Theoretical investigations on two-phase flow instability in parallel multichannel system

In this paper, the behavior of multichannel system two-phase flow instability is studied theoretically. A physics model that includes the entrance section, heater section and riser section is built. The subcooled boiling is also included. The results of twin-channel system are compared with the twin-channel experiment. Then the model is extended to the multichannel systems that have more channels. The two-phase flow instability between multichannels (FIBM) is studied under different system pressures, different inlet resistance coefficients and asymmetric heating. The instability boundaries of the multichannel system are obtained in the parameter plane of the subcooling and phase change numbers. A concept of instability space or instability reef is brought forward. Finally, the influence of inlet and riser sections on the FIBM is analyzed.     

非均匀加热蒸发管内两相流动不稳定性数值分析

针对蒸发管非均匀加热工况,采用包含水平、倾斜上升、垂直上升和垂直下降流动的优化内螺纹管,建立了基于均相流模型的蒸发管数学模型,采用时域法模拟了蒸发管内两相流动不稳定性。计算了不稳定发生时,进口流量在各时间点的数值,并与Siemens公司的计算结果进行了对比,结果符合良好,表明本文采用的数学模型和数值方法在模拟两相流动不稳定性上具有一定的可靠性。分析了系统参数对两相流动不稳定性的影响,并与均匀加热工况进行了比较。结果表明:非均匀加热工况系统参数影响规律与均匀加热工况具有相似性,增加进口压力或进口流量系统的稳定性提高;减小进口阻力系数或增大出口阻力系数系统的稳定性降低。     

低压高过冷度下自然循环流动不稳定性实验研究

对具有长直上升段的自然循环系统,开展了流动不稳定性实验研究。同时,详细分析了低压、高入口过冷度条件下典型的流动不稳定现象。实验表明：自然循环系统的结构、流体的热边界条件会影响自然循环的运行特性及流动不稳定性类型。较高入口过冷度下,高热流密度导致系统脱离稳态后,很难重新回到稳定的两相自然循环流动状态。随着热流密度的提高,系统会经历间歇沸腾、复合动态流动不稳定性等状态。依据实验结果得到了高入口过冷度下的不稳定性边界图。在两相振荡期间,自然循环驱动压头和回路阻力的主要影响因素集中在长直上升段和加热段。加热段出口积聚的大量气泡对上、下游流体的强烈挤压作用是流量大幅振荡及逆流的主要原因。     

Theoretical research on two-phase flow instability in parallel channels

Two-phase flow instability of two-channel system has been theoretically studied in the present study. Based on the homogeneous flow model, the parallel channels model and system control equations are established by using the control volume integrating method. Gear method is used to solve the system control equations. The marginal stability boundary (MSB) at different system pressure conditions is obtained. The typical MSB shape is usually a classical inclination “L” at some operation condition (i.e. the system pressure is low and the inlet resistance coefficient is small). The three-dimensional instability spaces (or instability reefs) with different inlet resistance coefficients are obtained. The three coordinates consists of phase change number (N_pch), subcooling number (N_sub) and nondimensional pressure (P⁺). The lower part of the instability space is larger than the upper one. Increasing the system pressure or inlet resistance coefficient can strengthen the system stability. However, increasing the heating power destabilize the system stability. The influence of inlet subcooling on the system stability is multi-valued.     

加热双通道密度波流动不稳定性数值研究

密度波流动不稳定性是影响换热设备安全性和可靠性的重要因素之一,其发生机理十分复杂。本工作基于RELAP5程序对加热通道密度波脉动进行了动态计算分析,揭示了脉动期间流体密度、流量及压降等参数的变化规律,并与两种经典机理进行比较分析。结果表明：密度波脉动期间,通道内流量、密度（空泡）及压降呈周期性脉动,加热通道内轴向不同位置流量不同,进出口流量反相脉动,单向段压降和两相段压降基本反相;加热通道密度波脉动的发生与两相段流量波动传播的延迟性有着密切的关系。     

Density Wave Instability of Sodium Boiling Two-phase Flow in a Vertical Annulus at Low Pressure

Experiments of density wave instability in a sodium boiling two-phase flow in an annulus were carried out with the parameters of heat flux from 80 to 976kW/m², inlet subcooling from 25.6 to 226.8°C, mass flow rate from 7.92 to 68.9 kg/h, and system pressure from 2,600 Pa to 0.06 MPa. It was found that the density wave instability occurred in the case of low exit quality, and the oscillation of flow rate was so large that the flow would be reversal. The lower inlet temperature, the higher system pressure and the larger mass flow rate could result in a more stable boiling two-phase flow. The oscillation period of the instability increased with the system pressure and the inlet subcooling, but it decreased with the mass flow rate. A correlation for the onset condition of the density wave instability was obtained from the experimental data.     

低压自然循环复合流量脉动实验研究

在低压流动沸腾不稳定性实验中,研究了自然循环流动在不同入口过冷度下的演化过程。对实验中的流动沸腾不稳定性入口流量信号进行快速傅里叶变换,基于振幅和频率特性区分了3种流动脉动模式：小幅流量脉动、复合流量脉动和逆流。分析了加热功率和入口过冷度对自然循环不稳定性的影响。根据加热段出口水温变化得到了出口的流型变化,当流量波动振幅较小时加热段出口流体始终是饱和状态,而当流量波动振幅较大时,加热段出口为单相液体和两相混合物交替通过。给出了这3种流量脉动的边界图,分析了热流密度和入口过冷度对流量脉动模式的影响。结果表明：出口含气率大于0时发生流动不稳定性,热流密度达到间歇干涸型临界热流密度时发生逆流。     

The influence of ocean conditions on two-phase flow instability in a parallel multi-channel system

In this paper, the two-phase flow instability between multi-channels (FIBM) operating under ocean conditions is studied theoretically. The physical and mathematical model of the multi-channel system which is based on Lee and Pan [Lee, J.D., Pan, C., 1999. Dynamics of multiple parallel boiling channel systems with forced flows. Nuclear Engineering and Design 192, 31–44], is extended to analyze the influence of ocean conditions. The influence of ocean conditions on the FIBM is analyzed, particularly with respect to the periodic total mass flow rate and rolling motion. Furthermore, the instability oscillation trajectories of the multi-channel system are obtained on the phase plane of the inlet velocity and boiling boundary. Some of the trajectories show chaotic characteristic. The instability zone of a nine-channel system under rolling motion is then obtained.     

低干度自然循环流量漂移的特征曲线图谱分析

在5MW低温核供热堆全模拟试验回路(HRTL-5)上,实验观察到了低干度自然循环条件下的流量漂移现象.通过一个考虑了加热段欠热沸腾、上升段冷凝、闪蒸等物理过程的两相流动数学模型,编制了相应的计算程序,获得了自然循环特征曲线图谱及其运行曲线,确定了自然循环分岔图和静态不稳定边界图,进而提出了通过自然循环特征曲线图谱研究流量漂移的分析方法.分析表明:特征曲线图谱方法是研究自然循环静态不稳定的有效手段.增大系统压力、减小热流密度、增加入口单相阻力、减小出口两相阻力有利于避免自然循环流量漂移的发生.     

Numerical study of nuclear coupled two-phase flow instability in natural circulation system under low pressure and low quality

Based on the one-dimension two-phase drift flow model, the numerical simulation of two-phase flow stability characteristic on the test loop (HRTL-5) for 5 MW heating reactor (developed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University, Beijing) is performed with and without coupled point neutron kinetics. The density wave oscillation instability is analyzed in the system under low pressure at 1.5 MPa and low steam quality less than 10%. The effect of inlet subcooling and heating flux on the system instability is simulated under the system pressure P_sys = 1.5 MPa. The numerical results show that there exist two instability inlet subcooling boundaries at different heat flux. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental results on HRTL-5 without consideration of point neutron kinetics. If coupled with point neutron kinetics, the system will exhibit little difference on instability boundaries from that without considering the nuclear characteristics. But the amplitude and the phase of the oscillation of the thermal hydraulic parameters of the system will be somehow affected in unstable zone if the system is coupled with point neutron kinetics.     

摇摆状态下入口段和上升段对两相流动不稳定性的影响

本文对摇摆状态下并联多通道系统的两相流动不稳定性进行了初步研究。重点讨论了在摇摆状态下的并联通道入口段和上升段对管间脉动不稳定性的影响。以均匀流模型为基础,采用控制容积积分法建立了并联多通道的分析模型并建立系统方程组,同时考虑了摇摆状态的影响。用吉尔方法对系统方程组进行求解,得到了并联多通道系统在摇摆状态下的不稳定边界。发现在一定的摇摆状态下两相流动不稳定区域会同时出现在低含汽和高含汽两个区域,在高含汽率区域某些工况下会出现倍周期现象。     

轴向非均匀加热对并联通道流动不稳定性的影响

基于均相流模型建立并联通道系统的控制方程,采用交错网格技术和半隐式差分离散控制方程,并使用追赶法求解来模拟并联通道的两相流动特征。采用轴向余弦功率加热模拟轴向非均匀功率加热。运用小扰动法,获得了不同压力、入口过冷度和轴向功率加热方式下的稳定性边界（MSB）和三维不稳定性空间。对于余弦和均匀功率加热,系统稳定性均随系统压力的增大而增强。余弦功率加热在高过冷度区降低并联通道系统稳定性,而在低过冷度区增强系统稳定性。随进口阻力系数的增加,处于余弦功率加热的并联通道系统稳定性增强,MSB的拐点逐渐向高过冷度区移动。     

低质量流速垂直并联内螺纹管密度波型不稳定性试验

在高压汽-水两相流实验台上进行了低质量流速垂直并联内螺纹管密度波型不稳定性的试验研究,观察到了垂直并联内螺纹管气-液两相流密度波型不稳定性的一些主要特征。在试验参数范围内就热负荷、系统压力、质量流速、进口过冷度和不对称加热对密度波型不稳定性的影响进行了研究和分析。同时根据试验结果,采用均相流模型得到了密度波型不稳定发生的界限关系式。     

平行通道密度波不稳定性研究

本文针对套管式直流蒸汽发生器传热管环隙窄缝通道的流动,采用RELAP5程序对强迫循环并联通道的流动不稳定现象进行研究,指出在进口欠热度较低的条件下,并联通道系统会发生两种完全不同的不稳定现象,即同相密度波不稳定性和管间脉动不稳定性。对密度波不稳定性的发生条件进行研究,在较大的参数范围内确定了各系统参数的影响规律,最终得出流动不稳定边界。并对不同流量条件和不同压力条件下的不稳定性区间进行了比较。     

200MW核供热堆两相流密度波不稳定性实验的Shannon信息熵特性研究

在200MW核供热堆热工实验台架上,利用信息论原理,研究两相流密度波不稳定性的Shannon信息熵特性。通过调节加热功率、运行压力和冷却剂入口过冷度,获得534种工况下加热流道入口压降的实验数据?计算不同工况下的Shannon信息熵,发现具有高的负Shannon信息熵(负熵)的实验工况是不稳定的,而具有低的负熵的实验工况是稳定的。负Shannon信息熵类似很多场合中使用的能量,可以成为衡量系统稳定性的尺度。     

并联管内压力降型水动力不稳定的试验研究

在高压汽水回路上对3根并联蒸发管内两相流压力降型水动力不稳定进行了试验研究．分析了系统压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、出口节流和上游可压缩容积对压力降型不稳定的影响。得出了压力降型不稳定的脉动起始点,给出了3根并联管中计算不稳定起始条件的无因次经验公式,为大型电站锅炉和蒸汽发生器的设计提供依据。     

两相自然循环密度波不稳定性的实验研究

在自然循环水回路上进行了两相流密度波不稳定性的实验研究，得到了不同工况下的实时脉动曲线。分析了系统压力、质量流密度、进口欠热度对系统稳定边界的影响。得出了用无量纲量相变数Ｎｐｃｈ、欠热度数Ｎｓｕｂ、弗劳德数Ｆｒ表示的系统稳定边界图及稳定性判别准则式。     

Assessment of Some Cross Section Libraries through Analyses of Coupled-Core Critical Experiments by Monte Carlo Calculations

An experiment was performed on the natural circulation test loop HRTL-5, which simulates the geometry and system design of the 5 MW full power natural circulation nuclear heating reactor. Different flow modes, including density wave oscillation and flow excursion et al., were observed in a wide range of inlet sub-cooling at 1.5MPa. By means of self-developed computational codes, the bifurcation chart has been obtained. Consequently the flow excursion boundary has been determined. Through the analysis on the excursion boundary, the method to avoid the flow excursion during startup has been presented. Analytical results show: (1) with the decreasing heat flux or the increasing system pressure, the static flow excursion occurs at higher inlet temperature and its range in the instability maps becomes narrower correspondingly; (2) to decrease the outlet two-phase resistance or increase the inlet single-phase resistance is beneficial to avoid the flow excursion; (3) by means of increasing the system pressure to start up the reactor with low heat flux, the flow excursion and low steam quality density wave oscillation can be successfully avoided. This investigation is meaningful to the reactor safety and the design of the nuclear heating reactors.     

垂直上升管内对流沸腾瞬态数值模拟及其两相流不稳定性预测

核电站蒸汽发生器二次侧为两相对流沸腾换热过程,在设计过程中须保证其不发生两相流不稳定性。本工作采用时域法对垂直上升管内两相流不稳定性进行研究,建立了垂直上升直管内流动沸腾过程的一维模型,并编制计算程序。采用该程序模拟了流动沸腾过程气液两相流密度波的不稳定性,给出两相流波动过程瞬态参数分布,由此分析了密度波不稳定发生的机理,并分析了质量流速、系统压力、入口过冷度对不稳定的影响。结果表明,与已有实验及理论结果相比,瞬态参数计算结果与实验结果符合较好,可较好找到不同工况下直管内气液两相流发生不稳定的边界,结果优于Khabenski线算图方法。     

Numerical investigation on hydrodynamic performance of liquid lead lithium bubble column using population balance model

Using bubble column to extract tritium from lead lithium (Pb–17Li) eutectic is an effective way in the process of tritium extraction in liquid blanket system, where the hydrodynamic characteristics of the gas–liquid two-phase flow in the columns play a very important role. In order to understand the two-phase flow details and investigate the influence factors on the hydrodynamic performance, in this paper the flow behaviors in the cylindrical bubble columns with different heights and purge gas inlet velocities using computational fluid dynamics coupled with population balance model were simulated. Liquid flow field, bubble Sauter mean diameter, time-averaged gas holdup and two-phase interfacial area for the different cases were obtained and compared. The simulation results showed good agreement with previous studies, and which indicated that bubble size and gas holdup formation are mainly determined by vortical flow. In addition, interfacial area can be enhanced by increasing the purge gas inlet velocity and column height. However, the enhancement effect will trail away when the gas inlet velocity is too fast, and the contribution of column height is relatively small.