The GI/M/1 queue and the GI/Geo/1 queue both with single working vacation

We first consider the continuous-time GI/M/1 queue with single working vacation (SWV). During the SWV, the server works at a different rate rather than completely stopping working. We derive the steady-state distributions for the number of customers in the system both at arrival and arbitrary epochs, and for the FIFO sojourn time for an arbitrary customer. We then consider the discrete-time GI/Geo/1/SWV queue by contrasting it with the GI/M/1/SWV queue.     

On the exact asymptotics for the stationary sojourn time distribution in a tandem of queues with light-tailed service times

We study the asymptotics of the stationary sojourn time Z of a “typical customer” in a tandem of single-server queues. It is shown that in a certain “intermediate” region of light-tailed service time distributions, Z may take a large value mostly due to a large value of a single service time of one of the customers. Arguments used in the paper also allow us to obtain an elementary proof of the logarithmic asymptotics for the tail distribution of the stationary sojourn time in the whole class of light-tailed distributions.     

Analytic and numerical aspects of batch service queues with single vacation

This paper deals with an M/G/1 batch service queue where customers are served in batches of maximum size b with a minimum threshold value a. The server takes a single vacation when he finds less than a customers after the service completion. The vacation time of the server is arbitrarily distributed. Using the supplementary variable method we obtain the probability generating functions of the queue length distributions at various epochs. We also obtain relations among queue length distributions at arbitrary, service (vacation) termination epochs. Further their evaluation is also discussed. Finally, some numerical results and graphs are presented.     

The stationary distribution invariance of states in a closed queueing network with temporarily non-active customers

A stationary functioning of a closed queueing network with temporarily non-active customers is analyzed. Non-active customers are located at network nodes in queues, being not serviced. For a customer, the feasibility of passing from its ordinary state to the temporarily non-active state (and backwards) is provided. Service times of customers at different nodes possess arbitrary distributions. Finally, the stationary distribution invariance of network states is established with respect to the functional form of customer service time distributions under fixed first-order moments.     

Steady state analysis and computation of the GI/M/1/L queue with multiple working vacations and partial batch rejection

This paper analyzes a finite-buffer bulk-arrival bulk-service queueing system with multiple working vacations and partial batch rejection in which the inter-arrival and service times are, respectively, arbitrarily and exponentially distributed. Using the supplementary variable and the embedded Markov chain techniques, we obtain the waiting queue-length distributions at pre-arrival and arbitrary epochs. We also present Laplace–Stiltjes transform of the actual waiting-time distribution in the queue. Finally, several performance measures and a variety of numerical results in the form of tables and graphs are discussed.     

Analysis of GI/M/s/c queues using uniformisation

We combine uniformisation, a powerful numerical technique for the analysis of continuous time Markov chains, with the Markov chain embedding technique to analyze GI/M/s/c queues. The main steps of the proposed approach are the computation of

• (1)the mixed-Poisson probabilities associated to the number of arrival epochs in the uniformising Poisson process between consecutive customer arrivals to the system; and
• (2)the conditional embedded uniformised transition probabilities of the number of customers in the queueing system immediately before customer arrivals to the system.

To show the performance of the approach, we analyze queues with Pareto interarrival times using a stable recursion for the associated mixed-Poisson probabilities whose computation time is linear in the number of computed coefficients. The results for queues with Pareto interarrival times are compared with those obtained for queues with other interarrival time distributions, including exponential, Erlang, uniform and deterministic interarrival times. The obtained results show that much higher loss probabilities and mean waiting times in queue may be obtained for queues with Pareto interarrival times than for queues with the other mentioned interarrival time distributions, specially for small traffic intensities.     

A M/D/1 vacation queue model for a signalized intersection

We consider a queueing system that arises in the modeling of isolated signalized intersections in a urban transportation network. In this system, the server alternates in two states, attended or removed, in respect to the queue, while in each state, the server will spend a constant time period with different value. It is assumed that the server is able to disperse up to r(r≥1) customers during a constant service cycle. The evolution of this queueing system can be characterized by a Markov chain embedded at equally spaced time epochs along the time axis. Transition matrix of this Markov chain is of the M/G/1 type introduced by Neuts so that matrix analytical method can be applied to obtain the necessary and sufficient criterion for ergodicity of this Markov chain as well as to compute its stationary distribution. Furthermore, the queue length and waiting time distributions with other performance measures are also given in this paper.     

Analysis of a nonpreemptive priority queue with SPP arrivals of high class

This paper considers a nonpreemptive priority queueing system with two priority classes of customers, where high priority customers arrive to the system in accordance with a switched Poisson process (SPP) and low priority customers in accordance with a Poisson process. Using the supplementary variable technique, we derive the joint probability generating function of the stationary queue length distributions and the Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of the stationary waiting time distributions of high and low priority customers. We also present some numerical results in order to show the computational feasibility of the analytical results.     

Two-phase queuing system with a threshold strategy of retrial calls

A two-phase queuing system (QS) has been considered; its first phase is represented by a single-linear system with retrial calls, and the second phase is represented by a multilinear (multiple) unbuffered QS. Queries arrive to the system in the group Markov flow. The system has two operational modes that differ by the strategy of the retrial attempts. Depending on the number of retrial calls, either a decentralized or centralized strategy of retrials is used. A stationary distribution of the system’s state probabilities at the embedded epochs and arbitrary time moments has been found, and formulae for the main characteristics of the system’s productivity have been obtained. Numerical examples are presented.     

Investigation of the M2/G2/1/∞,N queue with restricted admission of priority customers and its application to HSDPA mobile systems

This paper investigates a queuing system for QoS optimization of multimedia traffic consisting of aggregated streams with diverse QoS requirements transmitted to a mobile terminal over a common downlink shared channel. The queuing system, proposed for buffer management of aggregated single-user traffic in the base station of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), allows for optimum loss/delay/jitter performance for end-user multimedia traffic with delay-tolerant non-real-time streams and partially loss tolerant real-time streams. In the queuing system, the real-time stream has non-preemptive priority in service but the number of the packets in the system is restricted by a constant. The non-real-time stream has no service priority but is allowed unlimited access to the system. Both types of packets arrive in the stationary Poisson flow. Service times follow general distribution depending on the packet type. Stability condition for the model is derived. Queue length distribution for both types of customers is calculated at arbitrary epochs and service completion epochs. Loss probability for priority packets is computed. Waiting time distribution in terms of Laplace–Stieltjes transform is obtained for both types of packets. Mean waiting time and jitter are computed. Numerical examples presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the queuing system for QoS optimization of buffered end-user multimedia traffic with aggregated real-time and non-real-time streams.     

A Two-Queue Polling Model with Two Priority Levels in the First Queue

In this paper we consider a single-server cyclic polling system consisting of two queues. Between visits to successive queues, the server is delayed by a random switch-over time. Two types of customers arrive at the first queue: high and low priority customers. For this situation the following service disciplines are considered: gated, globally gated, and exhaustive. We study the cycle time distribution, the waiting times for each customer type, the joint queue length distribution at polling epochs, and the steady-state marginal queue length distributions for each customer type.     

A finite capacity BMAP K /G K /1 queue with the generalized foreground-background processor-sharing discipline

A queueing system with a batch Markov arrival process, several types of customers, generalized foreground-background processor-sharing discipline with minimal served length, and separate finite buffers for customers of different types or a common finite buffer for customers of all types is studied. Mathematical relations for computing the stationary joint distributions of the number of customers of all types in the system are derived.     

A Single-Server Queueing System with Background Customers

A single-server queueing system with a Markov flow of primary customers and a flow of background customers from a bunker containing unbounded number of customers, i.e., the background customer flow is saturated, is studied. There is a buffer of finite capacity for primary customers. Service processes of primary as well as background customers are Markovian. Primary customers have a relative service priority over background customers, i.e., a background customer is taken for service only if the buffer is empty upon completion of service of a primary customer. A matrix algorithm for computing the stationary state probabilities of the system at arbitrary instants and at instants of arrival and completion of service of primary customers is obtained. Main stationary performance indexes of the system are derived. The Laplace—Stieltjes transform of the stationary waiting time distribution for primary customers is determined.__________Translated from Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No. 6, 2005, pp. 74–88.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bocharov, Shlumper.     

The approximation analysis of the discrete-time Geo/Geo/1 system with additional optional service

This paper analyses a discrete-time Geo/Geo/1 queueing system, where all arriving customers demand the first essential service and some of them may further demand an additional optional service. The interarrival times, the service times of the essential service and the second optional service for arrivals are assumed to be random variables with Geometric distributions. Such a model has potential applications in computer or digital communication network systems. We model this system by the level-dependent and independent quasi-birth-death processes and develop efficient computation algorithms of the stationary distribution of the number of customers in the system using matrix analytic method. A cost model is derived to determine the optimal values of the two different service rates simultaneously at the minimal total expected cost per unit time. Illustrative numerical examples demonstrate the optimization approach.     

A BMAP/SM/1 Queueing System with Hybrid Operation Mechanism

A single-server queueing system BMAP/SM/1 is studied. It operates as a retrial queueing system under decentralized and centralized retrial strategies with and without loss of primary customers, as well as a system with waiting. The operation mechanism changes under the action of a random environment. The stationary state probability distributions at imbedded and arbitrary instants and main performance characteristics of the system are determined.__________Translated from Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No. 5, 2005, pp. 111–124.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Klimenok.     

Invariance of the stationary distribution of states of multimode service policy networks

We consider open and closed preemptive-resume queueing systems with absolute priority of incoming customers. Single-server nodes have several service modes (regimes); the time of switching between the modes is exponential. Switching can be made to adjacent modes only. The amount of work required for servicing an incoming customer (workload) is a random variable with an arbitrary distribution function. For an open network, the input flow is Poissonian. We prove that the stationary distribution of the network states is invariant with respect to a functional form of workload distributions if the first moments are fixed.     

Computing steady state probabilities in λ(n)/G/1/K queue

In this paper a recursive method is developed to obtain the steady state probability distribution of the number in system at arbitrary and departure time epochs of a single server state-dependent arrival rate queue λ(n)/G/1/K in which the arrival process is Markovian with arrival rates λ(n) which depend on the number of customers n in the system and general service time distribution. It is assumed that there exists an integer K such that λ(n) > 0 for all 0 n < K and λ(n) = 0 for all n K. Numerical results have been presented for many queueing models by suitably defining the function λ(n). These include machine interference model, queues with balking, queues with finite waiting space and machine interference model with finite waiting space. These models have wide application in computer/communication networks.     

Queueing analysis and optimal control of and systems

We first consider a finite-buffer single server queue where arrivals occur according to batch Markovian arrival process (BMAP). The server serves customers in batches of maximum size ‘b’ with a minimum threshold size ‘a’. The service time of each batch follows general distribution independent of each other as well as the arrival process. We obtain queue length distributions at various epochs such as, pre-arrival, arbitrary, departure, etc. Some important performance measures, like mean queue length, mean waiting time, probability of blocking, etc. have been obtained. Total expected cost function per unit time is also derived to determine the optimal value N^* of N at a minimum cost for given values of a and b. Secondly, we consider a finite-buffer single server queue where arrivals occur according to BMAP and service process in this case follows a non-renewal one, namely, Markovian service process (MSP). Server serves customers according to general bulk service rule as described above. We derive queue length distributions and important performance measures as above. Such queueing systems find applications in the performance analysis of communication, manufacturing and transportation systems.     

Geom/G/1/n system with LIFO discipline without interrupts and constrained total amount of customers

Consideration was given to the discrete-time queuing system with inversive servicing without interrupts, second-order geometrical arrivals, arbitrary (discrete) distribution of the customer length, and finite buffer. Each arriving customer has length and random volume. The total volume of the customers sojourning in the system is bounded by some value. Formulas of the stationary state probabilities and stationary distribution of the time of customer sojourn in the system were established.     

Analysis of discrete-time batch service renewal input queue with multiple working vacations

This paper investigates a discrete-time single server batch service queue with multiple working vacations wherein arrivals occur according to a discrete-time renewal process. The server works with a different service rate rather than completely stopping during the vacation period. The service is performed in batches and the server takes a vacation when the system does not have any waiting customers at a service completion epoch or a vacation completion epoch. We present a recursive method, using the supplementary variable technique to obtain the steady-state queue-length distributions at pre-arrival, arbitrary and outside observer’s observation epochs. The displacement operator method is used to solve simultaneous non-homogeneous difference equations. Some performance measures and waiting-time distribution in the system have also been discussed. Finally, numerical results showing the effect of model parameters on key performance measures are presented.