有较大的差距之外,在一定的最小温差下,其与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法确定的夹点位置不同,公用工程消耗也有较大的差距。     

基于热容流率的换热网络夹点设计法

以Linnhoff换热网络夹点技术理论为基础,提出了在进行换热网络设计时,考虑热容流率随温度发生变化时确定夹点位置的方法,并结合实例进行分析计算。该法对夹点位置、最小温差、公用工程用量的确定更加准确,对投资费用的估算也更接近于实际。     

内部热耦合精馏塔构型研究

以丙烯-丙烷分离过程为例,研究了4种内部热耦合精馏塔的性能,并与常规精馏塔和热泵精馏塔进行了比较。结果发现,不同构型的内部热耦合精馏塔之间性能差异很大,其中提馏段与精馏段上端对齐,逐板进行热交换的构型性能最佳,其有效能耗比热泵精馏塔低25%—40%,节能效果显著。还探讨了内部热耦合精馏塔的压缩比与换热面积的关系,压缩比越小,换热面积越大,换热面积的逐板分布越不均匀。     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成用水网络综合

提出了考虑非等温混合的新的水网络模型,并结合线性规划（LP）转运模型同时优化水网络的水耗及公用工程目标。新的水网络模型引入非等温混合以改善用水网络的能耗特性及减少模型中参与集成换热网络的流股数,从而降低设计换热网络的复杂程度。在确定水网络的水耗及公用工程目标后,采用夹点法设计详细的换热网络结构。两个算例结果表明,新的水网络模型不仅能确定用水网络的最优水耗及公用工程目标,而且还能得到一个更加简单的换热网络。这对节省设备投资及减少操作费用具有重要意义。     

水管-热管复合式废热锅炉在硫酸生产中的应用

介绍了水管-热管复合式废热锅炉的结构和性能优势。水管-热管复合式废热锅炉在550～850℃高温区间采用水管换热面,在330～550℃低温区间采用热管换热面,在中、低压运行状况下,通过优化设计可保证水管换热面和热管换热面的管壁温度均高于烟气露点。目前水管-热管复合式废热锅炉已在秦皇岛双益磷化有限公司和青岛东方化工有限公司...     

换热网络填充函数法的全局优化

换热网络全局优化问题属于混合整数非线性规划范畴,其难点是目标函数和约束条件呈现为严重的非线性和非凸特性,局部最优解陷阱星罗棋布.针对其全局优化的难点,应用一种变换函数的全局优化方法--填充函数法,对换热网络进行全局优化.通过具体的填充函数对某特定算例进行求解表明,通过不断的交替优化,填充函数能够使换热网络目标函数跳出局...     

换热网络的热流均匀性因子

提出并建立了能够评价换热网络换热效能的热流均匀性因子,在两个条件下对该因子进行验证和分析。首先,在相同结构上保持换热器单元总面积之和不变的条件下模拟计算,考察热流均匀性因子与总换热量之间的对应关系,并与温差均匀性因子进行比较;其次,在改变换热网络结构的条件下优化计算,考察各优化结构的热流均匀性因子与总换热量之间的对应关系。通过两个具体的换热网络实例验证该因子,结果表明：热流均匀性因子越小则对应的换热网络总体换热效能越好。由此说明本研究建立的换热网络的热流均匀性因子能够从总体上反应换热网络的换热效能,能够作为其换热效能的一种新的评价指标,并能为换热网络的综合及优化提供新的思路。     

Globally optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks. Part II: Non-minimal networks

In Part I of this work, the synthesis of minimal heat exchanger networks using the isothermal mixing stage-wise superstructure was presented. In this Part II, an extension of the algorithm presented in Part I is made to consider networks that allow multiple solutions regarding heat allocation, that is, they have energy loops where heat loads can be rearranged without changing the overall energy consumption. We extend the strategy of our Part I to use a set of nested loops to enumerate the number of units, the structure of matches, the energy consumption, different values of exchanger minimum approximation temperature (EMAT), and different locations where EMAT is active. All the models used are linear and are aided by capital cost evaluations. As in Part I, we claim global optimality based on our conjectures. Literature examples are solved to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

过程工业水分配网络的研究进展

回顾了水分配网络的发展历程,介绍了水分配网络的用水网络和废水处理网络2个子系统的研究进展,阐述了图解方法、数学优化法等用水网络综合方法的发展状况,并对水分配网络设计中多杂质和热集成等方面的问题进行了展望。