The effects of acetylated potato starch and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on the quality of instant fried noodles

The objective of this study has been to investigate the effects of two ingredients i) acetylated potato starch (APS) and ii) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the textural attributes and eating quality of instant noodles. Using low-protein soft wheat flour (Australian Soft) as the base material, samples of noodles incorporating varying proportions of APS and CMC were evaluated for product texture, colour and fat uptake. The variables were studied using a central composite design and textural characteristics were assessed using the TA-XT2, colour by the Minolta Chroma Meter. The results were analyzed by response surface methodology and showed that the two variables enhance the hardness and reduce adhesive values of cooked instant noodles. Electron microscopy also demonstrated the development of a more continuous network structure within the noodles. The addition of CMC had weakened the noodle inner structure and reduced the cohesiveness values of the cooked instant noodles. In contrast, APS provides hardness but does not affect cohesiveness. Marginal observable difference was found in product colour for the various treatment combinations, with a slightly dull appearance, viz less white and less yellow compared with the control. Trials to produce the lowest fat uptake rating indicated that 10% APS was optimal. The results may provide a basis for modifying formulations for use with low-protein soft wheat flours to provide eating quality and colour attributes to meet the preferences of specific customer groups. The conclusion of this study is that the combined use of APS and CMC primarily affects the textural attributes of hardness and adhesiveness rather than the other quality parameters of instant noodle that have been assessed. In addition, APS has the potential to enhance the performance of low-protein soft wheat flours for instant noodle manufacture.     

Quality of dried white salted noodles affected by microbial transglutaminase

To examine the potential application of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) in oriental noodle making, the effects of various MTGase addition levels on the rheological, textural and structural properties of noodles were investigated using good quality (‘Red Bicycle’) and poor quality (‘Sandow’) wheat flours. Addition of MTGase at 5–20 g kg^?1 levels, but not at 1 g kg^?1 level, to the two different wheat flours decreased rapid visco‐analyser (RVA) parameters of hot paste viscosity and final viscosity while increasing breakdown. For fresh white salted noodle dough sheets, the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased significantly at 1 g kg^?1 MTGase addition for both types of flour, but there was no clear trend with higher levels of MTGase. For dried white salted noodles, textural parameters (tensile force, hardness and gumminess) generally increased, cooking loss was little affected and the yield of the cooked noodle was significantly decreased by MTGase. Color was slightly adversely affected. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that physical properties of dry noodles were improved through the formation of cross‐links [ε‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine] by MTGase. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Microbial transglutaminase in noodle and pasta processing

Nowadays, there is an aggressive rate in consumption of noodles and pasta products throughout the world. Consumer acceptability and preference of these functional products can be promoted by the discovery of novel knowledge to improve their formulation and quality. The development of fortified-formulations for noodles and pasta products based on microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) can guarantee the shelf life extension with minimum quality losses. The current review focuses on recent trends and future prospects of MTGase utilization in the structural matrix of noodles and pasta products and represents the quality changes of cooking loss, texture, microstructure, color and sensory attributes of the MTGase-incorporated products. Digestibility, nutritional and health aspects of the MTGase-enriched formulations are also reviewed with a vision toward physical functions and safety outcomes of MTGases isolated from new microbial sources. The high potential of MTGase in developing commercial noodles and pasta products is successfully demonstrated. MTGase by modifying the crystallinity or molecular structure via covalent crosslinks between protein molecules strengthens the doughs stability and the textural characteristics of final products with the low- or high-protein flour. Compared with the control samples, the MTGase-supplemented products indicate slower digestion rates and better sensory and cooking properties without any remarkable color instability.     

Preparation and evaluation of chili powder-enriched layered noodles

Chili powder-enriched dough was sandwiched between two dough layers prepared from (a) wheat flour, (b) wheat flour plus resistant starch flour and (c) wheat flour plus soy protein isolate (SPI) and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), and these were used for preparing wheat flour control (LN-C), wheat flour-resistant starch (LN-F) and wheat flour-SPI-MTGase (LN-S) noodles, respectively. All cooked noodles were assessed for physical properties, starch digestibility and capsaicin-retaining abilities. Compared to other noodles, the LN-S noodles exhibited the highest tensile strength and elasticity, and the highest capsaicin retaining ability at pH 7.4. However, at pH 1.2 the capsaicin-retaining ability of all noodles was similar. The predicted glycemic indices (pGIs) of LN-F and LN-S noodles were similar (P > 0.05), and were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of LN-C noodles. In conclusion, the resistant starch flour helped to lower pGI of the layered noodles, but it was not effective at retaining capsaicin. The occurrence of additional cross-linking between protein matrices of LN-S noodles could be a factor that had impaired structural integrity and retarded the diffusion of capsaicin from the capsaicin-enriched dough.     

软包装即食湿面配方优化研究

通过正交试验极差分析和方差分析,确定用高筋粉生产即食湿面的最佳配方,并探讨了乳化剂、增稠剂、品质改良剂、微生物转谷氨酰胺酶、复合保鲜剂等对面条品质和贮藏效果的影响。所得的最佳配方为（％）：面粉100,水32．34,食盐2,复合碱0．2,乳化剂0．15,复合增稠剂0．25,品质改良剂0．2,复合保鲜剂0．1。     

EFFECTS OF EMULSIFIERS ON DOUGH RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND THE TEXTURE OF EXTRUDED NOODLES

The effects of six emulsifiers on the rheological properties of wheat flour doughs were evaluated using capillary and oscillatory rheometers. Sodium stearoyl 2-lactylate (SSL) and sucrose fatty acid ester 160 (SFAE 160) significantly increased the apparent viscosities (η), storage moduli (G") and loss modulus (G") of the doughs. The η, G' and G" increased with the concentrations of SSL from 0.5 to 1.5%. Lecithin, SFAE 110 and 20W (low HLB values) had the opposite effects. Extruded noodle with SSL had the highest tensile strength and cutting force among all treatments. Therefore, SSL could be used to produce the extruded noodles with higher elasticity. Lecithin, MG, SPAE 110 and 20W decreased the strength of the extruded noodles. There was a positive correlation between viscosity and shear modulus of the doughs and the strength of extruded noodles. Values of HLB emulsifiers used in this study were positively correlated with G' and η*.     

Replacement of buckwheat by black sorghum flour on soba-type noodles

Incorporation of black sorghum flour containing high levels of polyphenols and slowly digestible starch could provide opportunity to enhance nutritional functionality of noodles. Soba-type noodles were prepared based on a typical wheat-buckwheat (65:35) formulation by replacement of buckwheat flour with black sorghum flour at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Noodle colour, texture, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, in vitro starch digestibility and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Increasing the addition of black sorghum flour significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the firmness (g) in noodles and imparted a darker colour but increased total polyphenolics and antioxidant capacity. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower rapidly digestible starch and higher resistant starch was found in noodles with >50% replacement with black sorghum flour. Overall acceptability of noodles showed preference for noodles containing 25%–75% black sorghum flour. This study demonstrates the potential of using black sorghum as a novel functional food ingredient in noodle manufacturing.     

淀粉组成对荞麦面条食用和烹调品质的影响

为比较不同品种荞麦挤压面条的煮制及食用品质差异,分析其与荞麦淀粉组成的关系,研究选取八种具有代表性的苦荞、甜荞麦品种,制成挤压面条,对其煮制损失、吸水率、质构特性及感官品质进行考察;同时测定荞麦粉的直链、支链淀粉含量,分析淀粉组成与荞麦挤压面条各品质间的相关性。结果表明：在粘性、拉伸力及感官评定三个食用品质评价指标中,甜荞面条优于苦荞面条;而在烹调品质方面,甜荞与苦荞间无显著差异。总的来看,面条品质甜荞以西农9976为最佳;苦荞以西农9920为最佳。相关性分析显示,直链淀粉含量与煮制损失间存在显著性正相关关系（r=0.878）;支链淀粉含量显著影响面条的吸水率（r=0.917）,粘性（r=0.740）和硬度评分（r=-0.689）。结果说明不同品种荞麦面条的食用品质差异显著,支链淀粉含量是影响荞麦挤压面条食用品质的重要因素。     

Effects of ribose, microbial transglutaminase and soy protein isolate on physical properties and in-vitro starch digestibility of yellow noodles

Soy protein isolate (SPI), microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and ribose (R) were used to modify physical properties and in-vitro starch hydrolysis of yellow noodle. Four types of noodles were produced; noodles with SPI (SPI/C noodles), noodles with SPI and ribose (SPI/R noodles), noodles with SPI and microbial transglutaminase (SPI/MTGase noodles) and noodles with SPI, ribose and MTGase (SPI/R/MTGase noodles). γ-glutamyl-lysine bonds by MTGase and ribose-induced Maillard reaction within SPI were induced by incubating the noodles for 5 h at 40 °C followed by steaming for 30 min. Cooked noodles were assessed for physical properties such as pH, color, tensile strength and elasticity, and in-vitro hydrolysis index (HI) and estimated glycemic index (GI). SPI/R/MTGase and SPI/MTGase noodles exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher tensile strength and elasticity than SPI/R and SPI/C noodles. HI and GI were in the order; SPI/R/MTGase < SPI/MTGase < SPI/R < SPI/C noodles. Incorporation of SPI that was treated with MTGase and ribose may be useful for controlling the texture and starch hydrolysis of yellow noodles. These attributes may be due to the formation of γ-glutamyl-lysine bonds during incubation of SPI, and ribose-induced Maillard reaction during steaming of the noodles.     

Correlations between objective quality parameters and Korean sensory perceptions of dry salted wheat noodles

Abstract

A range of objective quality parameters from 10 diverse Australian wheats were evaluated for their relationship with previously reported data on sensory evaluation by Korean consumers of white salted noodles made from the wheats. These parameters were protein content, Falling Number and hardness for the wheats, protein content, Amylograph peak height, swelling power and Minolta colour for the flours, colour and cooking time for the dry noodle, and Minolta colour and texture measured by cutting force for the cooked noodle. For colour, significant correlations with Korean consumer preference were an inverse relationship with cooked noodle L? value but a direct relationship with flour L? value, and an inverse relationship with flour b? value. There was also a significant negative correlation between Korean consumer preferences and cutting force. The results suggest that Korean consumers prefer noodles made from white flour and with soft texture when cooked. Contrary to current views, no significant correlations existed between sensory scores of Korean consumers and either Brabender viscosity and flour swelling power.     

Studies on suitability of wheat flour blends with sweet potato,colocasia and water chestnut flours for noodle making

Blends of refined wheat flour (RWF) with colocasia (CF), sweet potato (SPF) and water chestnut (WCF) flours respectively at replacement level of 25 g/100 g were assessed for their suitability for noodles making. All the native flours as well as their blends with RWF exhibited restricted swelling behavior. Incorporation of SPF or CF into RWF decreased the peak viscosity of flour blends. Noodles prepared from respective flour blends of SPF and CF with RWF showed lower cooking time, higher cooked weight, higher water uptake and higher gruel solid loss in comparison to control sample (RWF noodles). Among blend flours noodles, RWF and SPF blend noodles were rated superior for their organoleptic/eating characteristics of slipperiness, firmness, appearance but undesirable high value of tooth packing. Noodle with acceptable quality characteristics and decreased level of gluten, which may prove beneficial for celiac persons, can be developed using RWF blends with non-conventional flours like colocasia, sweet potato and water chestnut.     

Effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca2+ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles

This study explored the effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca²⁺ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles. Rice flour noodles were prepared by partially substituting rice flour with pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch in ratios of 5, 10 and 15% (wt/wt), combined with sodium alginate at 1% (wt/wt). The noodles were then immersed in a calcium chloride solution to set the alginate. Results indicated that the hydrocolloids significantly (P < 0.05) increased noodle tensile strength, hardness, water absorption and optimum cooking time while cooking loss was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. SEM micrographs showed a denser, compact noodle structure with an increase in the matrix's continuity as a result of hydrocolloids addition. Formulated noodles also scored above average (5.91) sensory acceptability on the 7 points hedonic scale. Overall, results proved promising for the preparation of rice flour noodles with enhanced properties.     

Improvement of Chinese noodle quality by supplementation with arabinoxylans from wheat bran

This study was performed to investigate the effects of arabinoxylans on Chinese noodles quality. Unmodified arabinoxylans (UAX) and modified arabinoxylans (MAX) were added to wheat flour at 0.25–2.0% (w/w), and noodle samples were evaluated in terms of colour, free sulfhydryl groups, disulphide bond, water, texture properties and cooking characteristics. As the amounts of arabinoxylans increased, dough sheet became darker, and the texture of the cooked noodles increased and then deteriorated after 1% of arabinoxylans addition. The content of free sulfhydryl groups fluctuated and decreased by 15.4% and by 19.3% after the addition of 0.5% of UAX and MAX, respectively. The relaxation time T₂ decreased with increased amounts of arabinoxylans. Generally, the water absorption increased and cooking loss rate decreased up to 1.0% of arabinoxylan addition. Our results confirm that using 0.25–1.0% arabinoxylans in wheat flour, it was possible to increase both the nutrition and quality of Chinese noodles.     

半干法磨制对小米粉及面条品质特性的影响

为实现小米在传统主食中的多样化应用,研究半干法磨制工艺对小米粉和小米面条品质特性的影响。通过 损伤淀粉测定仪、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、混合实验仪等测定小米粉的物理特性和功能 特性;通过低场核磁共振仪、蒸煮实验、质构仪测定小米面条的品质特性,并进行感官评价。结果表明：与干法 磨制相比,润米水分质量分数22%和26%的半干磨小米粉淀粉损伤程度低,平均粒径较小（P＜0.05）,表现出较 高的淀粉结晶性和较好的结构完整性,由其制备的面团吸水率高,稳定时间长（P＜0.05）。胶凝特性方面,润米 水分质量分数26%的半干磨小米粉在加热过程中吸水能力强,具有较好的溶胀能力（P＞0.05）,表现为峰值黏度 增加,而且对淀粉回生具有更大的抗性（P＜0.05）。此外,半干磨小米粉增强了小米面条中水分与其他组分的结 合能力,且使小米面条在质构上富有弹性、低黏性,有口劲,蒸煮损失小（P＜0.05）。偏最小二乘回归法分析表 明,小米磨制过程中造成的淀粉损伤水平比粒径大小对小米粉及其加工制品具有更为重要的影响。由于淀粉损伤程 度最低,润米水分质量分数26%的小米半干法磨制后可获得品质优良的小米粉与小米面条,这为小米的工业化深加 工提供了一种可行的磨制方法。     

Modification in physical properties of rice gel by microbial transglutaminase

BACKGROUND: Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) may catalyse the cross‐linking between a peptide‐bound glutaminyl residue and an ε‐amino group of lysine residue in protein. MTGase has been used to modify many food proteins for improving the physical properties of products. However, its effect on the physical properties of rice products has not been investigated before. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of MTGase, as an additive in rice flour, on the rheological, textural and thermal properties of rice gel. RESULTS: Both the elastic and the viscous moduli of rice gel were increased as a result of the addition of MTGase to rice flour. The addition of MTGase at 0.01–0.3 U mg^?1 increased textural parameters (hardness and gumminess) and rheological properties. Differential scanning calorimetry also showed that MTGase treatment decreased the enthalpy change in gelation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) confirmed that rice proteins were polymerised through the MTGase reaction. CONCLUSION: The present study proved that the cross‐linking of protein molecules in rice flour by the action of MTGase may improve the physical properties of rice gel. The addition of MTGase in rice flour in an adequate amount is essential for achieving appropriate physical properties of the product. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

乳化剂对鲜湿面货架期内水分迁移及热力学影响

为探析乳化剂对鲜湿面货架期内水分迁移及热力学特性的影响,利用低场核磁共振仪、扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热（differential scanning calorimeter,DSC）仪,检测硬脂酰乳酸钠（sodium stearyl lactate,SSL）添加组、β-环糊精（beta-cyelodextrin,β-CD）添加组及空白（control check,CK）组鲜湿面货架期内水分迁移、微观结构和热力学特征。结果表明：贮藏7?d,鲜湿面结合水含量A21和不易流动水含量A22逐渐减少,自由水含量A23逐渐增大;SSL和β-CD均增大了鲜湿面A21和A22（P＜0.05）,且减小了A23（P＜0.05）,增大了贮藏前期结合水弛豫时间T21和不易流动水弛豫时间T22,其大小均为：SSL＞β-CD＞CK（P＜0.05）;2?种乳化剂使得贮藏7?d的鲜湿面弛豫时间T2减小（P＜0.05）,且SSL和β-CD的影响效果有显著差异（P＜0.05）;贮藏7?d鲜湿面的重结晶融化温度Tp和T0及老化焓ΔH越来越大;SSL和β-CD减缓了Tp、T0和ΔH的增加速率（P＜0.05）,SSL和β-CD分别使CK组ΔH从（1.81±0.05）J/g减小到（1.37±0.12）J/g和（1.31±0.04）J/g;SSL和β-CD使得鲜湿面微观结构表面光滑,水分分布均匀,面筋结构稳定,且SSL和蛋白连接紧密,β-CD和淀粉形成了包裹结构。?     

Evaluation of Asian salted noodles in the presence of Amaranthus betacyanin pigments

The effect of betacyanin pigments from Amaranthus tricolor on the functional properties and colour of wheat flour in relation to the quality of Asian salted noodles was studied. Addition of Amaranthus pigments significantly decreased the viscosity of wheat flour pastes as well as hardness and adhesiveness of the gels. Low levels of Amaranthus pigments (0.1% and 0.5%) imparted a more pink shade to flour gels, dried raw noodles, and cooked noodles, whereas higher levels (1.0% and 2.0%) gave a more red shade with decreased brightness. Pigment addition at low levels had no significant effect on the cooking and textural properties of noodles, whereas high level (2.0%) did have a significant influence. Several RVA and textural parameters of wheat flour pastes and gels were highly correlated to quality of cooked noodles and may be used in predicting actual noodle quality in the presence of Amaranthus pigments.     

Effects of high temperature,high humidity,and cold storage on structure and qualities of whole oat flour noodles during processing

Gelation and structure of oat starch significantly affect qualities of whole oat flour noodles. During extrusion, the structure of noodles is loose, resulting in high cooking loss and poor texture. Therefore, oat noodles were treated with high temperature, high humidity (HTH), and cold storage (CS), and their structure and qualities were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CS, HTH could reduce the cooking loss of noodles from 10.12% to 6.13%, increase the hardness (65.59 g) and chewiness (20.67) of noodles, and effectively improve the sensory quality of noodles. The change in texture and sensory of noodles was due to HTH by accelerating the retrogradation of starch in noodles, promoting the cross-linking of starch molecules to form an ordered structure, causing an increase in the ordered degree and crystallinity of starch and making the structure of noodles denser. It made the mobility of water in the noodles decrease, and more tightly bound water was transformed into weakly bound water and free water. HTH can be applied to industrial production of whole oat flour noodles. This study could effectively guide the production of high-quality whole oat flour noodles without any food additives.     

Effects of water requirement and substitution level on wheat–rice noodles with hydrocolloids

Substitution of wheat flour with rice flour in noodles can increase rice flour utilization, reduce cost, and lower the allergenicity of wheat gluten. High‐AM rice flour (32.5%) was used to dilute high‐protein wheat flour (14.8%) on account of its excellent gel‐forming properties. Target noodles should obtain qualities comparable to noodles made from all‐purpose wheat flour (10.4% protein). RSM technique was applied for optimization of substitution level, water requirement and hydrocolloid level. The coefficient of determination (R²) showed that only substitution level and water requirement could predict textural characteristics and lightness (L*) of cooked noodles. Increased amounts of rice flour resulted in a decrease in all cooked noodle textural qualities but an increase in L*. Water absorption of rice flour was significantly higher than that of wheat flour; therefore, increased water content of substituted wheat noodles was necessary. However, water requirement should correspond well with rice substitution level. CMC was observed to be more appropriate for use in wheat–rice noodles. Wheat–rice noodles were not significantly different from wheat noodles at 30–47% substitution, water requirement 43.5–59%, and 1.2–1.5% CMC. The addition of 1.5% Na₂CO₃ resulted in a significant improvement in cooked wheat–rice noodle texture (p ≤ 0.05).     

加水量对豌豆挂面品质的影响

研究加水量对豌豆挂面品质的影响规律,为豆类挂面加工中加水量的选择提供依据。以黄豌豆全粉为研究对象,将豆粉按照15%和25%的添加量与小麦粉混合,添加不同加水量制作成豌豆挂面,并对豌豆挂面品质进行分析。结果表明:当豌豆粉添加量为15%时,随着加水量的增加,干面条的光泽度和表观状态得分无显著性差异,面片颜色变暗;煮后面条的干物质损失率、感观评价的各项评分均无显著性差异。当豌豆粉添加量为25%时,随着加水量的增加,干面条的光泽度和表观状态得分增加,干物质吸水率和干物质损失率均呈下降趋势。加水量在32%和34%时,质构特性和微观结构优于其他加水量。28%加水量的挂面,其微观结构的表面和截面都非常粗糙,感观评价的总分最低,为77.2分。因此,豆粉添加量在15%时,适宜加水量为32%~36%;添加量在25%,适宜加水量为32%和34%。