An improved design of chip waveforms for band-limited DS-CDMA systems

This paper introduces an efficient and improved design of chip waveforms to minimize the multiple-access interference in band-limited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. For ease of implementation, the DS-CDMA system employs a time-limited chip waveform, whereas its band limitation is ensured by the low-pass filters at both the transmitter and receiver ends. The design uses sinusoids to synthesize the time-limited chip waveform so that the portion of its spectrum across the specified bandwidth is as flat as possible. It is shown that by using a simple series expansion (with only a few terms) the synthesized chip waveforms significantly outperform the spreading/despreading waveforms previously proposed, particularly for large values of the chip duration-bandwidth product.     

An improved Gaussian approximation for probability of bit-erroranalysis of asynchronous bandlimited DS-CDMA systems with BPSK spreading

This paper analyzes probability of bit-error (P_e) performance of asynchronous bandlimited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems with binary phase-shift keying spreading. The two present methods of P_e analysis under bandwidth-efficient pulse shaping: the often-cited standard Gaussian approximation and the characteristic function (CF) method suffer from either a low accuracy in regions of low P_e (< 10^-3) or a prohibitively large computational complexity. The paper presents an alternate method of P_e analysis with moderate computational complexity and high accuracy based on a key observation. A sequence of chip decision statistics (whose sum yields a bit statistic) forms a stationary, m-dependent sequence when conditioned on the chip delay and phase offset of each interfering signal. This observation permits the generalization of the improved Gaussian approximation previously derived for the rectangular pulse and the derivation of a numerically efficient approximation based on the CF method. Numerical examples of systems using the square-root raised-cosine and IS-95 pulses illustrate THE P _e performance, user capacity and the accuracy of the proposed method     

Closed-form BER results for multiple-chip-rate CDMA systems based on the simplified improved gaussian approximation

We consider very general code-division-multiple- access (CDMA) systems, namely multiple-chip-rate CDMA systems, where signals can be transmitted at different chip rates, carrier frequencies, processing gains, and transmitted powers to satisfy the given quality of service (QoS) requirements. Also, nonzero and possibly different carrier frequency offsets are assumed for different users. For these systems, a closed-form bit error rate (BER) expression is derived based on the simplified improved Gaussian approximation. Numerical result demonstrates that the proposed method provides much more accurate BER values compared to the standard Gaussian approximation.     

A class of band-limited chip waveforms for DS-CDMA systems

In Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access （DS-CDMA） systems, the chip waveform affects the implementation, system bandwidth, envelope uniformity, eye pattern and Multiple user Access Interference （MAI）. In this paper, based on an elementary density function of a second order polynomial, a class of second order continuity pulses is proposed. From this class of pulses, we can find some members having faster decaying rate, bigger eye opening, more uniform envelope and stronger anti-MAI capability than the Nyquist waveform. The normalized-bandwidth-pulseshape-factor product, the decaying rate of the tail of the time waveform, the opening of the eye diagram, and the envelope uniformity of the second order continuity pulses are addressed in the paper that provide the basic information for the selection of the chip pulse for CDMA systems.     

Second order polynomial class of chip waveforms for band-limited DS-CDMA systems

The conventional frequency domain square-root raised cosine (Nyquist) chip waveform has much poorer anti-multiple-access-interference (anti-MAI) capability than the optimal band- limited waveform in direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. However, the digital implementation of the optimal chip pulse is very costly due to the slow decaying rate of the time waveform. In addition, its eye diagram and envelope uniformity are worse than the Nyquist pulse for a wide range of roll-off factor, which will incur performance degradation due to timing jitters and post non-linear processing. In this paper, based on an elementary density function of a second-order polynomial, a class of second-order continuity pulses is proposed. From this class of pulses, we can find some members having faster decaying rate, bigger eye opening, more uniform envelope and stronger anti-MAI capability than the Nyquist waveform. The normalized-band-width-pulse-shape-factor product, the decaying rate of the tail of the time waveform, the opening of the eye diagram, and the envelope uniformity of the second-order continuity pulses are addressed in the paper that provide the basic information for the selection of the chip pulse for CDMA systems.     

Performance analysis for the improved linear multiuser detectors in BPSK-modulated DS-CDMA systems

Recently, a new class of linear multiuser receivers for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems employing binary phase-shift keying modulation has been introduced. Unlike classical decorrelating and minimum mean-square error linear multiuser detectors, the new receivers exploit the information contained in the pseudo-autocorrelation of the observables, and are, thus, capable of achieving much better performance. We present new results on the performance analysis of this class of new receivers. In particular, with reference to a CDMA system with deterministic spreading codes, we show that the new receivers outperform the classical ones in terms of both error probability and near-far resistance. With regard, instead, to CDMA systems with random spreading, we compute the average system near-far resistance, showing that the new receivers can accommodate twice the number of users accommodated by the classical linear multiuser receivers.     

Performance bounds for optimum multiuser DS-CDMA systems

In this letter we estimate the bit error probability (BEP) of optimum multiuser detection for synchronous and asynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems on Gaussian and fading channels. We first compute an upper bound and a lower bound on the bit error probability for a given spreading code, then average the bounds over a few thousand sets of spreading codes. These bounds are obtained from a partial distance spectrum. On Gaussian channels, the upper bound converges to the lower bound at moderate to large signal-to-noise ratios. However, on fading channels the upper bound does not converge, hence we present our results for the lower bound only. The numerical results show that: 1) the BEP of a 31-user CDMA system with binary random spreading codes of length 31 is only two to four times higher than the BEP of the single user system; 2) the number of users that can be accommodated in an asynchronous CDMA system is larger than the processing gain; and 3) optimum multiuser detection outperforms linear detection (e.g., the decorrelating detector) by about 2.8 to 5.7 dB     

Gaussian approximation based mixture reduction for near optimum detection in MIMO systems

The optimal "soft" symbol detection for spatial multiplexing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system with known channel information requires knowledge of the marginal posterior symbol probabilities for each antenna. The calculation of these quantities requires the evaluation of the likelihood function of the system for all possible symbol combinations, which is prohibitive for large systems. It is however most often the case that most of the transmitted symbol combinations contribute only very little to these marginal posterior probabilities. We propose in this paper a suboptimal procedure which identifies the most significant symbol combinations via a sequential algorithm with Gaussian Approximation (SGA). Simulation results show that our method can approach the optimal a posteriori probability detector (APP) performance while being less complex than comparable suboptimal algorithms, such as the sphere decoder (SD). We further demonstrate that as opposed to the SD the complexity and memory requirements of our algorithm are fixed, therefore easing practical implementation.     

Capacity evaluation for DS-CDMA systems with multi-class on/offtraffic

We evaluate the capacity of direct sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems supporting multiclass on/off traffic in a multiple cell environment. For this purpose, given the requirements of bit energy-to-interference power spectral density ratios and outage probabilities, we obtain a set of all admissible points satisfying those requirements. Whether a point, denoting the number of calls for each class, is admissible or not is determined by numerically solving the nonlinear equations representing the service requirements     

Gaussian mixture PHD filter for jump Markov models based on best-fitting Gaussian approximation

A new Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is developed for tracking multiple maneuvering targets that follow jump Markov models. This approach is based on the best-fitting Gaussian approximation which has been shown to be an accurate predictor of the interacting multiple model (IMM) performance. Compared with the existing Gaussian mixture multiple model PHD filter without interacting, simulations show that the proposed filter achieves better results with much less computational expense.     

Accurate computation of bit error probabilities of band-limited asynchronous DS-CDMA systems using higher order moments

An existing method called the simplified improved Gaussian approximation (SIGA) was previously applied to compute the bit error probabilities (BEPs) of band-limited asynchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems employing general pulse shaping (IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, p. 656, 2002). The SIGA method uses moments up to the second order and is more accurate than the standard Gaussian approximation (SGA) (IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, p. 656, 2002). In this paper, a new method that uses moments up to the fourth order is proposed for computing the BEP. The method is derived from a five-point Chebyshev interpolation formula and is inherently more accurate than the SIGA. Like the SIGA, the new method requires the evaluation of only closed-form expressions and the error function. The new method achieves higher accuracy with a modest increase in computational complexity.     

A simple and accurate method of probability of bit error analysisfor asynchronous band-limited DS-CDMA systems

This paper considers probability of bit error (P_e) analysis in asynchronous band-limited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. It presents a simple and accurate method of P_e analysis. The proposed method can serve as an attractive alternative to the only two techniques currently available for band-limited systems: the standard Gaussian approximation (SGA) and the characteristic function method. The former is prone to inaccuracy while the latter, large computational complexity. The method generalizes the simplified improved Gaussian approximation (SIGA) derived previously for rectangular pulses. This paper also outlines a generalization of another method referred to as the improved Gaussian approximation (IGA). Numerical examples demonstrate the far greater accuracy of the generalized SIGA with respect to the SGA. The examples consider the IS-95 and square-root raised cosine (Sqrt-RC) pulses as well as uniform and nonuniform received power conditions     

DS-CDMA系统中基于盲分离的DOA估计

针对异步DS-CDMA系统的多用户环境,提出了一种适用于过载状态(路径总数大于天线阵元数)下的DOA估计算法.该算法首先基于最小输出能量(MOE)准则分离出感兴趣信息,此时,感兴趣信息中包含的路径数小于天线阵元数;然后采用计算简便的矩阵点除算法高效地解析出各DOA信息.算法具有计算量小,估计精度高等优点.仿真实验验证了算法的有效性.     

Performance evaluation of DS-CDMA systems on multipath propagationchannels with multilevel spreading sequences and RAKE receivers

Performance of small-cell wireless direct sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems with multilevel spreading sequences is investigated. An analytical methodology to evaluate both outage probability and mean bit error probability is presented; and its results are compared to those obtained with a semianalytical Monte Carlo based approach. Multipath propagation, the exact correlation properties of spreading codes, and both the simple correlator and RAKE receivers are taken into account in the analysis, which is oriented to asynchronous and synchronous environments. The spreading sequences investigated include multilevel sequences with complex isomorphic mapping, as well as some well-known two-level sequences. The numerical results show the impact of multilevel sequences on system performance, the improvements found in the absence of multiple access interference by using them rather than binary sequences, and the agreement between analytical and semianalytical evaluation     

Performance analysis for multistage interference cancellers in asynchronous DS-CDMA systems

The authors propose an accurate analytical method for an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system using a multistage interference cancellation technique. In this analysis, the RAKE receiver is considered over uplink fading channels. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed analysis agrees more closely with simulation results than previous analyzes.     

Low-voltage improved accuracy Gaussian function generator with fourth-order approximation

An original realization of a CMOS Gaussian function generator is presented. The proposed method is based on a new approximation function that is able to fourth-order match the Gaussian function. The current-mode operation of the circuit strongly reduces the technological-caused errors and the errors introduced by temperature variations, with the result of an important increasing of the accuracy for the squaring circuit that represents the functional core of the Gaussian generator (0.1%). Additionally, the bandwidth of the generator is increased as a result of its current-mode operation. Because of the utilization of the new fourth-order approximation function, the deviation from the ideal Gaussian function is smaller than 1 dB for an extended range of the input variable. The circuit is designed for implementing in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, its proposed architecture being compatible with a low-voltage operation (V_DD=1 V). The proposed Gaussian function generator based on the new approximation function allows to extend its capability of generating any continuous mathematical functions, this feature being obtained by changing the approximation function coefficients.     

An improved MUSIC algorithm for estimation of time delays inasynchronous DS-CDMA systems

The problem of near-far resistant time-delay estimation in an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system is considered, and by better exploiting the structure of the problem, estimators superior to previously known techniques are obtained. For a typical numerical example, a gain in signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 3 dB is obtained     

Analysis of adaptive multistage interference cancellation for CDMAusing an improved Gaussian approximation

We consider a simple model for adaptive multistage interference cancellation within a CDMA system, and seek to develop an accurate analytical expression for the performance of this system. Previous work on interference cancellation has relied heavily on simulation techniques or a simple Gaussian approximation (GA). The standard GA ran lead to bit-error rate (BER) results which are optimistic for the conventional receiver, and this also occurs when the approximation is applied to the interference cancellation problem. Additionally, this approximation does not allow the second order effects of the multiple access interference (MAI) to be included in the performance estimates. Several improvements on the standard GA have been suggested which result in accurate performance results for a standard CDMA receiver. This paper presents an analytical expression for the probability of bit error for an adaptive multistage interference canceller, using an improved Gaussian approximation (IGA) for MAI. The BER at any stage of interference cancellation can be recursively computed from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the statistics of the random powers of users, and the processing gain of the CDMA system. The performance of the resulting EER expression is compared with simulation results. Since the second order effects of MAI can be included, the analytical framework presented here can also be used to evaluate the performance of multistage interference cancellation in arbitrary fading environments, and we present results for the performance of interference cancellation in lognormal fading environments     

基于PARAFAC模型的新型DS-CDMA盲接收机

根据平行因子(PARAFAC)模型,研究DS-CDMA盲多用户检测算法。将直接三线性分解算法(DTLD)与三线性交替最小二乘(TALS)算法结合,提出一种新的DTALS-PARAFAC盲接收机,解决了三线性交替最小二乘(TALS)算法中因为初始值估计不当引起的收敛速度差的问题。仿真结果表明,与TALS-PARAFAC接收机相比,DTALS-PARAFAC接收机改善了误码率性能,并且具有更快的收敛速度。     

Performance of multiuser detection in multirate DS-CDMA systems

The performance of multirate direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is considered. We compare two multirate schemes: variable spreading length (VSL-CDMA) and multicode (MC-CDMA). The performance in terms of asymptotic multiuser efficiency (AME) and near-far resistance (NFR) for various detectors are evaluated. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that in multirate systems, MC-CDMA has a similar performance to that of VSL-CDMA employing low-rate detection in terms of multirate AME (MAME) and multirate NFR (MNFR). A lower bound for the optimal MNFR is also obtained and is shown to be that of the linear decorrelator in multirate systems. Thus, this implies that the decorrelator is no longer optimal in the sense of MNFR.