偏热环境下睡眠热舒适研究综述

热环境与睡眠之间的联动有生理基础,不恰当的睡眠热环境对睡眠质量的影响显著。在偏热环境下,清醒人体可直接表达热感觉和热舒适度并且能够自行调节热环境,对于睡眠人体的热舒适状态而言则更多地是通过测量客观生理指标来表达,睡眠人体对热环境的调控也较为被动。由于睡眠人体与清醒人体的生理状态不同,两者对同样的偏热环境的感知有一定的差异。随着热舒适和睡眠学科的研究方法趋于成熟,研究者于过去20年间对偏热环境下睡眠热舒适的相关课题进行了研究,包括人体热调节系统和睡眠控制系统的关系、人体各热生理参数在睡眠过程中的变化趋势、睡眠热舒适的评价方法、夏季睡眠热中性的温度范围、床褥热阻和湿度对夏季睡眠热中性温度的影响、气流在偏热环境下对睡眠质量的改善作用,以及可用于综合评价热环境对睡眠热舒适影响的数学模型。     

人体热舒适的生理热适应机理研究进展

针对热舒适的现场研究更多地关注行为调节和心理调节对人体热舒适的影响,忽略了生理热适应的作用,论文概述了热适应模型的3个代表模型,分析了3个代表模型的特点以及忽略生理热适应的原因,概括了当前生理热适应的研究现状,归纳出生理指标遴选研究、生理热适应研究和基于生理、心理及行为调节的热舒适多元评价模型研究这3个研究方向,提出了生理热适应研究还需系统而完善地揭示中国不同地域气候区人群的生理热适应差异;揭示中国不同气候区人群的适应温度区阈值以及表达阈值的生理指标;提出揭示室外环境参数对生理热适应的影响,这对完善热适应模型、实现舒适又节能的建筑热环境具有重要意义。     

基于生理参数的热健康温度分区研究现状

当室内热环境发生变化时,人体会通过一系列生理调节来适应这种变化,因此生理参数在热舒适评价中展现出极大的潜力。近年来,基于生理参数、热环境和健康三者之间关系的研究为室内热环境的改善提供了更准确、更健康的方法,此类涉及生理学、建筑环境学和统计学等多学科交叉研究的方式也为未来我们所追求的建筑热环境提供了新的可能性。分析了人体主观与生理可接受温度分区,并介绍了热健康相关的典型生理参数。最后,基于过往实验数据对符合人体热健康的温度阈值和生理参数范围进行了探讨,提出了基于生理参数探究热健康温度分区未来研究的方向与将要面临的挑战。     

中英绿色工业建筑评价标准中室内环境与职业健康的对比分析

室内空气环境与人体健康密切相关,室内空气质量好坏影响工业建筑内工作人员的身体健康、工作效率、工作环境热舒适性等。本文通过对比分析中英绿色工业建筑评价标准中室内环境与职业健康指标内容、分值、最低要求、权重以及具体指标内容差异,找出了我国绿色工业建筑评价标准中室内环境与职业健康评价存在的不足,并提出标准完善修订的建议。     

热环境对人员工作效率的影响

随着科技快速发展,越来越多的人将从事高温环境作业,人员的工作安全及工作效率等问题逐渐引起了人们广泛的关注。热环境人员工作效率的降低容易引起安全事故,而人员的工作效率先于生理健康受到热环境的损害。因此在保障生理健康安全的大前提下,研究人员工作效率与热环境的变化关系是当前面临的关键问题。为了能更好的研究热环境对人员工作效率的影响,本文深入系统的从人员工作效率的衡量指标、人员热适应、工作任务类型、工作环境暴露时间四个方面分析和探讨热环境对人员工作效率的影响。     

综合皮肤指标及其与热感觉关系的探讨

平均皮肤温度和皮肤湿度是表征人体对热环境生理调节功能的重要参数,是人体热感觉的外在表现,但是二者在单独用于评价人体热感觉时均有一定的局限性。提出了综合皮肤指标的概念,研究了综合皮肤指标与热感觉的关系,并给出了不同活动水平下接近舒适状态时平均皮肤温度与皮肤湿度的波动范围。     

模拟自然风环境中的人体热舒适评价模型

研究了在模拟自然风的动态环境下人体热舒适评价模型,以室内温度、湍流强度、作用时间为变量,将其作为热舒适评价模型的指标集,以5级热感觉投票作为评价集,通过50名受试者的热舒适实验,得到了不同工况下的热舒适投票结果。利用模糊综合评价法,得到了权重集和评价矩阵,最后得到了不同指标集下的MTSV值。经过对比发现,实验结果中的人群不满意度与PMV-PPD指标差距较大,且随着温度越高差距越大。研究提出了适用于模拟自然风环境热舒适评价的MTSV-DP指标,结果表明:与传统的稳态空调环境相比,模拟自然风环境将室内舒适温度从26℃提高至28℃;新指标可以更为准确地反映人体在自然风环境的热舒适性,以人群不满意率小于15%为标准,MTSV的推荐值为-0.1～+0.1。     

会议室空调气流组织的数值模拟研究

利用Airpak软件对夏季使用落地式空调器制冷的某会议室气流组织进行数值模拟,研究了空调器位置设置不同对室内热舒适的影响,得到不同室内气流组织下速度场与温度场的分布,采用PMVPPD与空气龄指标对室内人员的热舒适性与空气品质进行评价。模拟结果表明,在东墙布置落地式空调的方式在改善工作区域空气品质以及人体热舒适性方面均优于南墙,为气流组织优化设计和空调室内热舒适性环境的改善提供了参考。     

某高速公路服务区冬季热舒适研究

针对高速公路服务区的热湿环境特征,以某高速公路上的服务区为研究对象,采用问卷调查和现场测试相结合的方法,对服务区内的热湿环境进行研究,讨论了不同环境参数对人体热舒适的影响,同时采用动态热舒适评价指标:相对热指标(Relative Warmth Index,RWI)和热损失率(Heat Deficit Rate,HDR),对冬季服务区公共区域过渡状态下的热舒适环境进行分析,得出过渡状态下的人体热舒适变化情况。调查结果显示,参与调查的人员整体表示对室内热湿环境接受,同时测量结果表明,服务区超市内空气平均温度为17.4℃,平均相对湿度为32.8%,室内平均空气流速为0.16 m/s,均处于人体可接受范围内。研究表明,采用动态评价指标与问卷调查相结合的方法能够准确评价冬季高速公路服务区热环境;寒冷季节,服务区室内空调温度不宜设置过高,避免因环境突变造成人体不舒适。     

天津城市下沉广场冬季热环境研究

下沉广场作为城市居民娱乐休闲以及地上地下过渡的重要空间形式,科学分析其热环境特性以及建立热舒适评价模型,对城市高质量发展具有非常重要的意义。本文以天津市典型下沉广场为研究对象,采用现场实测与问卷调查相结合的研究方法,在掌握了下沉广场冬季热环境现状的基础上,总结地上、地下空间热环境各项参数对人体热感觉的影响规律,并且建立了天津市下沉广场冬季热感觉和热舒适评价模型,明确了冬季的热中性温度及舒适区间,通过生理等效温度对比,揭示了下沉广场形态特征对人体热感觉造成的影响程度,旨在为寒冷地区下沉广场的合理设计及优化改造提供理论参考。     

Evaluation of enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index

The purpose of this paper is made to clarify that the relationship between the human physiological and psychological responses and the enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index upon the human body. Environmental factors and human physiological and psychological responses were measured. It was made clear that the variables by which summer outdoor environmental factors influence the thermal sensation vote are heat conduction, humidity and short-wave solar radiation. The variables that affect the thermal comfort vote are air velocity, heat conduction and humidity. ETFe, into which the environmental factors that are the variables for human response are incorporated, showed good correspondence with the thermal sensation vote. Similarly, ETFe has a good correspondence with thermal comfort vote. The usage of ETFe as a thermal environment evaluation index for summer outdoor spaces is valid. The threshold for the human body with regards to thermal environment stimuli in an outdoor space is higher than the thermal environment stimuli in a summer indoor space.     

空调室内气流组织与建筑节能

论述了室内环境热舒适性的重要性,以及空调气流组织对室内环境热舒适性和建筑节能的影响。空调室内气流组织不合理不仅会导致人员热舒适性降低,而且还会影响工作效率和身心健康,同时,还会导致设备初投资和运行费用的增加。室内空调气流组织优化不仅要考虑室内人员环境的热舒适性,同时,要考虑降低空调运行能耗以实现建筑节能。     

Application of human thermal load into unsteady condition for improvement of outdoor thermal comfort

Human thermal comfort is studied as a countermeasure to the thermal stress in outdoor urban space. Outdoors, people experience the strong impact of solar radiation in states that are unsteady and non-uniform. The feeling of comfort is a mixed sensation that can be easier to improve overall, as compared with a global large-scale effort, and can lead to improved ways of saving energy and reducing costs. Moreover, this can be directly beneficial to human experience and fulfill natural human desires. Since a thermal comfort index is a useful tool for understanding the present state and evaluating the impact of countermeasures, we examine the effects of the human thermal load, which is a thermal comfort index based on the energy balance of the human body. In a steady state, and even in an unsteady state with its variations in weather and human factors, thermal comfort values can generally be obtained by using the overall human thermal load. The reason for this is that the human thermal load takes physiological factors in account as well as weather parameters. This leads to the idea that thermal sensations follow from the human thermal load, which can then well describe a given human environment. As a result, human sensations as expressed by the human thermal load pave the way to the creation of comfortable urban spaces that require minimum expense and energy as an example of simple heat transport model focusing on urban outer structure.     

Thermal comfort assessment in semi-outdoor environments: Application to comfort study in stadia

The present study addresses thermal comfort assessment of outdoor and semi-outdoor environments. Two stadium case studies are used to demonstrate the potentiality of the approach that combines wind tunnel data and the calculation of human heat balance due to particular climatic environments. The thermal index PET (physiological equivalent temperature) is used to evaluate the thermal comfort in such complex environments. The specificities of stadium semi-outdoor spaces are summarised and the necessary assumptions made to apply the computation procedure are described. The approach includes assumptions on the thermo-physical phenomena as well as geometric computations. This work benefited from the development of an interactive design tool of built environments (outdoor urban surroundings): EVE (enriched virtual environments). It is a virtual reality platform developed at CSTB to help designers, architects and urban planners to evaluate the various options in competition regarding acoustic, visual, thermal and wind comfort of pedestrian in a particular urban environment.     

我国湿热地区人群基础热舒适反应研究(2):研究结果的对比分析

基于我国湿热地区人群的气候室实验结果,从心理热反应、生理热反应和生理-心理关系等多方面对国内外研究结果进行了系统对比与分析,发现现行国际标准不适用于我国湿热地区,生理热习服和心理热适应是其重要原因。考虑热习服和热适应的影响作用,建立我国湿热地区人群的生理热调节模型与心理-生理模型,是掌握其基础热舒适反应规律、合理制定热环境标准的重要途径。     

局部热舒适性研究现状与展望

本文介绍了局部热舒适性的研究背景和主要进展,主要包括局部环境参数与局部热感觉的关系、局部环境参数与局部生理参数的关系、局部生理参数与局部热感觉的关系、不同部位的热感觉对整体热感觉的影响权重、局部热感觉对整体热反应的影响共5个方面,并且提出了今后的研究方向.     

Application of statistical power analysis – How to determine the right sample size in human health,comfort and productivity research

The minimum size of subjects required for the research on human health, thermal comfort and productivity is a frequently asked question. In this paper the idea of power analysis, which helps to determine required sample size as well as to interpret research results, is introduced in order to promote good practice of power analysis in the context of human and building environment relationship research. How to calculate effect size from published article or experimental data is presented with plenty of examples. The effect sizes of several physiological and psychological measurements indicating the effect of indoor environment quality on human health, thermal comfort and productivity are presented, which could be worked as references when researchers planning their own studies. How to determine required sample size when planning a study and how to interpret the research results with power analysis are also illustrated step by step with samples. Finally how to make decisions when evaluating the study results is summarized. It is expected that these examples and the summary could help researchers to better apply power analysis in indoor environment quality (IEQ) studies. Some statistical terms used in this paper, such as power analysis, effect size, and t-test, etc., are explained in detail in the Appendix.     

Regulation of sensory nerve conduction velocity of human bodies responding to annual temperature variations in natural environments

The extensive research interests in environmental temperature can be linked to human productivity / performance as well as comfort and health; while the mechanisms of physiological indices responding to temperature variations remain incompletely understood. This study adopted a physiological sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) as a temperature‐sensitive biomarker to explore the thermoregulatory mechanisms of human responding to annual temperatures. The measurements of subjects’ SCV (over 600 samples) were conducted in a naturally ventilated environment over all four seasons. The results showed a positive correlation between SCV and annual temperatures and a Boltzmann model was adopted to depict the S‐shaped trend of SCV with operative temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. The SCV increased linearly with operative temperatures from 14.28°C to 20.5°C and responded sensitively for 10.19°C‐24.59°C, while tended to be stable beyond that. The subjects’ thermal sensations were linearly related to SCV, elaborating the relation between human physiological regulations and subjective thermal perception variations. The findings reveal the body SCV regulatory characteristics in different operative temperature intervals, thereby giving a deeper insight into human autonomic thermoregulation and benefiting for built environment designs, meantime minimizing the temperature‐invoked risks to human health and well‐being.     

室内空气温湿度对人体热舒适性影响的实验研究

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,人们对室内环境舒适度的要求也提出了更高要求,良好的室内热湿环境不仅影响人体健康,同时也能给工作生活带来愉快的心情。此次实验研究,选取三峡大学综合教学楼B区作为实验地点,通过随机对教室内的学生发放调查问卷,综合分析实验结果,研究了空气温湿度对人体热舒适性的影响,分别根据热感觉和热舒适投票值确定了人体热舒适区,研究发现80%满意率的室内温度范围在22~26℃,相对湿度范围在45%~55%,得到的夏季舒适区范围与ASHRAEStanard55-1992相比也略有偏差。     

Comfort and airflow evaluation in spaces equipped with mixing ventilation and cold radiant floor

In this work the comfort and airflow were evaluated for spaces equipped with mixing ventilation and cold radiant floor. In this study the coupling of an integral multi-nodal human thermal comfort model with a computational fluid dynamics model is developed. The coupling incorporates the predicted mean vote (PMV) index, for the heat exchange between the body and the environment, with the ventilation effectiveness to obtain the air distribution index (ADI) for the occupied spaces with non-uniform environments. The integral multi-nodal human thermal comfort model predicts the external skin and clothing surfaces temperatures and the thermal comfort level, while the computational fluid dynamics model evaluates the airflow around the occupants. The air distribution index, that was developed in the last years for uniform environments, has been extended and implemented for non-uniform thermal environments. The airflow inside a virtual chamber equipped with two occupants seated in a classroom desk, is promoted by a mixing ventilation system with supply air of 28 °C and by a cold radiant floor with a surface temperature of 19 °C. The mechanical mixing ventilation system uses a supply and an exhaust diffusers located above the head level on adjacent walls.