残余应力重分布引起的结构件铣削变形研究

航空铝合金结构件毛坯在成形过程中产生很大的残余应力,使得其在后续机械加工过程中极易发生翘曲变形,这已经成为国防武器快速开发和高效加工的瓶颈.采用有限元数值模拟技术,建立了航空铝合金板材残余应力释放引起加工变形的力学模型,分析了在7050T7451铝合金板材材料去除过程中残余应力释放引起的加工变形规律,并针对7050T7451隔框零件进行铣削加工变形实验研究,并与有限元模拟结果进行比较,验证了数值模拟结果具有较高的精确度.     

7075铝合金板预拉伸工艺研究

采用直接热力耦合的方法,引入7075铝合金高温下的流变应力特征曲线,对不同厚度的7075铝合金板材在实际淬火工艺下的淬火过程进行数值模拟,揭示铝合金板材淬火残余应力分布规律;考虑铝合金板材拉伸过程中的实际夹持方式,对不同厚度7075铝合金板材实际拉伸过程进行数值模拟,分析对比拉伸后残余应力分布规律,并对拉伸工艺进行优化,确定最佳拉伸率和锯切量,揭示厚度变化对淬火残余应力、拉伸后残余应力以及锯切量的影响规律.利用钻孔法对实际拉伸的7075铝合金板材进行拉伸后残余应力的试验测试,数值模拟结果与试验测试结果相吻合.研究结果表明,随着厚度的增加,淬火残余应力、最佳拉伸率以及锯切量都相应增大,锯切量中过渡区长度为板材厚度的60％～70％.     

基于流变应力特性的铝合金淬火残余应力数值模拟及试验研究

依据相关试验数据引入铝合金的流变应力特性曲线,对7075铝合金板材淬火过程进行温度场和应力场的直接热力耦合数值模拟,研究7075铝合金板材最终淬火残余应力的分布规律,并采用盲孔法对7075铝合金板材最终淬火残余应力进行测量,试验测量结果表明考虑铝合金流变应力特性的直接耦合法数值模拟出的铝合金淬火残余应力分布具有很好的准确度,同时借鉴相关文献的试验测量数据对直接耦合和准耦合两种数值模拟方法仿真出的铝合金板材内部最终淬火残余应力分布结果进行比较和评价,评比结果显示考虑铝合金流变应力特性的直接耦合数值模拟结果具有更好的准确度,能够准确模拟出铝合金板材内部最终淬火残余应力在厚度方向上(表面至中层)的非单调分布规律.     

残余应力作用下的航空整体结构件加工变形仿真

铝合金预拉伸板在成型过程中会产生较大的残余应力,在切削过程中毛坯的初始残余应力的释放对整体结构件的宏观变形有重要的影响。在弹塑性力学的基础上,综合运用Hypermesh和ABAQUS建立残余应力单因素作用下的三维铣削仿真加工变形场的有限元模型,利用生死单元技术模拟了材料的去除,分析了铝合金板材材料去除过程中残余应力释放引起的加工变形规律。并且运用Hypermesh提高了有限元前处理的速度,解决了复杂模型的残余应力加载困难与单元去除困难的问题。     

航空薄壁铝合金构件加工变形浅析

本文首先阐述了航空薄壁构件加工变形主要成因和控制措施,根据航空薄壁构件异构特点和诸多实际生产经验进一步总结薄壁构件切削加工难点,概述此类零件加工变形控制方法;其次从铝合金材料出厂的初始应力状态展开研究,对制备预拉伸铝合金板材过程中所形成残余应力的变化过程进行研究。基于弹塑性理论,搭建初始残余应力释放过程中的有限元模型。通过剥层测量实验,分析获取其基材内部残余应力的分布情况用以验证所建立有限元模型的正确性。     

7075T651铝合金板材内部初始残余应力分布研究

针对材料内部残余应力分布的传统剥层测量方法,对底部贴片的剥层法进行改进,通过测量底部释放的应变,结合有限元方法模拟残余应力释放过程中得到的各剥除层的应变释放系数,计算出了剥除层释放的残余应力。运用弹性力学理论推导得到了材料内部初始残余应力的修正公式。随后基于两种方法对典型7075T651航空铝合金预拉伸板的内部残余应力进行了测量,并对测量结果进行了分析和比较。结果表明,改进法能够有效评估材料内部初始残余应力分布规律,但是在个别深度处测量精度有待进一步提高。     

焊接残余应力引起铣削加工变形的研究

焊接过程会产生残余应力,铣削加工后焊接残余应力释放和重新分布对铣削变形产生很大影响.为了研究残余应力释放和重新分布规律,采用有限元方法以最小焊接残余应力作为初始应力对铣削加工进行了数值模拟,获得了焊接试验件铣削加工残余应力和变形,并对焊接残余应力释放和重新分布以及加工变形进行了分析.     

7075铝合金板淬火残余应力模拟及实验研究

铝合金板在淬火过程中产生较大的残余应力,导致构件出现变形、翘曲。采用准耦合法对7075铝合金板在淬火过程中的温度场和应力场进行数值模拟,利用盲孔法对淬火后的残余应力分布进行实验测量。结果表明,7075铝合金板淬火后残余应力呈现出外压内拉的分布状态,淬火过程中形成的较大温度梯度造成的不均匀塑性变形是应力产生的主要因素,铝板表层和心部冷却速度的变化导致了应力分布状态的转变。实验结果验证了准耦合模拟方法的可行性,研究结论为残余应力控制提供重要依据。     

铣削用量对铝合金已加工表面残余应力的影响

基于单因素试验法,在有限元分析软件DEFORM-3D中模拟了硬质合金刀具铣削7075-T6高强度铝合金的加工过程,获得了不同的铣削用量对已加工表面残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,随着主轴转速、每齿进给量和切削深度的增加,工件表面的残余应力有不同程度地增大;而切削宽度的变化对表面残余应力影响不太显著。研究结果为分析7075铝合金零件后续的加工变形和表面质量奠定了扎实的基础。     

铝合金铣削残余应力的研究进展

随着航空航天和汽车工业的发展,铝合金因其优良的性能得到了广泛应用,但铝合金铣削时出现的加工变形问题日益突出。铣削过程中产生的残余应力是导致加工变形的主要原因,相较于传统试验方法,有限元模拟仿真研究残余应力具有省时省力、节约成本的优点,更能获知应力场、应变场、温度场等重要信息,因此采用有限元技术对切削加工进行数值仿真将是未来研究铝合金结构件变形问题的大趋势。本文阐述了近年来国内外有限元模拟铣削过程的研究进展,总结了不同条件下对铣削铝合金残余应力的分析及研究成果。     

Comparison and analysis of main effect elements of machining distortion for aluminum alloy and titanium alloy aircraft monolithic component

Main effect elements of machining distortion for aluminum alloy and titanium alloy aircraft monolithic component are investigated by finite element simulation and experiment. Based on an analysis of milling process characters, finite element models of machining distortion are developed. Considering the action of initial residual stress, finite element simulation and analysis of machining distortion for aluminum alloy aircraft monolithic component are performed. Initial residual stress, cutting loads, and coupling action of these two effect factors are taken into account, respectively, to perform finite element simulations of machining distortion for titanium alloy aircraft monolithic component. The finite element simulation results are compared with experiment results and found to be in good agreement, indicating the validation of the proposed finite element models. The research results show that the initial residual stress in the blank is the main effect element of machining distortion for aluminum alloy aircraft monolithic component, while cutting loads (including cutting force and temperature) are the main effect element of machining distortion for titanium alloy aircraft monolithic component. To decrease machining distortion of aluminum alloy aircraft monolithic component, the initial residual stress in the blank must be controlled first. Similarly, to decrease machining distortion of titanium alloy aircraft monolithic component, the cutting loads must be controlled first.     

Machining distortion minimization for the manufacturing of aeronautical structure

The distortion of machined parts is a major concern in the manufacture of aeronautical monolithic structures. We investigated the influence of material removal partition on residual stress in high-strength aluminum alloy parts to minimize machining distortion. In the present study, a methodology of minimizing machining distortion based on an accurate cross-sectional residual stress determination is presented, which can be applied to avoid or minimize part distortions in advance by adapting machining strategies or process conditions. A powerful contour method was used first to measure bulk residual stress within the blank. Next, a finite element model was applied to predict machining distortion based on measured residual stress for analyzing part distortion. Finally, experimental verification was provided by comparing measured distortion and predicted distortion by the finite element analysis. This simulation showed that part distortion is mainly affected by the partition of material removal in T-shaped components. Our results also indicate that distortion can be minimized by optimizing the partition of material removal to ensure a symmetrical distribution of residual stress in the part so that the residual stress-induced bending moment could reach self equilibrium.     

残余应力引起的铣削变形有限元分析

应用弹性力学理论推导出了二维连续铣削过程中工件内应力再分布及其引起变形的计算递推公式.解决了有限元建模、初始应力加载、变形评估等仿真关键技术,建立了残余应力引起铣削变形的二维有限元仿真模型.最后对实例进行了仿真计算,分析了残余应力引起的加工变形规律,并用解析法对仿真结果的进行了验证.     

铝合金板淬火应力与框形零件变形的数值分析

在ABAQUS软件中模拟了2A12铝合金的淬火过程,进行了实际板材淬火和钻孔法应力测量试验,仿真所得板材表面应力值与实际测量结果误差约为10.1％～16.5％,且都具有对称分布的特点,说明通过淬火仿真获得的板材内应力分布与实际淬火相吻合.基于仿真的应力分布进行加工仿真,研究了单框零件相对板厚位置对加工变形的影响,提出了由板材加工框形零件的加工变形控制策略.     

加工工艺对表面粗糙度及疲劳寿命的影响

研究了5种加工工艺对7075-T7351铝合金飞机装配紧固孔表面粗糙度的影响，分析了影响表面粗糙度的因素；根据实验数据，采用回归分析方法，建立了进给量及切削速度对紧固孔表面粗糙度影响的经验公式；利用断裂力学的原理，探讨了表面粗糙度对紧固孔疲劳性能的影响。研究结果表明，采用一步复合制孔工艺产生的加工表面，表面粗糙度最小，抗疲劳破坏能力最强；采用钻扩铰多步慢进给和多步快进给工艺产生的加工表面则次之。影响紧固孔表面粗糙度的主要因素是毛刺、积屑瘤和鳞刺；适当减小进给量、增大切削速度是消除积屑瘤和鳞刺、降低表面粗糙度的重要手段。     

残余应力对航空整体结构件加工变形的影响分析

基于理论计算和有限元模拟,研究了毛坯的初始残余应力对大型整体结构件数控加工变形的影响,对单向 应力作用的矩形截面梁在剥层过程中的变形挠度值进行了求解。结果表明,理论解与有限元计算值是一致的。面 向工程应用,采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了残余应力对隔框类整体结构件加工变形的影响,并进行了试验验证。 有限元仿真结果与试验数值非常吻合。最后,根据工件加工变形的有限元模拟结果,提出了提高整体结构件制造 精度的工艺措施。     

钛合金TC4退火数值模拟

毛坯残余应力对薄壁件整体加工变形有重要影响。利用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS10.0对钛合金TC4进行退火过程数值模拟研究,通过数值模拟获得了退火过程中温度的变化、残余应力的分布及最终冷却后的残余应力状态。为研究TC4的加工变形规律,提供了具有初始残余应力场的数字化毛坯。     

A novel prediction model for thin plate deflections considering milling residual stresses

Residual stresses induced by machining coupled with the initial stresses can significantly impact mechanical properties of workpieces such as distortion, corrosion resistance, and dimensional stability. The redistribution pattern of residual stresses is extremely complex. The stress relieving can seriously deform the workpieces and reduce the fatigue life. Therefore, deflection prediction is critical for design, control, analysis, and management of machining. In this paper, an integrated modeling method is introduced to predict the deflection caused by milling residual stresses, to be more exact, to map the relationship between the deflections and the cutting parameters. Response surface design (RSD) is utilized to develop a new mathematical model which can predict the residual stress profiles of the workpieces along the cutting direction based on different cutting parameters. Then, the deflections are derived based on the estimated stress profiles and mechanics of materials theory. A finite element analysis model (FEM)-based simulation experiment using aluminum alloy 6061 as a case study has been implemented. The results from experiments indicate that the proposed approach could precisely estimate the residual stress profiles for given cutting parameters and effectively predict the deflections of the workpieces caused by residual stress.     

Effects of tool diameters on the residual stress and distortion induced by milling of thin-walled part

Residual stress has a sustained impact on the deformation of thin-walled parts after processing, raising the strict restrictions required in their using procedure. In general, with regard to thin-walled parts, different processing parameters will affect the distortion and residual stress generation of the workpiece, which play the key role in the machining. However, controlling the material removal rate is also quite critical to machining of thin-walled parts. In order to reach these goals, based on the relation between residual stress and uncut chip thickness (UCT), a method is proposed by optimizing the milling tool diameters. The research finding reveals that, by improving the tool diameter, at the same circular position, smaller UCT can be achieved. In addition, take 6 and 12 mm tool diameter as analysis cases; larger tool diameter can reduce the residual tensile stress distribution significantly (the ratio ranges from 13.9 to 34.7 %) and improve the material removal rate. Moreover, a typical thin-walled part is evaluated using different tool diameters (6 and 12 mm) by experiments, as the final distortion can be decreased by 60 % with 12-mm tool diameter. The distribution of machined surface and subsurface residual stress is turning to be more uniform. Hence, it proves that, under the goals of maintaining machining accuracy and material removal rate, also improving the distribution of residual stress, it is possible to achieve by controlling the UCT (tool diameters) in the processing of thin-walled. All these findings can help to enhance the milling precision of thin-walled parts, as well as control and optimize the residual stress distribution.