制导弹药方案弹道跟踪与控制

研究飞行制导优化问题,针对一种旋转制导炮弹,为了保证弹道跟踪的精确性.提出设计输出指令为加速度值的高性能非线性制导律,并采用过载控制方案设计了制导控制系统.选择弹道上的参考点,利用GPS得到的制导弹药飞行位置及速度信息,得出一种非线性过载制导信号控制飞行器跟踪曲线弹道.采用非线性过载制导指令作为制导外环,加速度自动驾驶仪作为控制内环,根据变结构控制理论设计了自动驾驶仪.对设计的制导控制系统进行了数字仿真.仿真结果表明,非线性制导律及加速度自动驾驶仪能够保证制导弹药准确地跟踪设计轨迹,使跟踪误差处于合理范围内.     

改进的考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性的有限时间滑模导引律

为减小导弹自动驾驶仪延迟特性对制导精度的影响,考虑到实际战争中制导末段时间很短,推导了考虑导弹动态特性的有限时间收敛的制导数学模型;其次根据滑模控制理论设计了基于该数学模型的导引律;证明了所设计的导引律在制导系统中有限时间稳定;为削弱滑模导引律的抖振现象,利用双曲正切函数改进了导引律。仿真表明:改进的导引律在目标做非机动和机动的情形下均能在有限时间内快速跟踪目标的运动,并保持较高的制导精度。     

巡航导弹姿态与过载自动驾驶仪对比研究

针对巡航导弹常见的两种自动驾驶仪,即姿态自动驾驶仪和过载自动驾驶仪,进行对比研究,并分析其与比例导引律匹配时的系统制导性能.通过对其结构图及传递函数的分析可以看出过载自动驾驶仪能够实现全状态反馈,使系统响应具有很好的快速性.当和比例导引法匹配时,由于法向过载控制能够直接对质心进行控制,故其制导性能更好.通过对制导回路和自动驾驶仪匹配的三自由度仿真,结果表明采用过载自动驾驶仪的系统其制导时间短,脱靶量小,从而验证了理论的正确性.     

考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性的三维双环制导律

针对导弹自动驾驶仪动态特性条件下的机动目标拦截问题,基于非线性干扰观测器和命令滤波器设计一种新的三维双环制导律.将制导系统解耦为外环系统和内环系统.其中:外环控制器产生虚拟制导指令,以零化球坐标系下的弹目法向相对速率;内环控制器产生真实制导指令,以实现导弹自动驾驶仪对外环虚拟指令的快速跟踪.由于外环命令滤波器同时计算出虚拟制导指令的一阶导数和二阶导数,三阶系统的制导律设计问题仅用两步即可完成.拦截高速高机动目标的仿真结果表明,所设计的制导律能够有效补偿导弹自动驾驶仪动态特性影响,抗目标机动鲁棒性强,制导精度优良.     

考虑导弹自动驾驶仪动态特性的带攻击角度约束制导律

针对打击机动目标时带攻击角度约束的制导问题,采用扩张状态观测器和动态面控制方法设计一种考虑自动驾驶仪动态特性的制导律.考虑期望视线角的变化率正比于未知的目标加速度,采用扩张状态观测器对未知目标加速度进行估计.为了避免奇异问题,并克服非匹配不确定项对系统性能的影响,采用非奇异终端滑模和动态面控制方法进行制导律设计.与传统的将目标加速度设为零的制导律相比较,仿真结果表明所提出的制导律具有良好的制导性能.     

CGF系统中的飞机智能决策模型的研究与实现

计算机生成兵力系统(CGF)中导弹模型作为舰载武器模型的最重要组成部分,其实体建模精度和弹道模拟一直是我们关心的问题.精确制导武器制导律研究中,当略去导弹和制导系统的惯性,将导弹当作可控制的质点时,确定出的导弹飞向目标的弹为理想弹道.在计算机生成兵力系统实际需求下,随着制导精度要求的提高,理想的弹道和理想的比例导引已不能满足要求.该文据比例导引的差分方程,在对比例导引进行三维弹道仿真的基础上,分别对基于二次型的最优制导律、考虑弹体动态特性的二次型最优制导律进行了三维弹道仿真,绘制出了可直观显示的弹道特性,计算了导弹与目标遭遇时间,并对结果进行了比较分析.得出考虑弹体动态特性的二次型最优制导律性能最优的结论.     

基于预测落点导引律的制导炸弹中制导律设计

关于炸弹精确制导优化控制问题,是根据精确制导炸弹的飞行特点,要求精确打击目标.为了修正运动中的偏差,设计了制导炸弹的中制导规律,以实现对目标的精确打击的控制系统,提出了以预测落点作为反馈控制量的预测落点导引律,将制导炸弹有效导引向目标的任务,且保证落点脱靶量小.为提高制导律性能,进一步设计了比例微分积分形式的修正预测落点导引律,并进行了六自由度仿真及打靶试验.仿真结果表明,修正预测落点导引律生成的制导参数变化平稳、分布合理,可使制导炸弹保持很好的弹道性能,从而保证对目标实施精确打击,为精确制导设计提供了依据.     

具有末端落角约束的空地导弹滑模变结构制导律设计

为了提高制导精度,达到理想的毁伤效果,提出了一种空地制导武器近垂直俯冲攻击制导律.在建立二维平面内弹—目相对运动模型的基础上,将落角约束转化为末端视线角控制问题.针对落点和落角约束条件,设计了一种含有角度误差项、开关项、趋近律和常值量4个制导参数的滑模变结构制导律.分析了4个参数对制导性能的影响,得到了其选取依据.仿真结果表明,所设计的制导律脱靶量近似为0,落角接近90°,与比例导引律相比,脱靶量减小87.43％,落角增大47.01％.     

考虑自动驾驶仪与角度约束的制导律设计

以末端拦截高机动目标为背景,针对带有攻击角约束和自动驾驶仪动态特性情形下的二维平面制导问题进行了研究分析。在提出固定时间终端滑模面基础上,通过自适应算法在线估计干扰的上界值,针对带有攻击角约束和自动驾驶仪动态特性的制导系统模型设计了自适应终端滑模制导律,使得系统状态在有限时间内趋于零附近任意小的区域。利用李雅普诺夫理论对所设计制导策略给出了严格的稳定性证明,仿真结果验证了所提制导方案的有效性。     

一种高空拦截导弹的自适应滑模制导律设计

针对使用传统的制导律拦截高空高速机动目标效果不佳的问题,提出了自适应滑模制导律;首先给出了比例导引律的具体算法,然后采用变结构控制理论,结合时变系统的特点,应用滑模自适应趋近律的概念,设计了导弹的自适应滑模制导律,并对其进行光滑处理,削弱了绕滑模的抖动;通过具体的仿真实例,表明了该制导律有更优良的弹道性能和鲁棒性,所需的控制能量更少,脱靶量更小,制导精度更高,相比传统的比例导引律,具有更强的实用性和有效性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.