真空辅助加压腌制对草鱼块品质的影响

以草鱼为原料,研究真空辅助加压腌制对草鱼块组织结构、感官和理化品质的影响。以常压腌制为对照,分别探讨常压、真空及真空辅助加压（0、2.3、4.6、6.9 kPa）腌制对草鱼块食盐质量分数、组织结构、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、水分质量分数、水分分布等的影响。结果表明,经腌制,食盐逐渐渗入鱼肉组织,真空腌制导致新鲜鱼肉产品得率下降,剪切力、硬度、回复性、黏性上升,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值下降,水分质量分数、离心损失率下降,细胞间隙增大。真空辅助加压腌制结束时食盐质量分数升高,产品得率下降,白度上升,当压强为6.9 kPa处理时,新鲜鱼肉的剪切力、硬度、内聚性、弹性、黏性最低,TVB-N含量无明显变化,汁液渗出率升高。结论：采用真空辅助加压腌制技术能够提升鱼块品质,并减缓鱼块腐败速率。     

超声辅助磷酸盐腌制对鸡胸肉品质的影响

目的：为了改善淘汰蛋鸡鸡胸肉的品质,探究超声辅助磷酸盐腌制对鸡胸肉肉色、pH值、保水性的影响。方法：采用3种不同腌制工艺处理鸡胸肉,通过测定肉色、pH值、蒸煮损失和离心损失等指标对鸡胸肉的保水性进行分析。结果：超声辅助磷酸盐腌制改善了鸡胸肉肉色,促进了水分的迁移和均匀分布,提高了肌肉的保水性以及肉品的出品率。结论：本文初步探索了超声波辅助磷酸盐腌制工艺对淘汰蛋鸡鸡胸肉品质的影响,为肉品质改良、开发低磷酸盐含量的肉制品提供理论参考。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉品质的影响

为了选择适合企业生产要求和安全高效的肉制品腌制工艺,本试验以新鲜猪背脊肉为原料,分别采用真空腌制(-86 kPa),高压腌制(150 MPa)以及传统腌制方式,分析腌制效果(水分含量、食盐含量、亚硝酸钠残留量)、PH、食用品质(保水性、色泽、嫩度与质构)、腌肉中盐溶性蛋白含量的变化及影响。结果表明:真空腌制可显著提高猪肉pH值和食用品质,真空腌制对猪肉的嫩度、TPA和色泽有显著影响(P0.05),腌肉中的盐溶性蛋白质的含量随着腌制时间延长,呈上升趋势。腌制6 h时,真空腌制肉中的盐溶性蛋白含量显著高于传统腌制和高压腌制(P0.05)。腌制液中的盐溶性蛋白含量随着腌制时间延长,也呈上升趋势。在腌制6 h时,高压腌制液中的盐溶性蛋白含量显著低于真空腌制组(P0.05)。真空组含量均显著高于传统腌制和高压腌制肉样的亚硝酸钠含量(P0.05)。     

脉动压技术腌制鸡蛋工艺优化

为提高咸蛋的腌制速率和食用品质,应用脉动压技术,选取高压幅值、高压与常压时间比为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋增重率、蛋清含盐量和蛋黄含盐量的变化,对脉动压腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：用饱和食盐溶液腌制48h,传质速率最佳的工艺为高压幅值135kPa、高压与常压时间比7.5min/15min。并对咸蛋品质进行感官评定,最终以高压幅值120kPa、高压与常压时间比为7.5min/15min 所腌制的咸蛋品质最佳。     

腊肉真空腌制工艺条件的优化

以猪脊背肉为原料,研究了真空腌制工艺中真空压力、腌制液浓度、原料质量和真空腌制时间4个因素对其真空腌制速率的影响。单因素实验及正交实验结果表明,腊肉真空腌制的最佳条件为:真空压力86kPa、腌制液浓度25%、原料质量125g、真空腌制时间5h,方差分析结果显示该最佳工艺与其他各组工艺存在着极显著差异。     

羊肉脉动真空腌制工艺参数优化及腌制模型建立

为提高腌制速率,以羊肉为材料,研究了脉动真空腌制时间、盐溶液质量分数、真空压力、脉动比（真空压力保持时间与常压保持时间之比）对腌制效果的影响,建立羊肉脉动真空腌制盐分迁移模型。结果表明脉动真空腌制较常压腌制效率提高8%～26%,依据模型预测结果与实际操作所确定的最佳工艺参数为盐溶液质量分数17%、腌制时间6 h、脉动比1.13（17 min∶15 min）,此条件下羊肉盐含量为4.31%,与预测值4.29%非常接近。     

正交设计法优化真空低温蒸煮鸡胸肉的加工工艺

以新鲜鸡胸肉为研究对象,将其在4℃环境下腌制后进行真空包装处理,并采用低温烹饪法进行蒸煮加工.在单因素实验基础上,以腌制时间、加热温度、加热时间为影响因素,以低温蒸煮鸡胸肉的感官评分为主要评价指标,进行正交试验分析.结果表明,在加热时间55 min、腌制时间25 min、加热温度80℃的工艺条件下,真空低温蒸煮鸡胸肉的...     

不同腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率及肉质的影响

为探讨真空度和压力值对鸭肉腌制速率和肉质的影响,以常压腌制为对照,分别探讨了脉动真空、脉动加压、真空加压三种腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率、pH值、蒸煮损失、剪切力和腌制液中蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:在腌制6 h后常压、脉动真空、脉动加压、真空加压的盐分含量分别为2.61%、3.01%、2.91%、3.21%。四种腌制方式下鸭肉pH值有所降低,但差异性不显著(p0.05)。脉动真空、真空加压腌制比常压腌制的蒸煮损失低,而脉动加压的蒸煮损失却高于常压腌制。在腌制4 h后,常压、脉动真空、脉动加压、真空加压腌制后的鸭肉的剪切力是分别是1076 g、938 g、1093 g、908 g,其中脉动真空、真空加压腌制与常压腌制的剪切力差异显著(p0.05),脉动加压腌制与常压腌制的剪切力不显著(p0.05)。三种腌制方式的腌制液中的蛋白含量均高于常压腌制(p0.05)。综合比较真空加压腌制在腌制速度和对肉质改善方面优于脉动真空和脉动加压腌制。     

滚揉腌制对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响

本实验采用牛霖肉为原料,以出品率、质构特性、感官评定、色差、水分质量分数、水分活度、pH值、蒸煮损失率、腌制液吸收率、水分迁移规律、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构相对含量作为考察指标,将静置腌制牛肉作为对照组,探究了不同滚揉腌制(常压滚揉腌制、脉动真空滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响。结果表明,真空滚揉腌制时,牛肉盐水火腿出品率为122.40%,相比对照组提高了11.85%。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿保水性、质构和微观结构得以改善,感官评定总分最高。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿蛋白质二级结构由无规卷曲等无序结构向α-螺旋等有序结构转变,使其凝胶网络结构的稳定性更强,产品的质构特性更好。综上,真空滚揉腌制更适合牛肉盐水火腿的加工。本研究为牛肉盐水火腿的品质保证和工业化生产提供理论依据,同时也为适宜性牛肉滚揉腌制技术的探究提供参考。     

成烧白工艺优化及腌制方式对其冷藏品质的影响

通过正交试验优化咸烧白关键工艺因素,确定最佳工艺因素,并研究、对比常温腌制、注射腌制以及真空腌制对咸烧白成品品质及其贮存期内的理化变化。结果发现,真空腌制的咸烧白品质最佳,其次为注射腌制与常温腌制。咸烧白在贮存期,其关键影响指标TVB-N值和菌落总数与腌制效果成反比,即腌制效果越好,成品指标越差。     

真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉的工艺优化

以保水率和蒸煮损失率为评价指标,分别采用正交试验和响应面分析法优化低磷保水剂配比和真空滚揉—超高压制备调理鸡胸肉工艺条件,并对处理后的调理鸡胸肉的质构指标进行测定。研究结果表明,最佳低磷保水剂配比为焦磷酸钠0.2%、淀粉7.0%、碳酸氢钠1.5%,最佳真空滚揉—超高压制备工艺条件为真空滚揉时间31min、超高压处理时间10min、压力190 MPa,经处理后调理鸡胸肉的平均保水率为13.69%,并且具有较好的质构品质。通过复合低磷保水剂及真空滚揉结合超高压技术能够改善调理鸡胸肉制品保水性和品质。     

Effect of high-pressure treatment on the quality of prepared chicken breast

In this study, the effect of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the physico-chemical properties and microstructure of prepared chicken breast meat products was investigated. The result showed that the pH and TBARS values of the prepared chicken breast gradually increased, while the total volatile basic nitrogen value constantly decreased with the increase of pressure (0.1–500 MPa). In addition, the colour attributes (L* and a* values) and texture indexes (hardness and chewiness) significantly improved as the pressure increased. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated that the peak area of immobilised water (T₂₂) first enhanced and then declined with the increase of pressure, reaching the maximum value at 200 MPa. Moreover, the integrity of microstructure and protein secondary structure of prepared chicken breast were also disrupted. These findings could serve as a theoretical basis for a better application of HPP in prepared chicken breast meat products.     

WEIGHT LOSS OF PRECOOKED CHICKEN BREAST COOLED BY VACUUM APPLICATION

Good manufacturing practices in the food industries that process meat demand fast cooling after cooking. Vacuum cooling is a good alternative for this purpose, in spite of the weight loss associated with water evaporation. The influence of pressure drop on this weight loss was investigated for precooked chicken breast pieces. It was observed that lower evacuation rates reduced the weight losses during vacuum‐cooling experiments. A simple numerical simulation was able to predict weight losses of breast chicken, whose results agreed very well with experimental results, showing that it is possible to monitor indirectly the weight losses by means of time–temperature data. The chicken breast samples were cooled from about 90C to about 20C in no more than 10 min by applying vacuum. Therefore, vacuum cooling may be a good technique for the integration of the cooking and cooling processes and saving energy and processing time.     

Effect of marinating ingredients on temperature-induced denaturation of hemoglobin and its relation to red blood spot formation in cooked chicken breast

Red blood spot (RBS) commonly found in cooked chicken breast has caused severe economic loss as it is perceived as a sign of undercooked product. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of RBS as related to common ingredients used in marination, based on both chicken breast and isolated chicken hemoglobin (Hb) models. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and glucose on thermal denaturation of Hb was investigated along with the extent of RBS formation in cooked marinated chicken breast. After vacuum tumbling for 65 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 20 hr, STPP and glucose were not absorbed into the center of chicken breast. However, Na⁺ was absorbed after 12 hr storage. The denaturation temperature (T_d) of isolated chicken Hb decreased to 65.8 °C in the presence of 1.5 M NaCl, while that of the control was 69.4 °C. STPP at pH 9 decreased T_d of Hb to 61.4 °C. The alkaline pH induced by STPP destabilized the Hb structure. RBSs were observed at 100% incidence when cooked to core temperatures of 50 and 70 °C for 1 min. RBSs were completely eliminated at core temperature of 85 °C. The ingredients used during marination appeared to have a minimal effect on RBS formation due to their limited absorption into the chicken breast. The cooking temperature is a major factor governing RBSs, as it directly affects the denaturation of Hb.     

Vitamin B6 in Raw and Fried Chicken by HPLC

An isocratic anion exchange, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to analyze for five of the six vitamers of B₆. Recoveries of the B₆ vitamers in a standard were 100% to 97%. Recoveries in fried chicken breast ranged from 96% for pyridoxal phosphate to 102% for pyridoxine (PN). Recoveries in raw chicken breast ranged from 86% for pyridoxamine to 102% for PN. Processing chicken by frying reduced the total vitamer by 6.5%. Vitamers of B₆ were relatively stable to frying.     

Inactivation Kinetics of Food Poisoning Microorganisms by Carbon Dioxide and High Hydrostatic Pressure

The inactivation kinetics of food poisoning microorganisms using a combined treatment of carbon dioxide (CO₂) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium sporotrichioides were totally inactivated by a combined treatment of carbonation and HHP at 500 MP_a. Bacillus subtilis, a spore forming bacteria, were not completely inactivated after the combined treatment. The microorganisms treated by carbonation and HHP were exponentially reduced in a pressure range and the D_p ‐value, the Z^p‐value, and the activation volume were determined. UV absorbing materials leaked from injured cells. Morphological changes of the cells were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.     

Combined effect of salt addition and high-pressure processing on formation of free radicals in chicken thigh and breast muscle

The effect of working pressure, processing time, and salt addition on formation of free radicals in chicken breast and thigh muscle was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using α-(pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) as spin trap in order to detect early events in lipid oxidation following high-pressure meat processing. Chicken breast and thigh with and without 3.0% salt added were subjected to high hydrostatic pressure at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 MPa for 5, 15 (only breast), and 30 min. Radical formation increased with increasing pressure and processing time and reached a maximum value in chicken breast for 15 min of processing at 1000 MPa and in chicken thigh for 5 min of processing at 600 MPa. Radical formation was found to be more significant in thigh meat compared to breast meat and salt addition further promoted radical formation in chicken breast and especially in chicken thigh.     

The use of β-glucan as a partial salt replacer in high pressure processed chicken breast meat

The effect of various ingredients such as sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and β-glucan (BG) on the biochemical properties of chicken breast proteins during temperature assisted high pressure processing was studied. Total protein solubility revealed that 600 MPa pressure and 40 ^oC are critical for the denaturation of proteins in STPP samples. Increase in reactive sulfhydryl groups with pressure indicate the exposure of buried sulfhydryl groups. Hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl contents revealed that hydrophobic interaction and disulphide bond formation are responsible for gel formation. The study revealed that 40 ^oC and 400/600 MPa pressure is optimum for high pressure processing of chicken breast meat. Addition of β-glucan with reduced NaCl and in the absence of sodium tripolyphosphate could produce gels with similar properties to those with 2.5% NaCl addition. Hence it is proposed that β-glucan can be used to reduce NaCl content of chicken products produced by temperature assisted high pressure processing.     

Effects of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on the growth of spoilage and inoculated pathogenic bacteria on fresh poultry

Fresh chicken breast meats inoculated withYersinia enterocolitica andAeromonas hydrophila were packaged in glass jars either containing different compositions of modified atmospheres (MA) (100% CO₂; 80% CO₂/20% N₂), or in vacuo or containing air, and were stored at 3±1°C and 8±1°C. The changes in gas composition as well asY. enterocolitica, A. hydrophila, total aerobic bacterial, total psychrotrophic, Lactobacilli and Enterobacteriaceae counts were determined after 0,1,3,7,9,11 and 14 days of storage. The results show that while the growth ofY. enterocolitica andA. hydrophila were retarded following MA storage, the pathogens were capable of growth in MA and vacuum storage at both temperatures, for the inoculation levels studied. For total aerobic bacterial counts, there were no differences between the values for chicken breast meats kept in different atmospheres. Being packaged in CO₂ had the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria during the first 3 days. Lactic acid bacteria levels of samples stored in MA conditions and in vacuo increased rapidly when compared to those levels of samples stored in air. It was also found that the effect of MA storage increased at 3±1°C.     

Possible role of volatile amines as quality-indicating metabolites in modified atmosphere-packaged chicken fillets: Correlation with microbiological and sensory attributes

The present work evaluated the possible role of volatile amines as indicator(s) of poultry meat spoilage. Fresh chicken meat (breast fillet) was packaged in four different atmospheres: air (A), vacuum (VP) and two modified atmospheres (MAs), namely M1, 30%/65%/5% (CO₂/N₂/O₂) and M2, 65%/30%/5% (CO₂/N₂/O₂). All chicken samples were kept under refrigeration (4 ± 0.5 °C) for a period of 15 days. Of the four treatments, the VP and M1 and M2 gas mixtures were the most effective for delaying the development of aerobic spoilage microbial flora. Pseudomonas spp. in chicken samples stored under M2 gas mixture and VP were significantly lower than all the other samples after 15 days of storage. Of the remaining bacterial species examined, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Brochothrix thermosphacta, were dominant in the microbial association of both aerobically- and MA-packaged chicken, while yeasts contributed to a much lesser extent in the final microbial flora of chicken meat. On the basis of microbiological data (TVC), shelf-life extensions of 2, 4 and 9–10 days were achieved by VP and M1 and M2 gas mixtures. Results of the present work showed that the limit of sensory acceptability (a score of 6) was reached for the aerobically, vacuum-packaged and M1 gas mixture chicken samples approximately on days 6–7 and 9–10, respectively. Based on sensory (taste) analysis and with regard to chicken spoilage and freshness, TMA-N and TVB-N limit values of acceptability, namely 10.0 mg N/100 g and 40 mg N/100 g for chicken samples stored in air, may be proposed as the upper limit values for spoilage initiation of fresh chicken meat stored aerobically. Interestingly, the M2 gas mixture sample did not reach these limit values throughout the 15 day storage period. The formation of volatile amines during chill storage of chicken meat, under the packaging conditions examined in the present study, seemed to be in good agreement with the increase in microbiological count (TVC) and sensory taste score except for the M2 gas mixture.