On avoiding RTS collisions for IEEE 802.11-based wireless ad hoc networks

The paper proposes an RCA (RTS collision avoidance) MAC protocol to reduce RTS collisions for IEEE 802.11-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). RTS/CTS exchanging is used for the resolution of the hidden terminal problem. However, the paper shows that, even the backoff counters of two stations are different, RTS frames are also collided to each other due to the hidden terminal problem. The situation would be getting worse in high traffic load or in a dense network. RTS collisions not only result in the following CTS or ACK collisions, but also induce false blocking problem, even dead locks of transmissions. To address the above problems, an RCA MAC protocol is proposed to reduce RTS collisions. The RCA protocol utilizes a narrow band, called the tone channel, to announce the RTS transmission in advance in order to preclude the RTS transmissions of two-hop neighbors. To reduce the channel and hardware overhead, an improvement to the RCA protocol is also devised, which only uses a single channel and one transceiver to reduce RTS collisions. The RCA protocol provides a type of fast collision detection and decreases the probability of RTS collisions, which is benefit for RTS/CTS exchange scheme. Meanwhile, the RCA protocol can reduce the retransmission cost and have lower control overhead than that of IEEE 802.11 DCF. In addition, simulation results verify the advantages of the RCA protocol in comparison with IEEE 802.11 DCF.     

基于显式阻塞通知的自组织网络MAC协议

IEEE802.11 DCF协议利用RTS/CTS握手机制解决无线网络中重要的隐终端问题.但是该协议并不能解决所有的隐终端问题,如隐接收终端问题.本文提出一种显式阻塞通知（Explicit Blocking Notification,EBN）机制的握手协议来解决无线自组织网络中的隐接收终端问题.通过采用RTS/CTS/BN/DATA/ACK握手序列来提前通知邻居节点隐终端的当前状态,避免邻居节点盲目的分组传输.仿真结果显示,EBN机制可以获得比IEEE802.11 DCF协议更加稳定的流量,同时节约带宽资源,减小分组延迟.     

Improving densely deployed wireless network performance in unlicensed spectrum through hidden-node aware channel assignment

It is well known that a wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard suffers from interference and scalability problems due to the limited number of non-overlapping channels. In order to mitigate the interference problem, channel assignment algorithms has been a popular research topic in recent years. It has been shown that such algorithms can greatly reduce the interference among wireless access points. However, in this paper, we show that previously proposed channel assignment algorithms may lead to an increased number of hidden nodes in dense network deployments. We also show that this can significantly decrease the performance of the network. Furthermore, we present results from experiments showing that the Request to send (RTS)/Clear to send (CTS) mechanism is unable to solve the hidden node problem in infrastructure WLANs, and therefore careful consideration needs to be taken when choosing channel assignment strategies in densely deployed wireless networks. To this end, we propose both a centralized channel assignment algorithm and a distributed channel assignment algorithm. Using a simulation study, we show that the proposed algorithms can outperform traditional channel assignment in densely deployed scenarios, in terms of QoS sensitive VoIP support without compromising the aggregate throughput, and that they are therefore a better performing alternative in such settings.     

Performance analysis of the broadband wireless network with decentralized control and hidden terminals

A new method of analytical modeling of the broadband wireless networks with hidden terminals operating under the IEEE 802.11 protocol was proposed. It was assumed that the network stations operate in saturation and access the wireless channel using both the basic and alternative RTS/CTS methods. Results of analytical modeling and simulation were presented.     

802.11协议中RTS/CTS机制的安全漏洞分析

802.11协议中的RTS/CTS机制可以解决隐藏节点问题,通过分析RTS/CTS机制中的安全漏洞,发现由于RTS/CTS握手过程中没有认证机制,攻击者可以通过连续发送设定足够大网络分配矢量值的伪造RTS/CTS帧,以达到拒绝服务攻击的目的。在理论分析的基础上,使用aircrack-ng的软件开发包,在真实的无线网络环境中进行了实验,实验结果显示,RTS/CTS机制确实存在着被拒绝服务攻击的安全漏洞,可随时被攻击者利用,需引起充分重视。     

基于模糊逻辑的多速率WLAN自适应MAC协议

针对DCF应用在多速率无线局域网中存在吞吐量异常和严重不公平性问题,提出了一个基于信道状态和节点速率的模糊自适应退避算法——RCFAB算法。仿真结果表明,RCFAB能够适应多速率WLAN,并有效地改善系统的吞吐量和接入公平性。     

无线局域网中一种自适应RTS门限调整算法

媒体访问控制是无线局域网的重要部分,决定了具有受限通信带宽的无线信道的共享效率.IEEE 802.11系列标准基于现有以太网技术,具有良好的操作性和兼容性,已发展成为WLAN的主要标准.IEEE 802.11 DCF中有两种接入方式:基本方式和RTS/CTS方式.RTS/CTS方式是IEEE 802.11无线网络的可选握手过程,用于减小碰撞的可能性.决定使用RTS/CTS握手方式的RTS门限值是研究的重要参数,不同的取值对数据传送会产生不同的性能特点.文章通过分析IEEE 802.11 DCF分组发送成功和碰撞的持续时间,获得了RTS和基本方式下分组传输时间开销与分组长度的关系.给出了以最小化分组传输时间代价为优化目标的最优RTS门限的计算公式.通过对当前信道分组发送的冲突概率的预测实现了最优RTS门限的计算;给出了一个具体的RTS门限自适应调整算法,使终端能自动调整其RTS门限以达到或接近最优值.仿真表明RTS门限自适应调整算法明显减小了分组传送时收发器发送单位比特数据的时间开销.     

Data rate,path length and network contention trade-off in IEEE 802.11s mesh networks: A dynamic data rate selection approach

Most of the commercially available wireless routers are equipped with multi-rate support to adopt physical data rates based on the channel condition fluctuations. The recent studies in multi-rate support have shown that low data rates are more effective when the channel error rate is high. Because of the physical layer modulation and signal decoding issues, low data rates are sustainable for long transmission ranges. Therefore, for multi-hop mesh networks, low data rates may scale down the end-to-end path length towards the destination in terms of number of hops, resulting in less end-to-end forwarding delay. However, for a network with high traffic load, long transmission ranges may increase contention for channel access among the contending neighbors. This paper uses the diffusion approximation method of queuing analysis to study the trade-off among data rate, end-to-end path length and network contention in a multi-rate mesh network built over the IEEE 802.11s specifications. From the observations of the theoretical analysis, a distributed and localized rate adaptation scheme is proposed for IEEE 802.11s mesh networks, by augmenting the standard peer selection, channel access and forwarding protocols. The performance of the proposed rate adaptation protocol is evaluated and compared with existing rate adaptation protocols using simulation results.     

一种基于邻接节点信息的合作式Ad Hoc网络协议

在802.11协议中,DCF（Distributed Coordination Function）机制是节点共享无线信道进行数据传输的基本接入方式,为了解决无线网络中隐藏节点问题,使用RTS/CTS机制减少冲突,然而当网络节点数增加时,节点传输的冲突次数亦增加,从而使网络性能明显下降。因此,需要设计新的MAC协议,以适应当前Ad Hoc网络应用的快速发展。在IEEE 802.11的分布式协调功能访问机制（DCF）基础上,本文设计新的节点合作式的网络协议（C-MAC）。C-MAC节点通过控制帧获得本节点2跳内的邻接节点信息,并且根据邻接节点的信息设计调度算法,使节点以轮询的合作方式传输数据,有效地避免冲突。仿真实验表明,在改变节点速率、帧长度、网络节点数等参数情况下,分别以吞吐量、单帧传输时间和公平性为指标,对DCF和C MAC协议进行性能比较。在节点传输速率为11Mbps时,C MAC协议吞吐量比标准DCF最多可增加50%。     

无线局域网的速率自适应算法设计与仿真分析

目前的IEEE802.11在物理层提供了不同的传输速率,因此根据不同的信道条件可以选择一个合适的传输速率,以使系统吞吐量达到最大。在WLANs中,当有多个用户向同一个接入点传输数据时,碰撞就会产生。Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation（CARA）算法能够有选择地启用Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send（RTS/CTS）识别出这种碰撞,很大程度上避免了由于碰撞引起的吞吐量下降。但随着碰撞的增加,CARA吞吐量还是有明显下降。为了提高吞吐量,提出了一种新的速率自适应算法Adaptive Avoid Collision Rate Adaptation（Adaptive-ACRA）,该算法根据信道条件不同改变门限值,有效地提高了大量碰撞存在情况下的吞吐量。最后,通过大量NS2仿真证明了新算法提高系统吞吐量的有效性。     

适用于水声传感网络的多链路传输MAC协议

针对水声传感网络存在的高时延、低信道利用率等问题,提出一种新的多链路传输介质访问控制协议.该协议节点通过RTS/CTS握手协议交互时延信息和传输计划,实现多条链路传输数据.在汇聚节点接收多个节点的数据时,汇聚节点根据节点的时延和接收的数据帧大小规划节点之间的发送顺序,避免传输冲突造成的能量损失和低信道利用率,同时为得到...     

多跳分布式无线网络环境下自适应获取冲突避免的多址接入协议

该文为多跳移动的分布式无线网络提出了一种新型的媒质接入控制（MAC）协议，即公共－发送信道式自适应获取冲突避免（AACA－CT）协议，在该协议中，每个节点预先监测记录周邻节点的信道使用情况，从而自适应地为自己选择发送信道，并且利用在公共信道上发送的RTS分组唤起收方使用各自的发送信道而实现无冲突的通信，它的主要思想在于资源预约可以简便地利用半双工无线电台以异步方式灵活，有效地在多个频段，多个跳频（FH）码或多个直接序列扩频（DSSS）码上实现，而且不依赖于功能强大的基站或中心控制器以及有线骨干网的帮助，性能分析和仿真结果表明，它能有效地克服隐藏终端和暴露终端问题，并且可以完全解决侵入终端问题。     

Ad Hoc网络中基于双向多信道预留的媒体接入算法

结合多信道和双向信道预留的策略,本文提出了一种新的应用于Ad Hoc网络的多信道媒体接入算法-NBMC算法,并对其吞吐量进行了性能分析。仿真实验结果表明,与IEEE802.11DCF相比,NBMC算法使Ad Hoc网络上的TCP吞吐量和各TCP流信道占用的公平性都得到了有效的改善。     

Distributed channel assignment algorithms for 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients

As the latest IEEE 802.11 standard, 802.11n applies several new technologies, such as multiple input multiple output (MIMO), channel bonding, and frame aggregation to greatly improve the rate, range and reliability of wireless local area networks (WLANs). In 802.11n WLANs, access points (APs) are often densely deployed to provide satisfactory coverage. Thus nearby APs should operate at non-overlapping channels to avoid mutual interference. It is challenging to assign channels in legacy 802.11a/b/g WLANs due to the limited number of channels. Channel assignment becomes more complex in 802.11n WLANs, as the channel bonding in 802.11n allows WLAN stations (APs and clients) to combine two adjacent, non-overlapping 20MHz channels together for transmission. On the other hand, IEEE 802.11n is backward compatible, such that 802.11n clients will coexist with legacy clients in 802.11n WLANs. Legacy clients may affect the performance of nearby 802.11n clients, and reduce the effectiveness of channel bonding. Based on these observations, in this paper, we study channel assignment in 802.11n WLANs with heterogeneous clients. We first present the network model, interference model, and throughput estimation model to estimate the throughput of each client. We then formulate the channel assignment problem into an optimization problem, with the objective of maximizing overall network throughput. Since the problem is NP-hard, we give a distributed channel assignment algorithm based on the throughput estimation model. We then present another channel assignment algorithm with lower complexity, and aim at minimizing interference experienced by high-rate, 802.11n clients. We have carried out extensive simulations to evaluate the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that our algorithms can significantly improve the network throughput of 802.11n WLANs, compared with other channel assignment algorithms.     

Throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 multirate WLANs with collision aware rate adaptation algorithm

This paper presents a mathematical model that analyzes the throughput of the IEEE 802.11b distributed coordination function (DCF) with the collision aware rate adaptation (CARA) algorithm. IEEE 802.11 WLANs provide multiple transmission rates to improve system throughput by adapting the transmission rate to the current channel conditions. The system throughput is determined by some stations using low transmission rates due to bad channel conditions. CARA algorithm does not disturb the existing IEEE 802.11b formats and it can be easily incorporated into the commercial wireless local area networks (WLAN) devices. Finally, we verify our findings with simulation.     

两次更新NAV防止信道抢占攻击的研究

文章根据IEEE 802.11的规定,为了避免信号干扰,采用一种基于NAV的虚拟介质监听技术.协议中要求节点在探测到RTS/CTS数据包之后利用其中的Duration域设置自己的NAV时间,然后开始倒计时直到NAV内时间耗尽.在NAV内时间还未结束之前,节点认为信道处于忙碌状态,既不会向网络中别的节点发进数据包,也不会尝试去监听信道.基于上述理论,可以伪造Duration域的数值,使其长于正常数据包需要占用信道的时间,以此影响网络的质量和性能.IEEE 802.11中同时规定,接收节点在收到Data数据包后,需要发送ACK数据包给发送节点作为数据包成功发送的标志.在此过程中,设计接收节点在发送Data数据包之后再次更新一跳范围内的所有节点NAV为正常值,发送节点在收到ACK数据包后,也更新一跳范围内的所有节点NAV为正常值.以此来防止恶意占用信道的攻击.     

Fuzzy logic-based performance improvement on MAC layer in wireless local area networks

There are many studies that have been done to improve the quality of service of wireless local area networks (WLANs). Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) WLAN are based on IEEE 802.11 protocol. The 802.11e medium access control (MAC) protocol is generally recommended for efficient quality of service in WLANs. There are many parameters in the MAC protocol that affect quality of services. Among these parameters, request to send threshold value (RSTV), fragmentation threshold value (FTV) and buffer size (BS) directly affect network performance. RSTV is used in the request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) mechanism in the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol for collision prevention. This parameter specifies the threshold used to activate the CSMA/CA protocol. FTV is another parameter that is used to send large-sized packets by dividing them into appropriate fragments during CSMA/CA transmission and reduces packet loss in WLAN. BS is another parameter that has a significant cost in the CSMA/CA model and also directly affects the performance. In this article, to improve the performance of WLANs, OPNET Modeler was used and ideal values were obtained for RSTV, FTV and BS by using fuzzy logic-based method. The values obtained by fuzzy logic were re-tested in OPNET Modeler, and the achieved improvement was as follows: for delay 36–38%, for load 2–10% and for throughput 25–44%, respectively. Thus, in WLANs, performance was improved by using fuzzy logic-based method.

     

Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation in multi-rate WLANs: Design and implementation

Many rate adaptation algorithms have been proposed for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN devices and most of them operate in an open-loop manner, i.e., the transmitter adapts its transmission rate without using the feedback from the receiver. A key problem with such transmitter-based rate adaptation schemes is that they do not consider the collision effect. Accordingly, they often result in severe throughput degradation when many transmission failures are due to frame collisions. In this paper, we present a transmitter-based rate adaptation scheme, called CARA (Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation), and its MadWifi-based implementation. The key idea of CARA is that the transmitter combines adaptively the RTS/CTS (Request-to-Send/Clear-to-Send) exchange with the CCA (Clear Channel Assessment) functionality in order to differentiate frame collisions from transmission failures due to channel errors. The effectiveness of CARA schemes is evaluated via extensive ns-2 simulations and testbed experimentations.     

基于IEEE802.11的无线Ad Hoc网络的接入性能研究及算法改进

在研究IEEE802.11标准的基础上,查阅了Ad Hoc网络信道接入的相关资料,分析了IEEE 802.11信道接入协议的优缺点,提出了对IEEE 802.11DCF工作模式的改进建议,以提高整个系统的性能.本文所作的主要工作包括以下几个方面:1.对IEEE802.11所采用的BEB退避机制,在分析了其缺点的基础上,参照了相关的改进算法,如MILD、LMILD、EIED等,提出了基于信道状况,根据信道忙闲程度的不同来设定相应的竟争窗口的退避机制,缓解了信道接入时发生的不公平性,提高了系统吞吐量.2.对DCF的工作机制进行了改动,在延迟阶段对信道进行探测,以避免出现错误的阻塞,同时,根据节点收发RTS/CTS的情况,探测信道的状况,来确定是否可以并行传送数据,以提高吞吐量.3.对原有的IEEE8 02.11中RTS/CTS和DATA报文的重传门限进行了改进,引入了一种自适应机制来进行门限值得设定,以减少报文被丢弃的可能性,从而达到减少触发TCP拥塞控制机制可能性的目的,从而提高系统的吞吐量.4.使用网络仿真器NS2对相关的改进进行了模拟仿真,仿真结果表明,与原有的接入方案相比,改进后的方案在网络性能方面有所提高.本文针对IEEE802.11的缺陷,提出了一些改进,为Ad Hoc网络的研究,提供了一些参考,具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义.     

面向多跳无线网络的无冲突MAC协议

多跳无线网络中隐藏节点导致节点之间的冲突频繁、数据重传率高、网络吞吐量下降.而802.11 DCF 中的RTS/CTS(ready-to-send/clear-to-send)机制不能有效地防止隐藏节点,特别是随着网络中节点通信速率的提高,由 于节点的信噪比要求也相应提高,接收节点受到更大范围内隐藏节点的干涉,RTS/CTS 机制防止隐藏节点的效率急剧降低.首先,在考虑网络积累干涉以及环境噪音的情况下分析了多跳无线网络中的隐藏节点问题.然后,提出一种双信道无冲突MAC(media access control)协议DCCFMA(double channel collision free media access).DCCFMA 协议采用双信道结构,接收节点根据数据信道中发送节点的信号强度动态调节控制信道的发射功率,以完全覆盖接收节点周围所有的隐藏节点,保证接收节点在接收过程中不受干涉.DCCFMA 协议能够有效地解决多跳无线网络中的隐藏节点问题.仿真结果表明,与802.11DCF 相比,DCCFMA 机制下的平均网络吞吐量增加了24%.