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1.
This article discusses the rate of water vapor transmission (WVT) through monolithic films of segmented block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and monodisperse crystallisable tetra‐amide segments. The polyether phase consisted of hydrophilic PEO or mixtures of PEO and hydrophobic poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) segments. The monodisperse tetra‐amide segments (T6T6T) were based on terephthalate units (T) and hexamethylenediamine (6). By using monodisperse T6T6T segments the crystallinity in the copolymers was high (~ 85%) and, therefore, the amount of noncrystallised T6T6T dissolved in the polyether phase was minimal. The WVT was determined by using the ASTM E96BW method, also known as the inverted cup method. By using this method, there is direct contact between the polymer film and the water in the cup. The WVT experiments were performed in a climate‐controlled chamber at a temperature of 30°C and a relative humidity of 50%. A linear relation was found between the WVT and the reciprocal film thickness of polyether‐T6T6T segmented block copolymers. The WVT of a 25‐μm thick film of PTMO2000‐based copolymers was 3.1 kg m?2 d?1 and for PEO2000‐based copolymers 153 kg m?2 d?1. Of all the studied copolymers, the WVT was linear related to the volume fraction of water absorbed in the copolymer to the second power. The results were explained by the absorption‐diffusion model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009  相似文献   

2.
Phase behavior of aqueous systems containing block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) was evaluated by building up temperature-concentration phase diagrams. We have studied bifunctional triblock copolymers (HO-PEO-PPO-PEO-OH) and monofunctional diblock copolymers (R-PEO-PPO-OH and R-PPO-PEO-OH, where R length is linear C4 and C12–14). The cloud points of the polymer solutions depended on EO/PO ratio, polarity, R length and position of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments along the molecule. Such factors influence on the solutions behavior was also analyzed in terms of critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was obtained from surface tension vs. concentration plots. Salts (NaCl and KCl) added into the polymer solutions change the solvent polarity decreasing the cloud points. On the other hand, the cloud points of the polymer solutions increased as a hydrotrope (sodium p-toluenesulfonate) was added. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 1767–1772, 1997  相似文献   

3.
Multiblock copolymers were synthesized through condensation reactions of end‐groups of α,ω‐dichloro‐poly(methylphenylsilylene) with hydroxyl end‐groups of poly(ethylene glycol) or the chain‐ends of ‘living’ polyisoprenyl disodium. Optimum conditions have been sought through kinetic studies and by investigation of model reactions. The overall molecular weight distribution of poly(methylphenylsilylene)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) is characterized in terms of Flory's theory of condensation reactions, while the limiting step in the reaction is tentatively attributed to the formation of aggregates. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

4.
In this article, we describe the synthesis and solution properties of PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers via ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) monomer initiated at the hydroxyl end group of the core PEG using HCl Et2O as a monomer activator. The ROP of TMC was performed to synthesize PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers with one, two, four, and eight arms. The PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers with same ratio of between hydrophobic PTMC and hydrophilic PEG segments were obtained in quantitative yield and exhibited monomodal GPC curves. The amphiphilic PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers formed spherical micelles with a core–shell structure in an aqueous phase. The mean hydrodynamic diameters of the micelles increased from 17 to 194 nm with increasing arm number. As arm number increased, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers increased from 3.1 × 10?3 to 21.1 × 10?3 mg/mL but the partition equilibrium constant, which is an indicator of the hydrophobicity of the micelles of the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers in aqueous media, decreased from 4.44 × 104 to 1.34 × 104. In conclusion, we confirmed that the PEG‐b‐PTMC star block copolymers form micelles and, hence, may be potential hydrophobic drug delivery vehicles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009  相似文献   

5.
Various segmented block copolyetheramides based on nylon6 (N6) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different compositions and block length of the hard and soft segments were synthesized. The effect of composition of the hard and soft segments was studied via FTIR spectroscopy based on the characteristic peak of ester group at wave number of 1730 cm?1. The average block length of the hard and soft segments in block copolymers was determined from H‐NMR analysis. Differential thermal analysis thermograms confirmed a microphase separated morphology over a broad range of temperature, leading to two separated crystalline domains. An increase in the interconnectivity of the polyamide segments controlled by chain extension, greatly improved the formation of polyamide lamellae crystals determined by X‐ray diffractometry. Atomic force microscopy images indicated different morphologies of dispersed phase in the dominant phase, which plays an important role in their performance for membrane processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010  相似文献   

6.
Polyester‐polyether segmented block copolymers of poly[(butylene succinate)‐co‐poly(butylene terephthalate)] (PBS–PBT) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) (Mn = 2000) with various compositions were synthesized. PBT content in the PBS was adjusted to ca. 5 mol %. Their thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. In the case of copolymer, the melting point of the PBS–PBT control was 107.8°C, and the melting point of the copolymer containing 70 wt % of PTMG was 70.1°C. Crystallinity of soft segment was 5 ∼ 17%, and that of hard segment was 42 ∼ 59%. The breaking stress of the PBS–PTMG control was 47 MPa but it decreased with increasing PTMG content. In the case of copolymer containing 70 wt % of PTMG, breaking stress was 36 MPa. Contrary to the decreasing breaking stress, breaking strain increased from 300% for PBS–PBT control to 900% for a copolymer containing 70 wt % of PTMG. The shape recovery ratios of the copolymer containing 70 wt % PTMG were almost twice of those of copolymers containing 40 wt % PTMG. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 2067–2075, 2001  相似文献   

7.
The effect of crystallization on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a poly[(ethylene oxide)‐block‐(amide‐12)] (PEBA)‐toughened poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blend was investigated. Annealing was used to govern the crystallization microstructure and hence the mechanical properties of the blend. Crystallization resulted in the morphology of the PLA component altering from a continuous amorphous phase to continuous crystalline phase. Moreover, as the crystallization of PLA proceeded, the degree of crystallinity, spherulite size and lamellar thickness increased, and the interlamellar and interspherulitic connections became weaker. These led to the large plastic deformation in the matrix during tension being suppressed, and cracks appeared easily under tensile load, which was favorable to fracture for the blend during tension and so a small elongation at break was obtained. However, the elongation at break for all the annealed specimens was higher than that for neat amorphous PLA, suggesting that PEBA still showed a toughening effect for PLA under annealing. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
A series of poly(?‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL‐b‐PEG) block copolymers with different molecular weights were synthesized with a salicylaldimine‐aluminum complex in the presence of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol). The block copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, GPC, WAXD, and DSC. The 1H NMR and GPC results verify the block structure and narrow molecular weight distribution of the block copolymers. WAXD and DSC results show that crystallization behavior of the block copolymers varies with the composition. When the PCL block is extremely short, only the PEG block is crystallizable. With further increase in the length of the PCL block, both blocks can crystallize. The PCL crystallizes prior to the PEG block and has a stronger suppression effect on crystallization of the PEG block, while the PEG block only exerts a relatively weak adverse effect on crystallization of the PCL block. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007  相似文献   

9.
Poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) was incorporated in a controlled manner between poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and urea segments in segmented polyurea copolymers and their solid state structure-property behavior was investigated. The copolymers contained PDMS segments of MW 3200 or 7000 g/mol and an overall hard segment content of 10-35 wt%. PPO segments of MW 450 or 2000 g/mol were utilized. Equivalent polyurea copolymers based on only PDMS as the soft segment (SS) component were used as controls. The materials (with or without PPO) utilized in this study were able to develop microphase morphology as determined from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). DMA and SAXS results suggested that the ability of the PPO segments to hydrogen bond with the urea segments results in a limited inter-segmental mixing which leads to the formation of a gradient interphase, especially in the PPO-2000 co-SS containing copolymers. DMA also demonstrated that the polyureas based on only PDMS as the SS possessed remarkably broad and nearly temperature insensitive rubbery plateaus that extended up to ca. 175 °C, the upper temperature limit depending upon the PDMS MW. However, the incorporation of PPO resulted in more temperature sensitive rubbery plateaus. A distinct improvement in the Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break in the PPO-2000 and PDMS-7000 containing copolymers was observed due to inter-segmental hydrogen bonding and the formation of a gradient interphase. However, when PPO was incorporated as the co-SS, the extent of stress relaxation and mechanical hysteresis of the copolymers increased relative to the segmented polyureas based on the utilization of only PDMS as the soft segment component.  相似文献   

10.
Poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers with predetermined block lengths were synthesized by polycondensation of PLA diols and PEG diacids. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent and dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. The resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as GPC, viscometry, 1H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, X‐ray diffractometry, and contact angle measurement. The results indicated that these copolymers presented outstanding properties pertinent to biomedical use, including better miscibility between the two components, low crystallinity, and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the properties of the copolymers can be modulated by adjusting the block length of the two components or the reaction conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1729–1736, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10580  相似文献   

11.
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(L ‐lactide) diblock and triblock copolymers were prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of L ‐lactide with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether or with poly(ethylene glycol) in the presence of stannous octoate. Molecular weight, thermal properties, and crystalline structure of block copolymers were analyzed by 1H‐NMR, FTIR, GPC, DSC, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The composition of the block copolymer was found to be comparable to those of the reactants. Each block of the PEG–PLLA copolymer was phase separated at room temperature, as determined by DSC and WAXD. For the asymmetric block copolymers, the crystallization of one block influenced much the crystalline structure of the other block that was chemically connected to it. Time‐resolved WAXD analyses also showed the crystallization of the PLLA block became retarded due to the presence of the PEG block. According to the biodegradability test using the activated sludge, PEG–PLLA block copolymer degraded much faster than PLLA homopolymers of the same molecular weight. © 1999 John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 341–348, 1999  相似文献   

12.
This report describes the synthesis and characterization of unprecedented poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) polytrioxamide and poly(urea oxamide) (UOx) segmented copolymers containing monodisperse hard segments. Synthesis of the segmented copolymers relied on an efficient two‐step end‐capping sequence, which resulted in novel difunctional oxamic hydrazide‐terminated polyether oligomers. Polymerization with oxalyl chloride or 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) provided the desired segmented copolymers displaying thermoplastic elastomeric behavior. Variable‐temperature Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies confirmed the presence of hard segment structures and revealed ordered hydrogen bonding interactions with thermal dissociation profiles similar to those of polyurea and polyoxamide copolymer analogs. Dynamic mechanical analysis of PPG‐UOx exhibited a longer, rubbery plateau with increased moduli compared to PPG polyurea, and tensile analysis revealed a dramatic increase in copolymer toughness due to enhanced hydrogen bonding. A new step‐growth polymerization strategy is described that is capable of producing tunable hydrogen bonding segmented copolymer architectures. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

13.
A series of thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene oxide‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐ethylene oxide (EO‐PDMS‐EO), as the soft segment, and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), as the hard segment, were synthesized by catalyzed two‐step, melt transesterification reaction of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with 1,4‐butanediol (BD) and α,ω‐dihydroxy‐(EO‐PDMS‐EO). Copolymers with a content of hard PBT segments between 40 and 90 mass % and a constant length of the soft EO‐PDMS‐EO segments were prepared. The siloxane prepolymer with hydrophilic terminal EO units was used to improve the miscibility between the polar comonomers, DMT and BD, and the nonpolar PDMS. The molecular structure and composition of the copolymers were determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, whereas the effectiveness of the incorporation of α,ω‐dihydroxy‐(EO‐PDMS‐EO) into the copolymer chains was verified by chloroform extraction. The effects of the structure and composition of the copolymers on the melting temperatures and the degree of crystallinity, as well as on the thermal degradation stability and some rheological properties, were studied. It was demonstrated that the degree of crystallinity, the melting and crystallization temperatures of the copolymers increased with increasing mass fraction of the PBT segments. The thermal stability of the copolymers was lower than that of PBT homopolymer, because of the presence of thermoliable ether bonds in the soft segments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010  相似文献   

14.
Mono‐ and bifunctional poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were prepared by esterification of mono‐ and bishydroxy telechelic PPO with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. The macroinitiators were used for ATRP of styrene to give block copolymers with PPO and polystyrene (PS) segments, namely PPO‐block‐PS and PS‐block‐PPO‐block‐PS. Various ligands were studied in combination with CuBr as ATRP catalysts. Kinetic investigations revealed controlled polymerization processes for certain ligands and temperature ranges. Thermal analysis of the block copolymers by means of DSC revealed only one glass transition temperature as a result of the compatibility of the PS and PPO chain segments and the formation of a single phase; this glass transition temperature can be adjusted over a wide temperature range (ca 100–199 °C), depending on the composition of the block copolymer. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
The synthesis of polyacrylonitrile‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PAN‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymers is conducted by sequential initiation and Ce(IV) redox polymerization using amino‐alcohol as the parent compound. In the first step, amino‐alcohol potassium with a protected amine group initiates the polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) to yield poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with an amine end group (PEO‐NH2), which is used to synthesize a PAN‐b‐PEO diblock copolymer with Ce(IV) that takes place in the redox initiation system. A PAN‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐PAN (PAN‐PEG‐PAN) triblock copolymer is prepared by the same redox system consisting of ceric ions and PEG in an aqueous medium. The structure of the copolymer is characterized in detail by GPC, IR, 1H‐NMR, DSC, and X‐ray diffraction. The propagation of the PAN chain is dependent on the molecular weight and concentration of the PEO prepolymer. The crystallization of the PAN and PEO block is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1753–1759, 2003  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: To obtain a biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer, a series of poly(ester‐ether)s based on poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), with various mass fractions and molecular weights of PPG, were synthesized through melt polycondensation. RESULTS: The copolyesters were characterized using 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical testing and enzymatic degradation. The results indicated that poly(ester‐ether)s with high molecular weights were successfully synthesized. The composition of the copolyesters agreed very well with the feed ratio. With increasing content of the soft PPG segment, the glass transition temperature decreased gradually while the melting temperature, the crystallization temperature and the relative degree of crystallinity decreased. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the toughness of PBS was improved significantly. The elongation at break of the copolyesters was 2–5 times that of the original PBS. Most of the poly(ester‐ether) specimens were so flexible that they were not broken in Izod impact experiments. At the same time, the enzymatic degradation rate of PBS was enhanced. Also, the difference in molecular weight of PPG led to properties being changed to some extent among the copolyesters. CONCLUSION: The synthesized poly(ester‐ether)s having excellent flexibility and biodegradability extend the application of PBS into the areas where biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers are needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
The adsorption behavior of various poly(ethylene oxide)–polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO‐PS‐PEO) triblock copolymer (TBC) s on acrylic latex particles in propylene glycol was studied. The composition of the PEO‐PS‐PEO triblock polymers varied from 41 to 106 in each PEO block length and from 18 to 41 in the PS block length. The location of the PEO‐PS‐PEO TBC was determined by analyzing for the physically adsorbed amount on the latex surface, the anchored mount on the surface, the entrapped amount inside the particle, and the “free” PEO‐PS‐PEO TBCs in the propylene glycol. A contour graph technique was applied to analyze the experimental data, which showed that a minimum existed for the physically adsorbed portion at a PS block length of about 30 units. When the PS block length was less than 30 units, the adsorption decreased with increasing PS block length, indicating rearrangement of mixed PEO brush and adsorbed PS block. When the PS block was greater than 30 units, the adsorption increased with increasing block length because of the poor solvency of the PS block in the propylene glycol medium, resulting in a collapse of the PS chain. Considering the binding energy between the PS block and the latex particle surface, which governs adsorption, it was hypothesized that a lower block length limit exists, below which no adsorption takes place. The solubility of the PS block in propylene glycol guides the important upper block length limit. The anchored fraction of the block copolymer increased continuously with increasing PS block length in the entire region investigated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1963–1975, 2001  相似文献   

18.
R. Unger  D. Beyer  E. Donth 《Polymer》1991,32(18):3305-3312
The lamellar thickness of the poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(t-butyl methacrylate) (PEO-PTBMA) diblock copolymer system, obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and small angle X-ray scattering investigations, is correlated with the degree of polymerization of the amorphous (PTBMA) and crystallizable (PEO) sequences. The non-equilibrium exponents obtained immediately after bulk crystallization are different to those from extrapolated equilibrium results. Within the experimental standard deviations, the theoretical predictions of DiMarzio et al. and of Whitmore and Noolandi could be confirmed. The molecular weights of PEO and PTBMA ranged from 250 to 21000 g mol−1 and from 1500 to 17000 g mol−1, respectively. Both the equilibrium lamellar thickness l and the PEO domain size dPEO increase with increasing PEO and decreasing PTBMA degrees of polymerization Z according to dPEO l Z0.97±0.08EOZ−(0.53±0.19)TBMA.  相似文献   

19.
Compared with linear diblock or triblock poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(L ‐lactic acid) copolymer (PEG‐b‐PLLA), star‐shaped PEG‐b‐PLLA (sPEG‐b‐PLLA) copolymers exhibit smaller hydrodynamic radius and lower viscosity and are expected to display peculiar morphologies, thermal properties, and degradation profiles. Compared with the synthesis routine of PEG‐b‐PLLA form lactide and PEG, the traditional synthesis routine from LA and PEG were suffered by the low reaction efficiency, low purity, lower molecular weight, and wide molecular weight distribution. In this article, multiarm sPEG‐b‐PLLA copolymer was prepared from multiarm sPEG and L ‐lactic acid (LLA using an improved method of melt polycondensation, in which two types of sPEG, that is, sPEG1 (four arm, Mn = 4300) and sPEG2 (three arm, Mn = 3200) were chosen as the core. It was found the molecular weight of sPEG‐b‐PLLA could be strongly affected by the purity of LLA and sPEGs, and the purification technology of vacuum dewater and vacuum distillation could help to remove most of the impurities in commercial available LLA. The polymers, including sPEG and sPEG‐b‐PLLA with varied core (sPEG1 and sPEG2) and LLA/sPEG feeding ratios, were characterized and confirmed by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and gel permeation chromatography, which showed that the terminal hydroxyl group in each arm of sPEGs had reacted with LLA to form sPEG‐b‐PLLA copolymers with fairly narrow molecular weight distribution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011  相似文献   

20.
BACKGROUND: Until recently, hyperbranched polymers were thought to be ill‐defined materials that were not useful as building blocks for well‐defined complex polymer architectures. It is a current challenge to develop strategies that offer rapid access to well‐defined hyperbranched block copolymers. RESULTS: A convenient three‐step protocol for the synthesis of double‐hydrophilic hyperbranched–linear–hyperbranched ABA‐type triblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (hbPG) is presented. The Bola‐type polymers exhibiting an aliphatic polyether structure were prepared from a linear (lin) linPG‐b‐PEO‐b‐linPG precursor triblock. The materials exhibit low polydispersities (Mw/Mn) in the range 1.19–1.45. The molecular weights of the block copolymers range from 6300 to 26 200 g mol?1, varying in the length of both the linear PEO chain as well as the hbPG segments. Detailed characterization of the thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry demonstrates nanophase segregation of the blocks. CONCLUSION: The first example of well‐defined ABA hyperbranched–linear–hyperbranched triblock copolymers with PEO middle block and hbPG A‐blocks is presented. The biocompatible nature of the aliphatic polyether blocks renders these materials interesting for biomedical purposes. These new materials are also intriguing with respect to their supramolecular order and biomineralization properties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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