车用内燃机冷却系的流动与传热仿真

本提出了车用内燃机冷却系的流动与传热仿真方法。采用一维的方法研究了车用内燃机冷却系的流动问题；采用集总参数法研究了车用内燃机冷却系的传热问题；将车用内燃机冷却系的流动问题与传热问题耦合起来作为一个系统，进行整体研究，建立了内燃机冷却系的流动与传热问题的整体模型。编制了计算程序。对某型坦克内燃机冷却系的流动与传热进行了实例计算，仿真结果与试验值符合较好。     

车用内燃机润滑系统传热仿真

提出了履带车辆动力装置润滑系的传热仿真方法。采用集总参数法研究了车用内燃机润滑系的传热问题，并建立了润滑系各部件的传热教学模型，编制了计算程序。对某型坦克内燃机润滑系的传热进行了实例计算。仿真结果与试验值符合较好。     

基于集总参数法的坦克发动机热性能模型

发展了一个基于集总参数法的坦克发动机热性能模型，考虑了发动机燃烧室的传热、发动机主要部件的传热、冷却系统和润滑系统的工作及坦克动力舱内的空气流动，建立了燃烧气体与发动机部件、各部件之间、部件与冷却液、部件与润滑油、部件与动力舱空气之间的热耦合计算公式．对一台坦克涡轮增压柴油机的热性能进行了实例计算，结果证实这个模型可以用于坦克发动机热性能的研究．     

车用内燃机冷却系统动态传热模型

提出了一个基于集总参数法的车用内燃机冷却系统动态传热模型。考虑了内燃机燃烧室、散热器和水泵的传热和冷却系统的工作,建立了机体、散热器、水泵与冷却介质之间的热耦合计算公式。对一台单缸柴油机冷却系的稳态及动态温度进行了计算,结果证实该模型可用于内燃机冷却系统的动态传热特性研究。     

车用内燃机整机热平衡动态传热模型

提出了一个基于集总参数法的发动机动态热平衡模型,考虑了发动机燃烧室的传热、发动机主要部件的传热、冷却系统和润滑系统的工作。建立了燃烧气体与发动机部件、各部件之间、部件与冷却液、部件与润滑油、部件与周围空气之间的热耦合计算公式,对一台单缸柴油机的热平衡及主要部件的温度进行了计算．结果证实该模型可用于发动机热平衡的研究。     

环境温度和压力对坦克柴油机冷却空气影响的CFD仿真研究

为了掌握不同环境温度、压力下坦克柴油机冷却空气的流动与传热性能,将计算流体力学应用于坦克柴油机冷却空气的仿真。在仿真值与试验值对比结果符合较好的前提下,对不同环境温度、压力对冷却空气流动与传热的影响进行了数值仿真,基于仿真结果,拟合得到了冷却空气平均温度随环境温度、压力变化的简便计算公式,适合于工程实用。     

内燃机传热全仿真模拟研究进展综述

概述了内燃机传热研究的意义和发展;对内燃机传热研究的新领域－缸内气体的流动、燃烧、对流传热、辐射传热等模型与燃烧室部件整体导热模型耦合的计算机模拟,进行了全面综述,并指出了下一步应着重解决的问题。     

沸腾对柴油机冷却系统数值模拟的影响

计算对比了不考虑沸腾和考虑沸腾2种冷却系统数值模拟计算,得出结论:考虑沸腾传热对内燃机冷却水腔内流动与压力的分布影响不明显,而对冷却水腔内传热过程的影响是很大的。若只考虑纯对流传热,计算结果可能与实际情况存在很大的差异。因此,在对强化内燃机进行流动与传热问题的研究时必须考虑沸腾传热的因素,以获得更为真实、准确的结果。     

内燃机缸内传热过程的探讨及其进展

本文论述了目前内燃机缸内传热研究的发展。对缸内传热的研究方法,主要是对表面温度法进行了探讨,并将缸内传热模型的发展划分为三个阶段。文中综合介绍了利用表面温度法对缸内传热所进行的实验研究,并用无损方法测量了内燃机燃烧室陶瓷隔热表面的瞬态温度。实验结果表明,用氧化锆隔热,取得了减少传热的明显效果。作者还对内燃机缸内传热研究中的某些问题进行了较为深入的讨论。     

边界元法与特征线法联合用于内燃机排气噪声预报及消声器声学性能分析

本文提出了一种有效预报内燃机排气噪声的新方法。在此方法中，使用边界元法计算消声器元件的４极参数并结合传递矩阵法获得整个排气系统的４极参数，以及使用特征线法计算内燃机的不稳定流动过程并依靠双负载法确定发动机的声源阻抗和强度，从而实现内燃机排气噪声预报及消声器声学性能分析。文中对一台柴油机排气消声系统进行了研究，其预测结果与实测结果吻合良好     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.