管材轴压液力成形中的摩擦与密封

管材轴压液力成形是一种生产中空轴类零件的成形技术,其在汽车和航空航天等领域有广泛的应用前景。管坯和模具间的摩擦是影响管件成形过程的关键因素,现已成为目前人们研究的热点之一。本文对管材轴压液力成形中的摩擦和密封问题进行了概述,提出了一种新的管端密封和导向形式,有效地改善了管坯和模具间的摩擦,同时获得了较好的密封效果。     

圆管液压成形设备中轴向密封力与内压力的控制

圆管液压成形过程中的轴向密封力与内压力的关系及控制直接影响到圆管的成形状态。以计算机模拟的两个压力问的关系和具体工件及设备参数作为研究对象,导出了时间——电压曲线,选择了可实际操作的液压组件,实现了按要求对两个压力的控制,为具体的成形实验提供了参考。     

管材脉动液压成形时接触压强与液体压强关系的研究

采用商业有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了管材液压成形有限元模型,分别在非脉动和脉动液压加载下对管材液压成形过程进行了有限元仿真,并通过试验对有限元模型进行了验证。研究结果表明:在不同脉动液压振幅和频率加载下,接触压强均小于液体压强,而且随着管材的胀形,接触压强逐渐接近液体压强,当胀形结束时,接触压强与液体压强的差值为20%左右;脉动液压振幅越大及频率越高,则接触压强波动也越大;脉动液压振幅越大,接触压强越接近液体压强,但在脉动液压频率大小合适时,接触压强最接近液体压强。     

管材内液塑性成形中的拉伸失稳分析

针对目前管材内液塑性成形中缺陷对工艺的影响,借助塑性力学分析手段,对轴向和环向的应力比对拉伸失稳极限应变的影响进行了分析。研究表明,胀形过程中,管坯的全部外载荷都是通过内部液压生成;内高压成形过程中,随应变比绝对值的增加,等效应变、环向应变及轴向应变呈指数增长趋势,而厚向应变对应力比的变化不敏感,其中集中性失稳应变量大约是分散性失稳的两倍,且随应变比绝对值的增加,集中性失稳的应变极限增加速度大于分散性失稳,破裂倾向降低明显。     

管材液压成形技术的发展——从前8届国际塑性加工会议看管材液压成形技术的发展

文章回顾了前8届国际塑性加工会议论文集中关于管材液压成形方面的文献,发现,早期的管材液压胀形技术内压较低,后来发展到可同时实现超高压和轴向补料;可成形零件的轴线由直线变为二维或三维空间曲线,种类大幅增加;适用于内高压成形的材料也由铝、铜、低碳钢等增加了不锈钢、铝合金、镁合金;同时热态内压成形技术也蓬勃发展起来。     

内压分布对内高压成形Y型三通管壁厚均匀性的影响(英文)

对薄壁Y型三通管的内管压成形进行研究。通过轴向补料,管材可以被推入模腔从而获得更高并且相对减薄率小的支管。但是Y型三通管的导向区较长,在内压作用下管材和模具之间会产生较大的摩擦力,使得材料难以流入支管。提出了采用多段式冲头用来改变导向区的内压分布并且减小导向区的摩擦力的方法。对铝合金Y型三通管进行内高压成形实验,采取两种方案,分别使用传统冲头和多段式冲头进行对比。对壁厚分布和减薄率分布进行研究,并对使用不同冲头的结果进行对比。     

Characterizing steel tube for hydroforming applications

With the increased use of tubular steel products, especially for hydroforming applications, it is important to be able to predict the performance of tube from sheet tensile tests. In the present study, two aluminum killed draw quality (AKDQ) steels and one high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel were evaluated. Tensile properties and plastic strain ratios were measured on sheet material in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Axial tensile tests were performed on material extracted from production tubes. Material from quasi tubes, which are strip material bent to the same curvature as the tubes but not welded or sized, was also tested. Residual stresses in the production and quasi tube were determined by displacement methods. A hydraulic burst test was performed on the production tubes to simulate a hydroforming operation. Effective strains resulting from tubemaking are calculated for two discrete operations: bending and sizing. For the production tubes, a linear relationship was found between a load factor (strength times thickness) and effective sizing strain. The relationship between load factor and residual stress was also linear. Predictions of the maximum pressure and the strain at instability during a hydraulic burst test are shown to compare favorably with experimental values, based on flat sheet properties and tubemaking strains. The prediction of the yield strength in the tube based on flat sheet properties is shown to be fairly accurate when the effective sizing strain is small compared to the effective bending strain.     

日本内高压成形技术进展(英文)

文章回顾了自2003年于日本举行的第一届内高压成形国际会议(TUBEH YDRO2003)后该技术在日本的发展概况。近年来,铝合金热态内高压成形技术得到了较快的发展,利用该技术生产的汽车副车架试制成功,并已应用在轿车上;移动模具的出现提高了内高压胀形极限,使T形三通管制管的成形高度显著提高。文中还讨论了在内高压成形工艺优化、拼焊管内高压成形、锥形管内高压成形、高强钢管内高压成形、液压冲孔、成形极限图及内高压成形设备方面的进展。     

内压和加载路径对并列双支管内高压成形性的影响

为了获得并列双支管内高压成形工艺参数对管件成形性的影响规律,采用有限元分析和实验相结合的方法进行内压和加载路径对并列双支管内高压成形过程中支管高度和壁厚分布规律影响的研究。研究结果表明:随着内压的增大,支管高度逐渐增大,当内压为64 MPa时,管件出现破裂,支管高度为18 mm;随着内压增大支管顶部壁厚减薄率呈现增大的趋势,而支管底部壁厚基本保持为2 mm。在不同加载路径下,随着拐点内压的增大,支管高度、支管顶部壁厚减薄率及减薄速率均逐渐增大,路径3所成形的支管高度达18.3 mm。支管底部最终壁厚随着拐点内压增大基本维持在2 mm,支管底部壁厚在成形过程受拐点内压影响较小。有限元分析结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

Experimental investigation of friction coefficient in tube hydroforming

The friction coefficient between tube and die in guide zone of tube hydroforming was obtained. In hydroforming, the tube is expanded by an internal pressure against the tool wall. By pushing the tube through tool, a friction force at the contact surface between the tube and the tool occurs. In guiding zone, the friction coefficients between tube and die can be estimated from the measured axial feeding forces. In expansion zone, the friction coefficients between tube and die can be evaluated from the measured geometries of expanded tubes and FE analysis.     

Experimental investigation of friction coefficient in tube hydroforming

The friction coefficient between tube and die in guide zone of tube hydroforming was obtained. In hydroforming, the tube is expanded by an internal pressure against the tool wall. By pushing the tube through tool, a friction force at the contact surface between the tube and the tool occurs. In guiding zone, the friction coefficients between tube and die can be estimated from the measured axial feeding forces. In expansion zone, the friction coefficients between tube and die can be evaluated from the measured geometries of expanded tubes and FE analysis.     

内高压成形技术研究与应用新进展

介绍近年来在内高压成形机理、工艺、设备和应用方面的最新进展。针对大截面差管件,弯曲轴线异型截面构件和枝杈管3类工艺,给出典型零件缺陷形式、形状精度、壁厚分布和工艺参数的影响。详细介绍了皱纹控制与利用,降低整形压力的方法和内压与轴向力耦合作用下管材的塑性失稳起皱分析。最后给出了研制的典型内高压成形件及在汽车、航天、航空中的应用。     

圆管受轴压和充液内高压成形极限的理论解析

对管材的内高压成形过程进行理论解析,研究变形过程中材料的应力应变状态,从本质上揭示内高压成形工艺变形过程中的力学规律.研究了管材内高压成形提高成形极限的机理,给出了内高压成形时各应力状态在屈服椭圆上的分布,得出了管坯发生塑性变形时内压与轴向力之间的相互关系.最后,讨论了管材内高压成形过程中材料的变形路径在成形极限图上的范围和控制载荷匹配的基本原则.     

Optimization of loading conditions for tube hydroforming

Tube hydroforming is a developing technology with advanced features of lightness and unified part. This study investigates the best possible regulation for loading conditions between the internal pressure and the axial feeding by hydroforming of a T-shape metal tube. Using conjugate gradient method with finite element method, a program module is generated to check the hydroformed tube quality about its thickness uniformity and the geometry accuracy. Thereby, a batch mode and a sequential mode to optimize the loading conditions of the tube hydroforming process are created and investigated. Regarding the tube quality from the simulation results, the hydroforming process, which follows the loading curve generated by the sequential mode, is better than by the batch mode. The optimal loading procedure generated by this article can offer another possibility for engineer by determining the internal pressure and the axial feeding in tube hydroforming.     

管材液压胀形的FLSD研究

借助于PAMSTAMP对管材液压胀形(THF)过程进行了数值模拟,预测了基于应力的成形极限图(FLSD).发现并讨论了FLSD与传统成形极限图FLD之间存在的差别,分析了应变硬化指数n和壁厚t值对FLSD的影响.结果表明随着n值的增加,成形极限值越来越高;当壁厚值较小时,成形极限值降低.     

Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.     

Wrinkling behavior of magnesium alloy tube in warm hydroforming

In tube hydroforming with axial feeding, under the effect of coupled internal pressure and axial stress, wrinkles often occur and affect the forming results. Wrinkling behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy tube was experimentally investigated with different loading paths at different temperatures. Features of wrinkles, including shape, radius and width, were acquired from the experiments, as well as the thickness distribution. Numerical simulations were carried out to reveal the stress state during warm hydroforming, and then the strain history of material at the top and bottom of the wrinkles were analyzed according to the stress tracks and yielding ellipse. Finally, effects of loading paths on expansion ratio limit of warm hydroforming were analyzed. It is verified that at a certain temperature, expansion ratio limit can be increased obviously by applying a proper loading path and realizing enough axial feeding.     

管件液压成形加载路径的多目标优化

在管件液压成形过程中,加载路径对成形过程的影响最为重要。文章给出了一种新的加载路径优化方法,即精英保留非劣排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)与成形数值模拟软件集成,实现对加载路径的自动寻优。该方法通过优化算法程序修改加载路径,自动调用数值模拟软件进行分析,在更大的解空间内自动寻找最优方案。文中以某汽车仪表板梁为例,采用该方法对液压成形中的加载路径进行优化分析。结果表明,通过该方法所获取的加载路径较通过人工寻优所获取的加载路径更趋于最优。另外,该方法一次运算能够同时获取多个Pareto最优解,可为加载路径的制订和设计人员的决策,提供更多的选择。     

A simple experimental tooling with internal pressure source used for evaluation of material formability in tube hydroforming

Material properties have powerful impact on the tube hydroforming (THF) process and the quality of the deformed tube, so it is important to select proper materials and evaluate the material formability prior to conducting the process. A simplified and applied tooling, which has no use for any external hydraulic pressure source but internal one, was designed for charactering the material formability in THF. A pressurized-fluid supplier is automatically established to provide the internal pressure and axial load synchronously required for THF, and the ratio of the two loads is achieved by proper design of the supplier. As a stand-alone hydraulic bulging fixture, the tooling can be worked on a conventional press, even on a single action press. Free bulge forming (FBF), bulge forming with axial loading (BFAL), free and restrained bulge forming (free and fixed ends) can be fulfilled by the tooling, and furthermore, bulge forming with proportional loading to some extend can be realized. Comparative bulge forming experiments under various forming conditions were carried out with the tooling to validate this project and the results suggest that restrained conditions on the tube ends highly affect the FBF, while the ratio of the two loads dominates the BFAL.     

Deformation analysis of double-sided tube hydroforming in square-section die

In this paper, in order to explore the deformation behavior of double-sided tube hydroforming in square-section die, effect of external pressure on the critical effective strain was theoretically analyzed firstly. And then a special experimental setup was designed for double-sided tube hydroforming in which the difficulty of simultaneous loading was overcome using two independent intensifiers and servo controlling while the sealing of external pressure was guaranteed by the O rings assembled in the interfaces of mandrel/base plate and outer cylinder/base plate. Furthermore, 5A02-O aluminum alloy tubes with outer diameter of 63 mm and thickness of 2 mm were investigated under different external pressures varying from 0 to 80 MPa. At the same time, numerical simulation was conducted using the Abaqus/Explicit software. It is shown that increasing of external pressure has an effect on the fraction of grain boundaries, the number and size of the microvoids and the microhardness in the transition zone, and thus increases the critical effective strain in the transition zone. It can be concluded that the deformation ability of the transition zone is improved by the external pressure in double-sided tube hydroforming of square-section. This investigation shows that double-sided tube hydroforming is a potential forming method for the fabrication of lightweight hollow structures using the tubes with low ductility.