冷轧和时效过程中1RK91不锈钢的组织与性能演变

利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、维氏硬度计、万能材料试验机等研究了1RK91不锈钢冷轧过程中应变诱发马氏体组织转变及时效工艺对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:1RK91不锈钢冷轧过程中发生应变诱发马氏体相变,应变诱发马氏体的形核取决于冷轧中位错的增殖与运动,受变形温度影响。材料的强度和位错密度随冷轧变形量的增大而增大,固溶和75%冷轧后抗拉强度分别为903 MPa和1195 MPa,位错密度分别为5.75×10¹⁰ cm^-2和8.84×10¹⁰ cm^-2,计算得到该钢的冷加工强化系数为3.89 MPa/%。常规时效下,固溶和75%变形量的峰值硬度分别为499 HV0.2和610 HV0.2,分级时效后峰值硬度分别为513 HV0.2和639 HV0.2。随变形量的增大,常规时效处理材料峰值硬度增加,达到峰值硬度的温度降低,总体上分级时效处理后具有更高的峰值硬度和更好的抗过时效能力。     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷轧断带的影响因素

对节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷轧断带进行金相显微观测和电子探针分析.结果表明,形变诱发马氏体组织所加剧的加工硬化与冶炼时所产生的气孔缺陷的共同作用是冷轧断带的原因.保留必要的镍含量,工艺上选择合适的轧制工艺、中间退火是保证其冷轧质量的关键.     

Effect of grain size on strain-induced martensitic transformation start temperature in an ultrafine grained metastable austenitic steel

Tensile tests were used to investigate the effect of grain size on the strain-induced martensitic transformation start temperature in metastable austenitic steel with special attention to ultrafine grain size. The austenite grains were refined to submicron size by the strain-induced martensite and its reverse transformations (SIMRT), which occurred during a conventional cold rolling and annealing process. The start temperature of the straininduced martensitic transformation was linearly lowered with a decrease in austenite grain size, even down to submicron grain sizes. This result is due to the decrease in grain size causing an increase in the temperature dependency of the strain-induced martensitic transformation and higher austenite stability brought about by grain refinement.     

A repetitive thermomechanical process to produce nano-crystalline in a metastable austenitic steel

Nano-crystalline grains of about 100 nm were obtained in a metastable austenitic steel by a repetitive thermomechanical process consisting of conventional cold rolling and annealing. The nano-grained austenite was transformed on annealing from the strain-induced martensite, which had formed during cold rolling. The nano-structured austenitic steel exhibits not only high strength (above 1 GPa) but also good elongation (above 30%).     

一种低碳含钒超高强高锰TRIP钢组织性能的研究

为获得具有优异强塑性匹配的高锰TRIP钢,对固溶处理的低碳含钒高锰钢采用不同压下率的冷轧及600℃低温退火处理,利用微观分析和性能测试手段对其微观组织演变和力学性能进行了研究.结果 表明,冷轧压下率对低温退火后的低碳含钒高锰钢微观组织和力学性能有重要影响.随着冷轧压下率的增加,该钢低温退火后的晶粒尺寸减小,奥氏体含量增...     

冷轧压下率对1180 MPa级复相钢组织性能的影响

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟机模拟1180 MPa级复相钢连续退火过程,利用扫描电镜和拉伸试验机研究冷轧压下率对复相钢组织演变规律及力学性能的影响。结果表明,在相同热处理条件下,随着冷轧压下率的增加,复相钢中马氏体、贝氏体所占比例逐渐减小,铁素体回复再结晶程度逐渐增加,复相结构逐渐减弱;冷轧压下率越大,后续热处理过程中的碳原子扩散能力越强,力学性能逐渐下降;当冷轧压下率为30%时,试验钢组织内部的铁素体、马氏体、贝氏体三相复合结构最完整,此时试验钢具有最优的强度与塑性。     

冷轧工艺对301L不锈钢组织及性能的影响

对1.5 mm厚的301L不锈钢板材进行多道次冷轧试验,得到压下率分别为20%,30%,40%的板材;通过对冷轧板材的拉伸试验、金相分析、SEM分析、XRD衍射分析及硬度测试,研究冷轧压下率对301L不锈钢组织及性能的影响规律。研究表明,随着冷轧压下率的增大,301L不锈钢中的应变诱发马氏体会逐渐增多,材料的屈服强度由789 MPa提高至1260 MPa,抗拉强度由977 MPa提高至1317 MPa,显微硬度则提高了120 HV;材料出现晶粒碎化现象,产生细晶强化;同时,由于301L不锈钢中的马氏体相变,20%压下率的301L不锈钢拉伸应变硬化指数要高于30%压下率的301L不锈钢。     

退火温度对冷轧Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢组织与力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸试验机、X射线衍射以及背散射电子衍射等技术方法研究了退火温度对冷轧态Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢冷轧后的微观组织主要为δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体、马氏体与碳化物,退火后的组织主要由δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体与碳化物组成,其中奥氏体含量因马氏体逆转变而随着退火温度升高而增加。随着退火温度的升高,屈服强度、抗拉强度均逐渐降低,伸长率逐渐提高。当退火温度达到800 ℃时,试验钢的强塑积达到27.84 GPa·%,有较好的综合力学性能。     

Thermal stability of nanocrystalline layer prepared by surface mechanical attrition in 0Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

By means of surface mechanical attrition (SMA), a nanostructured surface layer was formed on a 0Cr18Ni9Ti austenite stainless steel plate. A strain-induced martensite transformation was observed during SMA treatment, and a single magnetic martensite phase layer with thickness of about 30 μm was gotten. The grain growth and phase transformations in the nanocrystalline layer are investigated during heating. The grain growth exponent for nanocrystalline polycrystalline steel is estimated. The kinetics mechanism governing the grain growth in the nanocrystalline layer is discussed. The martensite in the surface layer is quite stable and the temperature at which the reverse transformation of martensite to austenite starts during heating is about 500 ℃.     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢组织性能及控制机理研究

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢生产中合理控制其C、N含量和Cr、Ni当量,使其冷加工硬化小,拉深成形性能优异,形变诱导马氏体量少,时效开裂风险小,室温下奥氏体组织稳定是其生产应用的关键技术难点。为此,研究了不同化学成分节镍型奥氏体不锈钢在热轧、退火、冷轧退火后的金相组织及力学性能,分析了奥氏体稳定性和冷轧形变诱导马氏体相变的控制规律。结果表明:试验钢在热轧后奥氏体组织呈未完全再结晶状态,退火后奥氏体组织再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸为12～14 μm,且低的碳含量有利于改善碳化物的析出情况;试验钢冷轧变形过程中马氏体转变受奥氏体稳定性的影响,即受M_d30/50温度控制及化学成分的影响,M_d30/50温度值越高,镍当量越小,奥氏体稳定性越差,形变诱导马氏体含量越高,冷轧变形抗力越大,在退火过程越容易发生马氏体向奥氏体的逆转变,形成晶粒尺寸呈“双峰”状分布的混晶组织。因此,化学成分设计是实现节镍型奥氏体不锈钢性能的基础;同时,将本试验钢冷轧退火温度从1 080 ℃提高到1 100 ℃,且降低退火工艺速度,以延长带钢在退火炉内的时间,使奥氏体晶粒充分长大,控制晶粒尺寸为8.0～9.0级,才能保证钢卷获得良好的使用性能。     

Optimization of flow stress in cool deformed Nb-microalloyed steel by combining strain induced transformation of retained austenite, cooling rate and heat treatment

In this study cool deformation was incorporated in the overall thermo-mechanical processing of a Nb-microalloyed steel. Included in this was the effect of cooling rate subsequent to hot rolling on precipitate formation in the ferrite phase. The results show that increasing the cooling rate prevents precipitate formation in the ferrite phase at the cool deformation temperature. As well, the amount of retained austenite under the low cooling condition in the temperature range of cool deformation, 700-300 °C, was measured by neutron diffraction. It is then shown that strain-induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite is the main factor in increasing the strength of cool deformed Nb microalloyed steel. Combining accelerated cooling, strain-induced transformation of austenite to martensite during cool deformation and a subsequent heat treatment stage to increase precipitation maximizes the flow stress of the steel. Finally, it is shown that this process also lowers the yield strength/ultimate strength ratio.     

冷轧对M50钢马氏体/贝氏体复相组织与力学性能的影响

利用X射线衍射仪(XRD) 、扫描电镜(SEM) 、透射电镜(TEM)、室温拉伸和冲击性能测试研究了冷轧对M50钢马氏体/贝氏体(M/B)复相组织和性能的影响。结果表明:20%冷轧变形量的试样经等温淬火后具有最佳的抗拉强度(2535.7 MPa)和冲击性能(96.93 J),相比变形量为0%的试样,冲击吸收能量提高了约21%,抗拉强度提高了约5%。当变形量小于20%时,随着变形量的增加,M/B复相组织逐渐细化且在20%的冷轧变形量下组织最细;当变形量大于20%时,随着变形量的增加,贝氏体束减少,其对马氏体板条的分割作用减弱,导致组织呈现一定的粗化。     

热轧带状组织对冷轧双相钢组织性能的影响

研究了不同热轧卷取温度下带状组织的变化对冷轧连退双相钢组织性能的影响,分析了热轧组织的遗传性对连退后马氏体组织的影响,以及弥散分布的马氏体与连续分布的马氏体对成品力学性能的影响。结果表明,热轧卷取温度为550 ℃时,带状组织比其他卷取温度下的带状组织有所改善,得到的冷轧连退组织中的马氏体比较弥散,弥散分布的马氏体要比连续分布的马氏体具有更好的塑性指标。     

Thermomechanical treatment of austempered ductile iron

The production of lightweight ferrous castings with increased strength properties became unavoidable hter aluminum and magnesium castings. The relatively new ferrous casting alloy ADI offers promising strength prospects, and the thermo-mechanical treatment of ductile iron may suggest a new fluence of thermomechanical treatment,either by ausforming just after quenching and before the onset of austempering reaction or by cold rolling after of this work, ausforming of ADI up to 25％ reduction in height during a rolling operation was found to add a mechanical processing component compared to the conventional ADI heat treatment, thus increasing the rate ics of ausferrite formation was studied using both metallographic as well as XRD-techniques. The effect of ausforming on strength was quite dramatic (up to 70％ and 50％ increase in the yield and ultimate strength respectively). A mechanism involving both a refined microstructural scale and an elevated dislocation density was suggested. Nickel eformation is necessary to alleviate the deleterious effect of alloy segregation on ductility.luence of cold rolling (CR) on the mechanical properties and structural characteristics ofADI wasinvestigated. The variation in properties was related to the amount of retained austenite nsformation. In the course of tensile deformation of ADI, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) takes place, indicated by the increase of the instantaneous value of strain-hardening exponent with o partial transformation of γr to martensite under the CR strain. Such strain-induced transformation resulted in higher amounts of mechanically generated therefore increased, while ductility and impact toughness decreased with increasing CR reduction.     

Phase Transformation and Texture Evolution During Cold Rolling and alpha '-M Reversion in High Manganese TRIP SteelEI北大核心CSCD

To meet the requirement of environment, economy and safety, advanced high strength steels including dual phased (DP), complex phased (CP), transformation- induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are widely used for automotive steel. Among them, high manganese TWIP and TRIP steels are particularly appealing due to their outstanding tensile strength and elongation. In contrast to high manganese TWIP steel, high manganese TRIP steel exhibits higher strength and work hardening rate due to strain induced martensitic transformation. The enhanced mechanical properties of high manganese TRIP steel are determined by both the stability of the retained austenite (gamma) and the initial microstructure. Strain induced martensitic transformation and subsequent reversion from deformed martensite to gamma during annealing is often applied as one of the most effective methods for microstructure improvement. Microstructure and texture characteristics of high manganese TRIP steel during cold rolling together with the reversion of deformed bcc martensite (alpha'-M) at high temperature were investigated. It is shown that the gamma was almost completely transformed into alpha'-M at medium cold rolling reduction. And a higher reduction after alpha'-M saturation resulted in dominantly the deformation of alpha'-M, hence thin laths paralleled to the rolling direction (RD) were obtained. The main components in alpha'-M were {113}< 110 >, {554}< 225 > and rotated cube ({001}< 110 >) textures at medium cold rolling reduction, which are the typical phase transformation textures. The {113}<110> texture rotated toward a more stable orientation {223}< 110 > and led to a strong cold rolling texture (< 110 >//RD) with increasing reduction. The reversion of martensite and recrystallization of gamma proceeded at temperature ranging from 650 degrees C to 850 degrees C. The reversion of alpha'-M proceeded in a diffusional mechanism, accompanying with the redistribution of Mn and Al between gamma and alpha'-M. Deformed alpha'-M was merged by the adjacent gamma, and columnar gamma grains with a large amount of subgrains were obtained. The texture of reverted gamma was approximately the same as that of the deformed gamma, this phenomenon called texture inheritance was formed by the direct growth of gamma. Subsequently, recrystallization of gamma grains occurred by sub-grain coalescence and the columnar g grains were instead by equiaxed gamma grains.     

双相区轧制对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织性能的影响

采用双相区(α+γ)轧制及双相区短时保温处理相结合的方式,制备了一种高强高韧性低碳低合金铁素体/马氏体双相钢,并采用SEM、室温拉伸试验和维氏硬度检测等手段研究了不同轧制工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:相对于普通的连续轧制工艺,等温轧制和道次之间短时保温处理相结合的工艺对铁素体/马氏体双相钢的相比例、形貌和尺寸有重要影响。等温轧制及短时保温处理的双相钢的组织明显细化,马氏体相比例增加,组织均匀性显著改善,屈服强度提升了34%,达到1229 MPa,屈强比高达0.78,断口为韧性断口特征,呈细小韧窝状,具有良好的综合力学性能。     

残留/逆转变奥氏体对改善高强度不锈钢-196℃超低温冲击性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、SEM和XRD等手段研究了淬火+低温回火处理的0Cr16Ni6高强度不锈钢和过时效处理的00Cr11Ni11MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢,并分析了残留/逆转变奥氏体对试验钢超低温缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能的影响.结果表明,在两种试验钢室温强韧性相近的情况下,0Cr16Ni6钢在超低温下(-196℃)的缺口抗拉...     

304不锈钢应变诱发α''''马氏体相变及对力学性能的影响

借助于C射线衍射，研究了C、Mn、Cr和Ni含量对304奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能和应变诱发马氏体相变倾向的影响。结果表明：C、Mn、Cr和Ni在允许的成分范围内变化，应变诱发α’马氏体相变倾向差异很大，这导致屈服强度和抗拉强度复杂的变化，尽管应变诱发α’马氏体相变使加工硬化速率提高，相变可以诱发塑性，但相变速率较快，相变倾向较大的钢塑性反而下降，此外，由于室温变形还增大热诱发马氏体相变倾向，从而限制了C、Mn、Cr和Ni下限钢在高精度和低温环境下构件的应用。     

不锈钢的电阻点焊

对不同厚度及种类冷轧和热轧不锈钢进行了点焊性能试验,重点探讨了马氏体、铁素体不锈钢的点焊可焊性,从微观金相组织和接头硬度分布的两个角度分析了马氏体、铁素体不锈钢的点焊过程,并经大量试验提出了提高马氏体、铁素体不锈钢点焊接头抗剪强度的有效方法。     

Eddy Current Assessment of the Cold Rolled Deformation Behavior of AISI 321 Stainless Steel

Applicability of the eddy current (EC) technique in assessing martensite phase transformation during cold reduction in AISI 321 stainless steel was investigated. An empirical model based on measured EC parameters was developed for predicting the volume fraction of strain-induced martensite. Good agreement was found between the model-predicted and the experimental data.