ECR微波等离子体源离子渗氮

研究了一种新的低温渗氮方法－－电子回旋共振微波等离子体源离子渗氮。对纯铁、４５负和３５ＣｒＭｏ钢试样在１５０￣３５０℃进行渗氮处理，测定了渗氮层的硬度和晶体结构，结果表明，纯铁在低于２００℃的温度即可获得连续分布的表面氮化物层，３５ＣｒＭｏ钢在低于２５０℃温度处理也可获得离好渗氮层。     

表面纳米化预处理对低碳钢气体渗氮行为的影响

研究了表面喷丸纳米化预处理对气体渗氮行为的影响。利用低碳钢试样单面表面超声喷丸纳米化处理 ,另一面保持原始晶粒 ,在 46 0℃、5 0 0℃、5 6 0℃、6 40℃四种温度不同时间气体渗氮 ,通过金相观察和X射线衍射法测定渗氮层的厚度和种类。对比发现在 5 6 0℃以下渗氮时 ,经过表面喷丸纳米化预处理 :可以提高扩散系数D和气 -固传递系数 β,降低氮势门槛值 ;使常规渗氮温度降低 5 0℃左右或者渗氮时间缩短 5 0 % ;使渗氮层厚度随渗氮时间增长在初期就符合抛物线规律x =At0 5。 6 40℃短时间渗氮时 ,表面纳米化预处理仍然可以起到一定的加速作用 ,但是随着渗氮时间的延长 ,表面纳米化预处理优势消失 ,甚至会阻碍渗层厚度的增长     

低压等离子体弧源离子渗氮

利用低压等离子体弧源离子渗氮技术,在约４００ ℃、４ ×１０ － １ Ｐａ 真空度条件下对奥氏体不锈钢、纯铁进行了低温渗氮表面强化处理。奥氏体不锈钢表面形成的渗氮层由氮在奥氏体中的过饱和单相固溶体组成,具有很高的硬度和良好的耐蚀性。纯铁渗氮层则由化合物层和扩散层组成。这种渗氮方法完全避免了工件表面产生弧光放电     

加热温度和保温时间对镜面纯铁表面粗糙度的影响

精密零件的扩散连接中针对主要扩散工艺参数对镜面纯铁的表面粗糙度影响,选取99.99%的纯铁为研究对象,分别研究了加热温度和保温时间对纯铁表面粗糙度的影响.结果表明,在550℃以下,保温1 h,温度对纯铁表面粗糙度影响不大,在10 nm之内,但有增大趋势,在550℃以上时,纯铁表面粗糙度缓慢增大,直到912℃,纯铁发生多晶型转变,表面粗糙度有突变,由原来的几个纳米突变到700 nm,在400℃时保温时间从60~240 min,表面粗糙度变化非常小,说明在此温度下保温时间对表面粗糙度影响有限.     

离子渗氮表面氮浓度的X射线分析及试验研究

本文利用X射线衍射法测定了不同离子渗氮条件下,纯铁在氨气中离子渗氮后的表面氮浓度。结果表明:提高离子渗氮电流密度及降低离子渗氮温度,表面氮浓度升高。时间和气压的变化对表面氮浓度影响不大。     

盐浴氮化对电工纯铁腐蚀磨损性能的影响

盐浴渗氮作为一种有效提高金属材料性能的化学热处理技术而被广泛研究，但目前鲜有在电工纯铁上的应用报道，且缺乏在不同环境下的磨损性能研究。采用盐浴氮化对电工纯铁进行处理，采用SEM、显微硬度计、XRD、XPS、盐雾测试箱、电化学工作站、摩擦磨损试验机等测试手段对渗氮层的微观组织、硬度、腐蚀行为及不同环境下的磨损行为进行测试分析。结果表明，经过渗氮处理后在试样表面形成主要为ε-Fe₃N、γ′-Fe₄N相的渗层，矫顽力和表面硬度随氮化温度和时间的增加逐渐升高，截面硬度呈梯度分布。其中580℃×4.5 h工艺试样具有最优的耐腐蚀性能，自腐蚀电位较纯铁正移，自腐蚀电流密度低于纯铁，电荷转移电阻提升了7.7倍。空气环境下，氮化试样的摩擦因数比纯铁低，氮化试样磨损率只约为纯铁的1/2；去离子水与3.5 wt.%NaCl溶液环境皆有利于降低摩擦因数，但增加了磨损率，3.5 wt.%NaCl溶液环境对材料的加速磨损效果比去离子水更明显。系统研究了盐浴渗氮对电工纯铁腐蚀磨损性能的影响，可为提升海工装备电气开关元器件的服役寿命提供一定理论指导与技术支持。     

电磁纯铁渗氮

以纯铁为对象,通过金相和X射线衍射分析对气体渗氮后的组织和磁性能进行研究。结果表明,决定纯铁渗氮后组织形态和分布的最关键参数是温度和保温时间,形成的致密连续γ′相和ε相混合层可显著提高表面硬度,达到900 HV0.01以上。渗氮后,纯铁的磁性能会有不同程度的下降,其下降程度与渗氮组织形态和分布相关。针对飞控伺服作动器中电磁纯铁制件的要求,通过调整渗氮工艺参数,可以满足其磁性能和硬度的要求。     

40Cr钢表面纳米化对气体渗氮行为的影响

采用超音速微粒轰击技术对40Cr钢经调质处理后进行单面表面纳米化,使其表面形成晶粒尺寸约10nm的纳米晶层,然后对试样进行不同温度和时间的低温气体渗氮。利用金相法,硬度法和X射线衍射法对试样两面的渗氮层进行分析对比。结果表明：纳米层表面形成氮化物的温度可降至300℃左右,而在450℃时,原始粗晶面气体渗氮才形成连续的氮化物层。主要原因是表面纳米化后大量的晶界为氮原子的扩散提供了通道,同时,晶界和晶内存在的缺陷也可降低氮化物形成的氮势门槛值。     

超声波冷锻对Cr12MoV钢渗氮组织与性能的影响

为优化渗氮工艺,提高渗氮层的厚度与硬度,提出用超声波冷锻技术(Ultrasonic cold forging technology,UCFT)对Cr12MoV模具钢进行表面纳米化预处理,并在450℃和520℃两个温度条件下离子渗氮.采用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、白光形貌仪、X射线衍射仪和维氏显微硬度计对样品的微观组织结构和性能进行表征.结果表明:UCFT是一种能与离子渗氮有效复合的预处理工艺,经UCFT表面纳米化预处理后,Cr12MoV模具钢表面形成表面硬度约520 HV,厚度为350 μm的塑性变形影响层;经UCFT表面纳米化预处理后和离子渗氮复合处理后,渗氮层厚度与硬度与原始样品直接渗氮相比有显著提高;UCFT预处理后在520℃离子渗氮4h,材料表面硬度可高达1350 HV,复合改性层厚度也可增至约400 μm.     

钛合金离子渗氮表面完整性研究

对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金真空离子渗氮层的表面完整性进行测试。分析了渗氮温度、时间等工艺参数对渗层表面粗糙度、残余应力等的影响规律和机制。研究表明,在650-900 ℃范围内,随着渗氮温度的升高和渗氮时间的增加,表面粗糙度总体呈现增加的趋势。其中,渗氮温度从700 ℃增加到750 ℃,渗氮层表面粗糙度大幅增加,残余应力转变为残余压应力,且应力绝对值显著增加。证明钛合金反应扩散渗氮机制启动温度在700-750 ℃范围内,从而,钛合金离子渗氮适合的温度应大于750 ℃。同时表明,钛合金渗氮层表面完整性与反应扩散渗氮行为密切相关。在渗氮温度不高于850 ℃,渗氮时间不超过16 h的条件下,因渗氮引起的表面粗糙度增加不超过0.3 μm,渗层表面残余压应力可达-500 MPa。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。