不同下胶剂对蓝莓酒颜色的综合影响分析

采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVPP)、皂土、大豆蛋白、商用复合澄清剂(FPR)4种不同类型下胶剂对蓝莓酒下胶,通过检测透光率、色度、色调、色差、酒脚差值干重和花色苷及感官品评,最终确定较优的蓝莓酒下胶剂。结果表明,下胶量为PVPP 0.8 g/L、皂土1.2 g/L、大豆蛋白0.4 g/L、FPR 0.8 g/L时,各酒样透光率最大。其中皂土对酒样的色泽影响较大,酒脚增加和花色苷减少最多。大豆蛋白对酒样色泽影响较小,酒脚产生较少。感官分析表明,大豆蛋白及FPR处理酒样的香气丰满、口感协调,口味丰富,接近原酒。     

不同下胶剂对浓缩型雪梨发酵酒的综合影响分析

以浓缩型雪梨发酵酒为试材,研究聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVPP）、皂土、大豆蛋白、商用复合澄清剂（FPR）、活性炭5种不同下胶剂对雪梨酒的浊度、色度、色调、色差、酒脚干质量、总多酚含量和感官品评的影响。结果表明,当下胶量为PVPP 0.8 g/L、皂土1.0 g/L、大豆蛋白0.3 g/L、FPR 0.8 g/L,活性炭1.4 g/L时,酒样在80 ℃、30 min加热测试中达到稳定;各处理样对酒的指标均存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中活性炭对酒样色泽影响较大,酒脚增加最多,总多酚减少最小。大豆蛋白对酒样色泽影响较小,酒脚产生较少,对多酚影响较大,大豆蛋白及FPR处理组就外观、香气、风味等方面综合评分最为接近原酒。综上分析,0.3 g/L大豆蛋白处理样澄清透亮,香气丰富,更适于浓缩型雪梨发酵酒的下胶澄清。     

几种下胶材料对干红葡萄酒澄清效果及品质的影响

研究不同下胶材料对酒的理化指标、澄清稳定效果及感官的影响,确定最佳下胶方案。选用皂土DC、复合皂土ACT、皂土NC、蛋清粉、土豆蛋白、豆类蛋白、有机澄清剂共计7种材料进行下胶,比较其对干红葡萄酒的澄清效果、热稳定性及品质的影响以及指标的显著性(P <0. 05)。结果显示,皂土DC和皂土NC的澄清效果显著,对干红葡萄酒的热稳定性提升最大,但对酒体质量的损失(理化指标、感官品评)相对其他材料较大;有机澄清剂、蛋清粉、土豆蛋白和豆类蛋白对酒体质量的损害最少,但酒的热稳定性差。综合比较,复合皂土ACT澄清稳定、热稳定效果较好,对酒体质量的影响较小,较符合实际生产的相应标准,可做下胶的首选材料。这一研究结果可为宁夏产区干红葡萄酒的澄清稳定工艺起到指导意义。     

草莓发酵酒澄清稳定处理技术

通过澄清剂筛选和冷稳定处理,以澄清度和色度为指标,研究了草莓发酵酒的澄清稳定处理方法。结果显示:酪蛋白质和壳聚糖可使草莓酒达到较高澄清度,但对酒体色度影响较大;皂土可使草莓酒达到一定澄清度,且对酒体色度影响小。使用壳聚糖或皂土对草莓酒进行下胶,并经冷冻处理,可使草莓酒长期保持较高澄清度;和壳聚糖相比皂土对酒体色度影响小,使用600 mg/L的皂土下胶并进行冷冻处理,可作为草莓发酵酒的最佳澄清稳定处理方案。     

不同下胶澄清剂对‘贵人香’冰白葡萄酒香气品质的影响

以甘肃河西走廊产区‘贵人香’冰白葡萄酒为试材,研究大豆蛋白、酪蛋白、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinyl pyrrolidone,PVPP)、皂土和明胶5种不同类型下胶澄清剂对酒样澄清度、理化指标、香气成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明,下胶处理后冰白葡萄酒的透光率显著提高,色度降低(4. 26%～16. 47%),酒样中挥发酸(1. 96%～3. 92%)、总糖(0. 7%～9. 83%)、蛋白质(0～8. 33%)和总酚(6. 25%～10. 42%)含量也有所降低;采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱(heaspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gaschromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC/MS)技术检测其挥发性成分,共检测出67种挥发性香气化合物,包括24种酯类、20种醇类、9种酸类、6种羰基类、5种萜烯类和3种其它类香气物质,经下胶澄清处理后酒样中挥发性香气物质的种类(7. 46%～19. 40%)和含量(4. 60%～26. 52%)均有所下降,其中大豆蛋白处理组对挥发性香气物质的影响较小,感官品质较好,可用于‘贵人香’冰白葡萄酒的下胶澄清。     

三种稳定剂对赤霞珠葡萄酒冷稳定性的影响

为探明稳定剂对红葡萄酒稳定性的影响,以80 mg/L的偏酒石酸(metatartaric acid,MTA)和空白为对照(CK),以2017年赤霞珠葡萄酒为酒样,选用聚天冬氨酸钾(potassium polyaspartate,KPA)、羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxylmethylcellulose,CMC)和阿拉伯树胶(gum arabic,GA)为稳定剂,以冷处理后电导率变化为判定酒石酸盐稳定的主要指标,研究3种稳定剂在不同质量浓度下的稳定效果。结果表明,KPA最佳质量浓度为150mg/L,该处理电导率变化小,显著降低葡萄酒的浊度、改善色度(P <0. 05),而80 mg/L MTA处理后电导率变化最小,但酒样浊度增加;高质量浓度CMC虽有一定稳定效果,但会显著增加浊度、降低色度,只有20 mg/L CMC处理后酒样稳定且浊度较低; GA最佳质量浓度为150 mg/L,该浓度可显著降低酒样电导率变化,对浊度、色度等的影响与CK差异不显著。总之,150 mg/L KPA在3种稳定剂中稳定效果最好。该研究结果为新型稳定剂KPA在葡萄酒中的应用提供了理论依据。     

一种果香型露酒在不同条件下的变化研究

研究了一种果香型露酒——树莓酒在不同条件下色度、浊度2个指标的稳定性。树莓作为天然配制原料,在不同条件下酒体色泽及澄清度呈现不同的变化曲线。选取3个不同保存条件,采用色度与浊度联合跟踪检测方法,研究了树莓酒在不同条件下色度与浊度的变化规律,为配制酒及类似果香型露酒的研发提供了参考。     

蓝莓发酵酒澄清和冷稳定处理的响应面优化

研究了蓝莓发酵酒的澄清和稳定处理方法。以澄清度和色度为指标,利用响应面法对蓝莓酒澄清稳定处理条件进行了优化。结果显示,最佳处理条件为：皂土添加量0.80 mg/mL、澄清时间8 d、冷处理时间6 d,在此条件下处理后蓝莓酒的澄清度和色度分别为0.749和1.128。与没经过处理、只进行了澄清处理或冷处理的样品相比,利用优化条件处理的蓝莓酒具有较好的澄清度,无潜在的蛋白破败和色素沉淀,且在长时间瓶储中具有良好的澄清度和色度稳定性。此研究为蓝莓酒的工业化生产提供了一定的理论依据和技术支持。     

蛋清粉对葡萄酒的澄清效果

了解蛋清粉对葡萄酒澄清效果的影响,为梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒下胶澄清提供一定理论依据;以产自焉耆盆地的梅鹿辄葡萄酿造的梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒作为试材,选取蛋清粉作为下胶澄清剂,研究蛋清粉的添加量和下胶澄清时间对葡萄酒澄清度的影响,并对原酒的色泽、色调、可溶性固形物、pH和总酸等进行检测分析;结果表明,所有处理组经过下胶澄清后,酒样的澄清效果显著提高(p0.05),色度值降低、色调值升高;以蛋清粉为梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒的澄清剂对酒体的可溶性固形物、p H和总酸影响不显著(p0.05)。最佳蛋清粉添加量为60 mg/L,下胶澄清时间为36 h。     

脱墨浆中胶黏物的絮聚行为研究

利用聚集光束反射测量仪(FBRM)对脱墨浆中胶黏物粒子在阴离子垃圾捕捉剂(PDAD-MAC)作用下的絮聚行为进行了研究,并结合激光粒度仪、浊度仪、Zeta电位仪等对其结果进行了验证.实验结果表明,PDADMAC用量为20 mg/L时,对胶黏物的絮聚效果最佳,此时接近理论电荷等电点,继续增加PDADMAC用量,体系超过等电点,电荷发生逆转,胶黏物粒子重新分散.由FBRM得出的胶黏物絮聚动力学可知,其絮聚过程分为溶解性物质凝聚和胶体性物质絮凝两个阶段.为了得到较好的胶黏物控制效果,提高PDADMAC的使用效率,应避免在过高的碱性条件下进行使用.     

小麦蛋白对樱桃酒的澄清效果

以制备的小麦澄清蛋白处理樱桃酒,通过测定澄清前、后理化性质和稳定性的变化来分析小麦澄清蛋白对 樱桃酒的澄清效果。结果表明：用50 mg/L的小麦澄清蛋白处理樱桃酒后,其浊度与澄清前相比降低了71.64%;总 酚质量浓度和黄酮质量浓度与澄清前相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）;酒精体积分数、pH值、色价值、花色苷质量浓 度、总糖质量分数和总酸质量浓度与澄清前相比变化不大。与明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纤维素钠相比,经 小麦澄清蛋白处理的樱桃酒先于其他3 种澄清剂在139 h时达到最低浊度2.07 NTU并保持不变。用明胶作澄清剂, 樱桃酒中总酚减少量最多,减少35.37 mg/L;用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮作澄清剂,色价值降低最高,降低0.30;用羧甲基 纤维素钠作澄清剂,花色苷减少量最多,减少0.49 mg/L。小麦澄清蛋白处理樱桃酒的最佳条件为：小麦蛋白用量 50 mg/L、搅拌速率800 r/min、搅拌时间120 min。小麦澄清蛋白具有澄清效果好、澄清速率快、安全无毒、成本低 等优点,对樱桃酒的工业生产和延长货架期具有重要意义。     

澄清剂和温度对赤霞珠葡萄酒澄清效果的影响

为研究不同澄清剂和澄清温度对赤霞珠葡萄酒的澄清效果,本研究首先采用不同浓度梯度的皂土、明胶和海藻酸钠对2017年自酿赤霞珠葡萄酒进行澄清处理,以浊度、透光率、总酚含量和色度为评价指标,分别确定三种澄清剂的最佳使用量,筛选出两种澄清效果较好的澄清剂。此外,研究了筛选出的两种单一澄清剂(明胶:皂土)以1:1的配比组成的复合澄清剂,在不同温度(10、4、0和-4 ℃)下对赤霞珠葡萄酒澄清效果的影响,进而确定了赤霞珠葡萄酒澄清处理的最适温度。结果表明:单一澄清剂处理效果最佳的为明胶0.5 g/L,其次是皂土0.5 g/L、海藻酸钠0.25 g/L;复合澄清剂在4个温度处理条件下的澄清结果表明,前3 d的浊度、透光率、色度等各项指标随温度变化差异显著(p<0.05),5 d后趋于平稳,从处理7 d后的澄清指标与主要成分的变化来看,10 ℃处理澄清效果最佳,浊度为1.98 NTU,透光率96.60%,酒石酸1.32 g/L、多酚含量1105 mg/L和色度值1.09;4 ℃处理的效果次之,随着温度的降低(0 ℃和-4 ℃)其澄清效果逐渐降低,但各处理温度条件下各指标也有差异。因此,适宜的复合澄清剂(明胶:皂土=1:1)在10 ℃条件下对赤霞珠葡萄酒处理5~7 d可获得良好的澄清效果。     

Effects of Fining Agents on Antioxidant Capacity of Red Wines

The antioxidant capacity of wine depends not only on the grape variety but also on the wine processing steps. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different fining agents, used at different concentrations, on the antioxidant status of fined wines. The results demonstrated that the use of a combination of gelatin and Kieselsol led to the highest total phenol value (3,491 mg/L GAE) and antioxidant activities (29%) among the tested fining agents. Wines were mostly negatively affected by the use of egg white as an agent and led to the lowest value of total phenol (3,038 mg/L GAE) and the lowest rate of antioxidant activity (26%). Significant differences (p<0.05) were determined between gelatin, egg white, and the control groups. The results of the grouping of analyzed parameters in n‐dimensional space, with different fining agents at different concentrations, demonstrated the importance of a low concentration of fining agents for high antioxidant activity and total phenols.     

Fining white wine with plant proteins: effects of fining on proanthocyanidins and aroma components

Plant-derived insoluble proteins (wheat gluten, and isolates from pea, lentil, and soybean) were used as fining agents in model white wine (made from Catalanesca grapes) after cold stabilization. Plant proteins were effective in giving a fast and remarkable decrease in turbidity. GC/MS and HPLC/MS approaches indicated that individual proteins had a different impact on the levels of compounds relevant to wine stability. Protein stability of wine was not affected by fining with plant proteins. Lentil proteins and gluten gave the best removal of monomeric and dimeric flavonol. Both caused a decrease in the total content of fermentative aroma compounds, such as ethyl esters, acetate esters, and alcohols. Lentil proteins had the highest impact on the aroma components, giving a marked decrease in aroma components. Gluten may thus be regarded as giving the best balance between fining efficacy and retention of aroma compounds. Also, gluten in the treated wines remained well below the suggested threshold for gluten-free foods. This study provides a methodological frame for thorough characterization of the impact of specific interventions on key wine components.     

蓝靛果酒化学降酸工艺及对花色苷组成的影响

将蓝靛果进行发酵所得的蓝靛果酒酸度较高,口感较差,需要增加降酸工艺加以改善。本试验选用降酸效果明显、成本低的6种化学降酸剂对蓝靛果酒进行降酸处理,并采用液质联用技术对降酸前后蓝靛果酒中花色苷含量及组成的变化进行了研究。结果显示,碳酸钠降酸效果最佳,其次为碳酸钙,复合降酸剂的最佳组合为2 g/L碳酸钙和3 g/L碳酸钠,在此条件下,蓝靛果酒可以降至7~9 g/L,并提高了果酒中有机钙的含量,且得到较好的感官品质。HPLC-MS/MS测定结果表明降酸前后的果酒样品中花色苷种类没有变化,降酸后的总峰面积降低了19.92%,且各个花色苷的峰面积均发生了变化。其中,矢车菊素-3,5-二己糖苷和芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷的含量所上升,特别是芍药素-3,5-二己糖苷的峰面积是降酸前的10.42倍,其余6种花色苷峰面积均发生了降低。     

Fining of Red Wines with Pomace Cell Wall Material: Effect on Wine Phenolic Composition

Fining is a winemaking technique used to remove unwanted wine components that affect clarification, astringency, color, bitterness, and aroma. One of the objectives of fining is often to reduce the wine tannin content due to its effect on wine astringency. Proteinaceous agents are commonly used with this objective, but problems related with their possible allergenic properties or the excessive enrichment of wine with proteins, which may cause stability and turbidity problems, have led to the search for new fining agents. In this way, the cell wall material from processed grape pomace could be a good alternative since it has a high affinity for tannins. In this work, the effect of cell wall material from processed pomace from Monastrell and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes on the reduction of the phenolic content of red wines is studied and the results are compared with those obtained with commercial fining products. Also, the varietal effect due to the different composition of the cell wall material from these two varieties has been evaluated. The concentration and composition of wine anthocyanins and tannins, before and after the fining process, were analyzed by HPLC and their molecular mass distribution by SEC. The results showed that, at laboratory scale, pomace cell walls have a fining effect that exceeds that of most the protein-based fining agents, even when used at their highest recommended doses. The cell wall material significantly reduced the wine phenolic content, the reduction ranging from 48 to 68% for anthocyanins and from 44 to 64% for tannins, although varietal differences exist regarding the cell wall-binding capacity. Monastrell cell walls exhibited the highest capacity and could be used at much lower doses than those used in this study, reducing the formation of lees and the wine adsorbed on them. The results indicate that this material could be an appropriate alternative for protein-based fining agents in red wine and their use would avoid allergen-related effects.     

壳聚糖对酸樱桃果汁的澄清效果

以壳聚糖为澄清剂对酸樱桃果汁进行澄清处理。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面设计,研究了壳聚糖添加量、作用时间和作用温度对酸樱桃果汁澄清效果的影响。确定适宜的工艺参数是:壳聚糖添加量0.6 g/L、作用时间35 min、作用温度44℃。此工艺条件下处理的酸樱桃果汁,浊度为0.37 NTU,可溶性固形物含量为12.0%,果胶未检出。     

Evaluating potential alternatives to potassium caseinate for white wine fining: Effects on physicochemical and sensory characteristics

The use of potassium caseinate for wine fining can cause allergic reactions and must be included on wine bottle labels. The focus of this research was to determine if non-allergenic pea protein or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) are possible alternatives for wine fining. Trials were performed to compare the effects of these potential fining agents on phenolic compounds, browning potential, turbidity and sensory attributes. The results indicate that flavonoid and non-flavonoid phenols decreased (p < 0.05) in the wines treated with potassium caseinate, pea protein, and PVPP. All fining agents decreased (p < 0.05) wine colour. Potassium caseinate was the most effective fining agent for reducing browning potential. Pea protein and potassium caseinate resulted in increased clarity of the final wines. No sensorial differences (p < 0.05) were detected among the wines prepared with the different fining agents. This study provides information that could be used to select an appropriate alternative to potassium caseinate.     

蓝莓发酵酒澄清剂的筛选

以自制蓝莓发酵酒为原料,采用明胶、单宁、硅藻土、膨润土、壳聚糖、果胶酶对蓝莓果酒进行一系列单一澄清剂和复合澄清剂的澄清实验,对最优澄清剂处理后的蓝莓发酵酒进行透光率、酒精度、酸度、花青素、可溶性固形物含量进行测定。研究结果表明:添加不同种类、含量的澄清剂,蓝莓果酒的澄清效果不同;单一澄清剂中,膨润土是一种较为理想的澄清剂,最佳添加量为6%,透光率77.3%;复合澄清剂中,明胶/单宁/膨润土澄清效果最好,最佳添加量为明胶溶液2%、单宁溶液2%、膨润土溶液3.0%,透光率94.5%。澄清剂对蓝莓发酵酒的主要成分和感官品质无明显影响,成品酒果香怡人、酒体澄清丰满。