Microstructure and tribological properties of multilayered ZrCrW(C)N coatings fabricated by cathodic vacuum-arc deposition

In this study, a series of ZrCrW(C)N multilayer coatings with various transition layers were deposited on AISI304 stainless steel using cathodic vacuum-arc deposition in N₂–C₂H₂ gas mixture. The tribological behaviors of sliding against Al₂O₃ balls under dry friction and lubricant conditions were investigated using a reciprocating tribometer. The results demonstrated that the ZrCrW(C)N coatings comprised (Zr, Cr, W) (C, N) crystallites and an amorphous carbon phase. It possessed a nano-hardness of 35.4 GPa and an elastic modulus of 417.7 GPa. The friction coefficient of the coating was reduced by 14% compared to that of the 304 matrices, and the wear mechanism changed from adhesive wear to slight abrasive wear under the lubrication steady state. Under dry friction conditions, the ZrCrW(C)N coatings with the entire CrWN transition layer exhibited wear rates of 1.27 ± 0.04 × 10^?8 mm³ (N m)^?1, which were one order of magnitude lower than that of the 304 steel. Compared with the untreated AISI304 stainless steel, the ZrCrW(C)N coating exhibits excellent mechanical and tribological properties under lubricated and dry friction conditions, which are crucial for engineering applications.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷氧化后的显微结构与力学性能

研究了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的高温抗氧化性能。采用X R D、SEM分析了样品氧化后的物相组成及显微结构,并测试了试样氧化前后的抗弯强度和维氏硬度。实验结果表明:Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷在800℃时氧化不明显,但抗弯强度开始下降;样品在900℃时开始剧烈氧化,材料的抗弯强度呈现明显的下降趋势,试样氧化前后的硬度变化较小。随着氧化温度的升高,氧化层厚度明显增加,Ti(C,N)被氧化变成TiO 2。     

(C_4H_(10)N_2H)_3HSiMo_(12)O_(40)纳米颗粒的摩擦学研究

在醇-水体系中,以H4S iMo12O40和哌嗪为原料制备了组成为(C4H10N2H)3HS iMo12O40的纳米颗粒,以透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、紫外可见分光光度计(UV)、热分析仪(TG-DTA)等测试手段,对纳米颗粒的形貌、组成和结构进行了表征,并在机械式四球长时抗磨损试验机上考察了其摩擦学性能。分散型实验结果表明,化合物在有机溶剂中良好分散(除乙醚外),红外/紫外光谱和X射线粉末衍射表明,所合成的纳米颗粒具有杂多酸Keggin骨架结构无机核,透射电镜分析表明,颗粒平均粒径约为10 nm,热分析显示分解温度范围为200~425℃,作为新型有机/无机复合纳米润滑油添加剂,最佳添加浓度为0.35%时,在测试条件为负荷294 N,时间30 m in,转速1450 r/m in条件下,使磨斑直径减小22.7%,摩擦系数减小14%。     

Cutting performance,failure mechanisms and tribological properties of GNPs reinforced Al2O3/Ti(C,N) ceramic tool in high speed turning of Inconel 718

Cutting performance and failure mechanisms of graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) reinforced ceramic cutting tool ATG (short for Al₂O₃/Ti(C,N)/GNPs) in continuous dry turning of Inconel 718 up to a cutting speed of 500 m/min were investigated in comparison with those of commercial Sialon tool KY1540. The results show that ATG tool shows similar cutting performance with KY1540 tool at the speed range of 150–300 m/min, but greatly outperforms KY1540 when the cutting speed range of 400–500 m/min for higher hardness, wear resistance, chemical inertness and fracture toughness. Flank wear, notch wear, chipping and flaking are the reasons for tool failure of ATG. The wear modes are related to cutting speed, and adhesion wear is found to be the dominant failure mechanism of ATG. It is believed that GNPs play a significant role in improving mechanical properties and tribological properties which contributed to excellent resistance to abrasive wear and fracture. Turning Inconel 718 in dry and high speed via using ATG ceramic tool is an efficient and eco-friendly method.     

碳氮化钛对低碳镁碳砖性能的影响

研究了碳氮化钛加入到低碳镁碳砖中对其性能的影响,并采用XRD物相分析、SEM显微分析研究了碳氮化钛对低碳镁碳砖基质部分烧后性能的影响。结果表明:镁碳砖基质部分经1600℃3h埋炭处理后,碳氮化钛仍均匀分布在基质中,并和MgO发生一定程度的固溶;加有碳氮化钛的镁碳砖经1600℃3h埋炭处理后,体积密度有所降低,气孔率升高,线膨胀率增大,常温耐压强度有所减小;碳氮化钛对镁碳材料的抗氧化性有所改善,但不及传统的金属铝粉;材料同样表现出良好的抗渣性。     

Ti(C,N)对刚玉质浇注料性能的影响

骨料采用电熔白刚玉,基质采用白刚玉细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、SiO2微粉及Ti(C,N)微粉,按骨料与基质质量比为70:30,α-Al2O3微粉和Ti(C,N)微粉总质量分数固定为10%,制备了Ti(C,N)含量(质量分数)分别为0、5%和10%的三种刚玉质浇注料,对比了三种材料的常温物理性能、抗碱(K2O)性能及抗渣性能,并借助XRD和光学显微镜研究了材料的物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:加入Ti(C,N)后,刚玉质浇注料经1500℃3h热处理后强度显著增大,抗碱(K2O)性能及抗渣性能随Ti(C,N)加入量的增加而逐渐提高。其主要机理为:Ti(C,N)促进了材料的高温烧结,改善了材料的显微结构;同时Ti(C,N)化学稳定性优良,难于被熔渣润湿,材料基质中均匀分散的Ti(C,N)减弱了碱(K2O)及熔渣对刚玉质浇注料的渗透和侵蚀。     

Polyetheretherketone,hexagonal boron nitride,and tungsten carbide cobalt chromium composite coatings: Mechanical and tribological properties

Composite powder coatings consisting of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and tungsten carbide cobalt chromium (WC-CoCr) particles were prepared by mechanical grinding and applied on steel substrates by thermal fusion of the thermoplastic polymer. The coatings contained about 20–60 vol% of hBN and WC-CoCr, and were designed to maximize modulus and hardness and minimize friction coefficient and wear rate. The mechanical and tribological properties of single- and double-layered coatings were characterized using nanoindentation and sliding friction and wear measurements. When the hBN concentration was about 30 vol%, the PEEK–hBN composite modulus was lower than that of neat PEEK, which is attributed to the disruption of PEEK crystallization by the filler particles. Upon the inclusion of WC-CoCr particles, the composite's modulus, and hardness showed a substantial increase beyond PEEK values. Elastic moduli of the mixed-filler systems were closer to the Reuss bound than the Voigt bound and could be correlated well with the coating composition using volume-fraction-weighted powers of component properties. Fitted values of the exponent (called the microstructural coefficient) were consistent with the expected continuity and connectivity of the composite's hard and soft phases. Viscoplastic energy dissipation increased with an increase in the polymer-filler interfacial area but decreased with the soft-phase volume fraction. The plasticity index was found to increase logarithmically with the coating modulus. The specific wear rate increased sharply beyond a composition-dependent critical value of the plasticity index. Mechanical polishing of the coating surfaces using abrasive slurries lowered the friction coefficient but increased the wear rate.     

碳氮化钛的微波合成

以不同种类、粒度大小的TiO2和碳黑为原料,采用微波合成的方法制备Ti(Cx、N1-x)固溶体.对合成样品进行X衍射分析,并结合热力学、动力学理论对结果进行分析.结果表明,严格控制反应温度、时间、气氛和压力,可以在较低温度下得到预定X值的单相Ti(Cx、N1-x)固溶体.     

Hydrogen content influence on tribological properties of nc-WC/a-C:H coatings

Hydrogen content has high influence on low-friction properties of an amorphous carbon coating a-C with or without transition metal additions. In the paper the nanocrystalline nc-WC/a-C:H coatings deposited by means of magnetron sputtering were investigated. Hydrogen content up to 37% was obtained by the use of different flows of pure hydrogen or methane mixed with pure argon. The coatings were investigated by means of SEM, EDS, and SAED HR TEM in order to obtain thickness, sufrace morphology, chemical composition as well as nanostructure. Moreover, these were investigated: type of bonds between carbon atoms by means of Raman Shift Spectroscopy and hydrogen content by means of SIMS and inert gas fusion crucible method. Tribological properties were elaborated by means of ‘pin-on-disc’ method. It was stated that coefficient of friction, microstructure and type of bonds between carbon atoms are highly dependent from the hydrogen content. It is the main parameter for achieving of low friction coefficient (below 0.1) as well as very low wear rate (in a range of 10⁻¹⁷ m³·N⁻¹·m⁻¹. Obtained results confirmed that proposed nc-WC/a-C:H coatings can be used for improving tribological properties of hard steels and hardened titanium alloys.     

Mechanical and electrical properties of micron-thick nitrogen-doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings

The effect of nitrogen doping on the mechanical and electrical performance of single-layer tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:N) coatings of up to 1 μm in thickness was investigated using a custom-made filtered cathode vacuum arc (FCVA). The results obtained revealed that the hardness and electrical resistance of the coatings decreased from 65 ± 4.8 GPa (3 kΩ/square) to 25 ± 2.4 GPa (10 Ω/square) with increasing nitrogen gas ratio, which indicates that nitrogen doping occurs through substitution in the sp² phase. Subsequent AES analysis showed that the N/C ratio in the ta-C:N thick-film coatings ranged from 0.03 to 0.29 and increased with the nitrogen flow rate. Variation in the G-peak positions and I(D)/I(G) ratio exhibit a similar trend. It is concluded from these results that micron-thick ta-C:N films have the potential to be used in a wide range of functional coating applications in electronics.     

Structural and tribological characterization of amorphous and crystalline titanium-nickel coatings

The interest in titanium-nickel (TiNi) alloys has increased with the discovery of the versatile properties of these alloys. In this study, the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of amorphous and crystalline TiNi coatings were investigated. The TiNi coatings were deposited with magnetron sputtering system. The crystallization process was conducted in a vacuum heat treatment furnace. The structural properties of the coatings were investigated with XRD, SEM and EDS analyses. Micro-hardness and pin-on-disc wear tests were used to obtain the mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings. AISI D2 steel, AISI 52100 steel, Aluminum 2024 alloy and copper were used as substrate materials, hence the effects of different substrates were also investigated. The highest coating hardness was obtained as 8.5?GPa and the lowest coefficient of friction value was obtained as 0.18. The tribological tests showed that the amorphous and crystalline TiNi coatings have different coefficient of friction and wear rate and using different substrate affects these properties.     

Fabrication and properties of Ti(C,N) based cermets reinforced by nano-CBN particles

Titanium carbontride (Ti(C,N)) based cermets with and without nano-cubic boron nitride (CBN) particles were prepared by microwave sintering in argon and nitrogen environment, respectively. Two kinds of core–rim microstructure, black core–grey rim and white core–grey rim, are shown in the cermets by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). It is found that, for the cermet with 1.5% nano-CBN particles sintered at 1500 °C for 30 min in argon, its transverse rupture strength (TRS) and hardness are improved to about 25.9% and 1.4%, respectively. The SEM analysis shows that the inhibition effect of nano-CBN particles on the dissolution of Ti(C,N) is weakened with the increase of content of nano-CBN particles. Moreover, for the cermet sintered in argon reinforced by 1.5% nano-CBN particles, more fine black core–grey rims are found in the microstructure compared to the others. For the material sintered in nitrogen, its microstructure accompanied with many white core–grey rims in number and big black core and thin outer rim in size, results in high hardness and low TRS.     

Mechanical and tribological properties of TiC/amorphous hydrogenated carbon composite coatings fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering with and without sample bias

TiC/amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) composite films were deposited by Ti DC magnetron sputtering using argon and acetylene as the carrier gas and precursor, respectively. The working pressure was maintained at 4 × 10^− 1 Pa and the composition of the films was modulated by controlling the partial pressure of acetylene. The composition and structure of the films were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and glancing angle X-rays diffraction, whereas the hardness and elastic modulus values of the films fabricated using different sample biases were measured by nano-indentation. Ball-on-disk tribometry was used to measure the tribological properties, and secondary electron microscopy was used to analyze the wear tracks. The results show that the friction coefficients and wear rates do not vary significantly with the Ti concentrations when the Ti concentration is above 39.7 at.% or below 20 at.% but increase with increasing titanium concentrations between 20 at.% and 39.7 at.%. The wear mechanism depends on the relative amounts of TiC and a-C:H. At high Ti concentrations, the mechanism resembles that of TiC due to the thin a-C:H matrix surrounding the TiC grains. At low Ti concentrations, the mechanism is similar to that of DLC as the effects of the a-C:H matrix dominates over those of the TiC grains.     

Submicron Ti(C,N)-based cermets with improved microstructure using high-energy milled and subsequent heat-treated ultrafine Ti(C,N) powders

Ti(C,N)-based cermets with ultrafine or submicron black core-rim grains are attracting candidates for high-quality tools and dies, due to their high hardness and strength. However, high chemical activity of ultrafine Ti(C,N) powders lead to the increased instability and difficulty to control the sintering process, since the denitrification and interface diffusion are accelerated during the solid-state reaction. Based on this, owing to the unrealized commercial ultrafine-grade powders, ultrafine Ti(C,N) powders with an average grain size around 150 nm, low oxygen content and few dislocations are fabricated via the high-energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment of commercial micron Ti(C,N) powders. Related morphology evolution, microstructure and composition of the ultrafine Ti(C,N) powders are investigated. Dense submicron Ti(C,N)-based cermets with grain size of 0.62 μm and uniform core-rim phases are successfully prepared by using the as-fabricated ultrafine Ti(C,N) powders. Compared to cermets via the conventional high-energy milling route, submicron Ti(C,N)-based cermets exhibit higher hardness of 1750 ± 40 N/mm², bending strength of 1960 ± 135 MPa, and satisfactory fracture toughness of 9.2 MPa m^1/2, owing to smaller grain size, uniform microstructure and partial black core-rim grains.     

Ti(C,N)粉末的制备技术及研究进展

Ti(C,N)是一种重要的非氧化物陶瓷材料,在耐磨领域具有广阔的应用前景。碳热还原法制备Ti(C,N)粉具有原料来源丰富、设备简单、产物粒径形貌可控且可实现规模化生产等优点,因此,备受国内外研究者的关注。本文简单阐述了近年来国内外Ti(C,N)粉的制备技术,重点介绍了碳热还原法制备Ti(C,N)粉的进展。     

Microstructure of hot-pressed Ti(C,N)-based cermets

Starting from commercial nanosize TiN and carbon black powders, this study set up a synthesis of fine and pure Ti(C,N) powders. The best experimental conditions were found using a mixture TiN+10 wt.% of C processed at 1430 °C for 3 h under flowing Argon. The as-produced Ti(C,N) powder showed regularly shaped particles (100–300 nm), little agglomeration and a C/(C+N) atomic ratio ranging from 0.4 to 0.6. A mixture of Ti(C,N) +15.3 wt% of WC and 9.1 wt% of Ni+Co was prepared and hot pressed at 1620 °C for 30 min (5 MPa of applied pressure). Microstructure and some properties of the sintered ceramic–metal composite (cermet) was investigated by SEM-EDX and XRD. The material exhibited a refined microstructure, but also the presence of textured flaws of several tenths of microns, attributed to not-optimized sintering conditions. The results were compared with those obtained from a cermet manufactured with the same nominal formulation but with commercial TiC_0.5N_0.5 raw powder.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的研究进展

介绍了Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷的基本组成和结构，综述了Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷的研究现状，指出了未来的发展方向和应用。     

Strengthened Ti(C,N)-based cermets using high-energy ball-milled NiTiC binders: Microstructure and mechanical properties

High-energy ball-milled NiTiC powders were used for preparing Ti(C, N)-based cermets. Effect of NiTiC content on the morphology, composition, interface structure and mechanical properties of cermets were investigated. NiTiC binders promoted the formation of inner rims on Ti(C, N) cores and hindered their coalescence, leading to well-distributed microstructure. Binder had little effect on the composition of rims, but greatly affected the interface structure of core-rim and rim-binder. Complete inner rim could decrease the lattice mismatch between outer rim and core, forming highly coherent interface. With increasing the Ti-C in Ni, the rim-binder boundaries evolved from semi-coherent to coherent interface, due to the decreased lattice mismatch. Small difference in Vickers hardness of cermets was found, with the values ranging from 1622 to 1684 N/mm². Bending strength of cermets increased from 1330 to 2073?MPa, with the Ti-C content from 0 to 20?wt%. Further increasing the Ti-C could lead to thick rims, resulting in decreased strength and toughness. This work showed us a way to strengthen the Ti(C, N)-based cermets via modifying the interface structure.     

Effect of bath ionic strength on adhesion and tribological properties of pure nickel and Ni-based nanocomposite coatings

The effect of electrolytic chemical concentration on wear-resistance, corrosion-resistance, adhesion and wettability properties of pure nickel and nickel–alumina composite coatings has been investigated in this paper. Coatings were electroplated over steel substrates under constant pulse conditions using pulse electrodeposition technique. Corrosion-resistance results show that the anti-corrosion properties are increasing with medium concentration (MC) both for pure nickel and nickel–alumina composite coating. For anti-wear properties, the MC showed increasing trend in case of pure nickel coatings but decreased in nickel–alumina composite coatings. In composite coating, the higher and low concentrations of electrolyte showed the higher wear resistance properties. Furthermore, the influence of electrolyte concentration on changing surface morphologies, mechanical, wettability and adhesion properties have been investigated and reported here. Surface morphologies of the synthesized coatings were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Coatings surface mapping and wear analyses were examined by using 3D white light interferometry.