一种射频可编程N分频器的设计

提出了用射频CML技术设计的2/3分频单元.基于2/3分频单元,使用0.35 μm SiGeBiCMOS工艺,实现了射频可编程N分频器.验证结果表明,电路可在GHz频率下正常工作,具有相噪低、功耗小等特点.在3 GHz射频输入信号频率下,频偏100 kHz的输出相位噪声为-143dBc/Hz.电路消耗的总电流仅为4 mA(3 V单电源电压),功耗仅为12 mW.     

2.4GHz动态CMOS分频器的设计

对现阶段的主流高速CMOS分频器进行分析和比较,在此基础上设计一种采用TSPC(truesingle phase clock)和E-TSPC(extended TSPC)技术的前置双模分频器电路.该分频器大大提高了工作频率,采用0.6μm CMOS工艺参数进行仿真的结果表明,在5V电源电压下,最高频率达到3GHz,功耗仅为8mW.     

一种0.18 μm CMOS可编程分频器的设计

采用标准0.18 μm CMOS工艺,设计了一种可编程分频器。基于基本分频单元的特殊结构,对除2/除3单元级联式可编程分频器的关键模块进行改进,将普通的CML型锁存器集成为包含与门的锁存器,提高了电路的集成度,有效地降低了电路功耗,提升了整体电路速度,并使版图更为紧凑。后仿真结果表明,在1.8 V电源电压,输入频率f_in=1 GHz的情况下,可实现任意数且步长为1的分频比,相位噪声为-173.1 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz,电路功耗仅为9 mW。     

用于12.5Gbit/s SerDes系统锁相环倍频器设计

采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计了一款6.25 GHz锁相环倍频器,该倍频器适用于12.5 Gbit/s半速率复接的串行器/解串器(SerDes)发射系统。该锁相环倍频器不仅为SerDes发射系统提供6.25 GHz的时钟,也为系统提供1.25 GHz占空比1∶4的时钟。设计中鉴频鉴相器采用真单相时钟(TSPC)触发器,电荷泵采用电流舵结构,压控振荡器采用三级双延时环路结构,20分频器中的高速五分频采用源极耦合场效应晶体管逻辑(SCFL)触发器、低速四分频采用TSPC触发器。电路芯片面积为0.492 mm×0.668 mm。测试结果显示,锁相环的锁定范围为4.78～6.6 GHz,在1.8 V电源电压下核心电路的功耗为67.5 mW。当锁相环工作在6.25 GHz时,10 MHz频偏处相位噪声为-98.5 dBc/Hz,峰峰抖动为15 ps,均方根(RMS)抖动为3.5 ps。     

6GHz新型高速低功耗分频器

高速数字分频器在基于锁相环的时钟产生电路中具有广泛的应用．在典型D触发器的基础上,文中提出了一种可响应6GHz输入时钟的改进型二分频结构,并实现了2-256连续分频的新型吞脉冲多模分频器．新型分频器结构简单并且不需要双模预分频单元,功耗和面积开销大幅度的降低．基于65rimCMOS工艺设计实现了该高速分频器,版图后仿真结果表明,分频器功能正确,且工作于6GHz时功耗不大于1．3mW．     

一种多模可编程前置分频器的设计

针对目前大多数射频可调谐芯片中前置分频器多为双模结构,设计了一种基于2/3分频单元的可编程多模(64～127)前置分频器.采用0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS工艺,在工作电源电压Vdd=5 V,输入频率为2.2 GHz的情况下,可实现分频比为64～127之间的可编程多值分频,功耗为37.18 mW.     

应用于26 GHz-41 GHz频率综合器的高速可编程分频器的设计

毫米波频率综合器中的重要模块之一高速可编程多模分频器,它主要用于对VCO的输出信号进行分频从而获得稳定的本振信号,它的性能影响整个毫米波频率综合器性能。本文设计的一种高速、低功耗、分频比可变的分频器具有非常重要的意义[1]。根据26 GHz-41 GHz硅基锁相环频率综合器的系统指标,本文基于TSMC 45nm CMOS工艺,设计实现了一种高速可编程分频器。本文采用注入锁定结构分频结构实现高速预分频,该结构可以实现在0 d Bm的输入功率下实现25 GHz-48 GHz的分频范围、最低功耗为:2.6 m W。基于脉冲吞咽计数器的可编程分频器由8/9双模分频器和可编程脉冲吞咽计数器组成。其中8/9双模分频器由同步4/5分频器和异步二分频构成,工作频率范围10 GHz-27 GHz,最低输入幅度为:300 m V,最低功耗为:1.6 m V。可编程吞咽计数器采用改进型带置数功能的TSPC D触发器,该可编程分频器的最大工作范围:25 GHz;最小功耗为:363μW。本文设计的高速可编程多模分频器,可以实现32-2 062的分频比;当工作于28 GHz时,相位噪声小于-159 dBc/Hz。动态功耗为5.2 m W。     

带有自适应频率校准单元的26~41 GHz锁相环

采用45 nm SOI CMOS工艺,设计了一种带有自适应频率校准单元的26~41 GHz 锁相环。该锁相环包括输入缓冲器、鉴频鉴相器、电荷泵、环路滤波器、压控振荡器、高速时钟选通器、分频器和频率数字校准单元。采用了基于双LC-VCO的整数分频锁相环,使用了自适应频率选择的数字校准算法,使得锁相环能在不同参考时钟下自适应地调整工作频率范围。仿真结果表明,该锁相环的输出频率能够连续覆盖26~41 GHz。输出频率为26 GHz时,相位噪声为-103 dBc/Hz@10 MHz,功耗为34.64 mW。输出频率为41 GHz时,相位噪声为-96 dBc/Hz@10 MHz,功耗为35.44 mW。     

带峰化电感的宽带可调CML-DFF分频器

在宽带分频器中,采用电流模逻辑-D触发器(CML-DFF)结构,加入了并联峰化电感和频率调节电路。分析了CML-DFF分频器的基本工作原理,引入了一种新颖的分析模型。以此模型为基础,设计了一种带峰化电感的宽带可调CML-DEF分频器,提高了电路的设计效率,优化了电路性能。采用TSMC 90 nm 射频CMOS工艺仿真,结果显示,在0 dBm输入信号下,分频器电路的可调节频率锁定范围为3~46.5 GHz,芯片面积小于0.22 mm²,功耗仅为6.7 mW。     

基于TSPC的4/5双模前置分频器设计

针对无线传感网络对射频电路高速、低功耗方面日益增长的性能要求,设计了一款用于高频锁相环中的高速、低功耗4/5双模前置分频器。在分析真单相时钟(TSPC)电路工作原理的基础上,指出了该电路结构存在的两个主要缺点,并结合器件工艺和物理给出了相应的版图优化解决方法。然后,采用SMIC 0.18μm标准CMOS工艺,设计了一款基于这种改进后的真单相时钟电路的集成4/5双模前置分频器。在版图优化设计后利用Cadence Spectre进行了后仿真验证,结果表明,在直流电源电压1.8 V时,该4/5双模前置分频器的最高工作频率可达到3.4 GHz,总功耗仅有0.80 mW。该4/5双模前置分频器的最低输入幅值为0.2 V时,工作频率范围为20 MHz~2.5 GHz,能够满足面向无线传感网络应用的锁相环(PLL)的高速、低功耗性能要求。     

A Fully Differential Low-Power Divide-by-8 Injection-Locked Frequency Divider Up to 18 GHz

A low power divide-by-8 injection-locked frequency divider is presented. The frequency divider consists of four current-mode logic (CML) D-latches connected in the form of a four-stage ring with the differential input signal injected into the clock terminals of the latches. The output signals can be taken from the data terminals of any of the four latches. The proposed frequency divider has higher operating frequency and lower power dissipation compared with conventional static frequency dividers. Compared with existing injection-locked frequency dividers, the proposed fully differential frequency divider presents wider locking range with the center frequency independent of injection amplitude. The frequency divider is implemented in TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology. It consumes around 3.6 mW power with 1.8 V supply. The operating frequency can be tuned from 4 GHz to 18 GHz. The ratio of the locking range over the center frequency is up to 50% depending on the operating frequency and biasing conditions     

A low-power 72.8-GHz static frequency divider in AlInAs/InGaAs HBTtechnology

We report a 72.8-GHz fully static frequency divider in AlInAs/InGaAs HBT IC technology. The CML divider operates with a 350-mV logic swing at less than 0-dBm input power up to a maximum clock rate of 63 GHz and requires 8.6 dBm of input power at the maximum clock rate of 72.8 GHz. Power dissipation per flip-flop is 55 mW with a 3.1-V power supply. To our knowledge, this is the highest frequency of operation for a static divider in any technology. The power-delay product of 94 fJ/gate is the lowest power-delay product for a circuit operating above 50 GHz in any technology. A low-power divider on the same substrate operates at 36 GHz with 6.9 mW of dissipated power per flip-flop with a 3.1-V supply. The power delay of 24 fJ/gate is, to our knowledge, the lowest power-delay product for a static divider operating above 30 GHz in any technology. We briefly review the requirements for benchmarking a logic family and examine the historical trend of maximum clock rate in high-speed circuit technology     

A 1?mW power-efficient high frequency CML 2:1 divider

In this study, a low power high operating frequency current mode logic (CML) 2:1 divider is presented. Because the latching transistor pair is biased in low current mode, the proposed divider is power-saving. In this divider, each latch has only one clock transistor, which means that the capacitive load to the former stages is reduced. This makes the buffer of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) or VCO be easily designed in phase locked loops. Besides, an active inductor is used in this circuit to resonate with parasitic capacitances and thus endows this topology a high-speed capability. The measurement results indicate that the proposed divider achieves an operation band from 10 to 15?GHz with only 1mW power dissipation.     

基于90 nm CMOS工艺的37 GHz分频器

对高速分频器的注入锁定特性进行了研究,并实现了一个基于电流模逻辑的分频器。该分频器采用了电感峰值技术,分频范围可达25~37.3 GHz,电源电压为1.2 V,功耗为24 mW。芯片采用TSMC 90 nm CMOS工艺设计制造,并给出了测试结果。     

1.3 V supply voltage 38 GHz static frequency divider

An ultra-low supply voltage and low power dissipation fully static frequency InP SHBT divider operating at up to 38 GHz is reported. The fully differential parallel current switched configuration of D-latch maintains the speed advantages of CML circuits while allowing full functionality at a very low supply voltage. The frequency divider operates at up to 38 GHz at a single-ended input power of 0 dBm. The power dissipation of the toggled D-flip-flop is 8 mW at a power supply voltage of 1.3 V. The authors believe this is the lowest supply voltage for static frequency dividers around this frequency in any technology. This low power configuration is suitable for any digital integrated circuit.     

Low power consumption high speed CMOS dual-modulus 15/16 prescaler for optical and wireless communications

Frequency synthesizer is an important part of optical and wireless communication system. Low power comsumption prescaler is one of the most critical unit of frequency synthesizer. For the frequency divider, it must be programmable for channel selection in multi-channel communication systems. A dual-modulus prescaler (DMP) is needed to provide variable division ratios. DMP is considered as a critical power dissipative block since it always operates at full speed. This paper introduces a high speed and low power complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 15/16 DMP based on true single-phase-clock (TSPC) and transmission gates (TGs) cell. A conventional TSPC is optimized in terms of devices size, and it is resimulated. The TSPC is used in the synchronous and asynchronous counter. TGs are used in the control logic. The DMP circuit is implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The simulation results are provided. The results show wide operating frequency range from 7.143 MHz to 4.76 GHz and it comsumes 3.625 mW under 1.8 V power supply voltage at 4.76 GHz.     

An improved current mode logic latch for high‐speed applications

In this paper, an improved current mode logic (CML) latch design is proposed for high‐speed on‐chip applications. Transceivers use various methods in fast data transmission in wireless/wire‐line application. For an asynchronous transceiver, the improved CML latch is designed using additional NMOS transistors in conventional CML latch which helps to boost the output voltage swing. The proposed low‐power CML latch‐based frequency divider is compatible for higher operating frequency (16 GHz). Next, the delay model is also developed based on small signal equivalent circuit for the analysis of the proposed latch. The output voltage behavior of the proposed latch is analyzed using 180‐nm standard CMOS technology.     

A 125 GHz millimeter-wave phase lock loop with improved VCO and injection-locked frequency divider in 65 nm CMOS process

In this paper, a CMOS mm-wave phase locked loop (PLL) with improved voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) at operational harmonic frequency 125 GHz is presented. The VCO structure uses the bulk effective and MOS varactor capacitor to adjust parasitic capacitor of the cross coupled pair. It obtains 2th harmonic frequency with 24% tuning range (110–140 GHz) by applying?±?1.2 V input voltage variation. The divide-by-4 ILFD circuit uses a cross coupled VCO with three injection transistors acting in linear and nonlinear regions. The frequency dividers such as divided-by-4 ILFD, subsequent current mode logic (CML) and true single phase clock (TSPC) as divider chain with ratio 1/256 are used to synthesize frequency 244 MHz which is compared to reference frequency, 244 MHz in the PLL. Simulation results of the proposed PLL circuit are obtained after extracting post layout (with total chip size of 0.29 mm²) in 65 nm CMOS standard technology and @ 1.2 V power supply voltage. The obtained results confirm theoretical relations and indicate that the proposed circuit has good figure of merit (FoM), and higher tuning range and lower die area than the recent designs.