淀粉与转谷氨酰胺酶复配引起肌肉蛋白功能特性的变化

在60、70?℃加热条件下,利用添加马铃薯淀粉（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%）和外源转谷氨酰胺酶（transglutaminase,TG）（0%、0.10%、0.30%、0.50%和0.70%）的鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白进行热诱导凝胶的制备,通过分析添加物对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性（凝胶性和乳化性）和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）图谱的变化,研究淀粉和TG复配对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的作用。结果表明：在同一温度条件下,马铃薯淀粉和TG的添加对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性具有影响,凝胶的硬度和弹性随着添加量的增加而增大,且差异性显著（P＜0.05）。不同温度条件下凝胶的白度值差异不明显（P＞0.05）,70?℃与60?℃相比凝胶保水性有所增加。马铃薯淀粉和TG的添加对肌原纤维蛋白的乳化活性并没有明显的作用,但是对乳化稳定性有较大影响,随添加量的增加其变化趋势表现为先增大后减小,当马铃薯淀粉、TG添加量分别为2%和0.5%时乳化稳定性达到最大值94.5%。对SDS-PAGE图谱分析可知：马铃薯淀粉及TG添加使肌原纤维蛋白的主要蛋白质如肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白带等条带强度减弱。因此,蛋白质的结构和功能特性明显受到了淀粉和TG添加量的影响。     

不同体系条件下γ-聚谷氨酸复合TGase处理对肌原纤维蛋白功能性质的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,研究在不同pH值、NaCl浓度、三聚磷酸盐（tripolyphosphate,TPP）质量分数条件 下用γ-聚谷氨酸（γ-polyglutamic acid,γ-PGA）复合谷氨酰胺转胺酶（transglutaminase,TGase）处理肌原纤维蛋 白（myofibrillar protein,MP）后其溶解性、乳化性、凝胶硬度、弹性及保水性的变化规律。结果表明：随着pH 值、NaCl浓度和TPP质量分数的增加,与未添加TGase的试样相比,γ-PGA复合TGase处理对肌原纤维蛋白功能特 性的改善效果较好。综合考虑各指标,γ-PGA复合TGase处理肌原纤维蛋白的适宜条件为pH值6.5～7.0、NaCl浓度 0.5 mol/L、TPP质量分数0.15%。     

黑麦多酚对泥鳅冰温贮藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

对不同质量浓度黑麦多酚(1.5、3.0、4.5 g/L)处理泥鳅冰温贮藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)功能性质的影响进行了研究,各组样品在-0.7 ℃下贮藏0、5、10、15、20、25、30d时进行肌原纤维蛋白溶解性、表面疏水性、巯基含量、羰基含量、乳化活性及乳化稳定性的测定.结...     

Changes in myofibrillar proteins interactions and rheological properties induced by high-pressure processing

Response surface methodology was used to study the effect of pressure (0–600 MPa) and time (0–1,800 s) on the surface hydrophobicity, reactive sulphydryl groups content and the flowing properties of bovine myofibrillar proteins in solution at 10 g/l. Results show that high-pressure treatment induced a threefold increase of the surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar proteins between 0 MPa and 450 MPa. The same upward trend was obtained on the reactive sulphydryl groups, which climbed from 40 to 69%. Concerning rheological properties of solutions, the flow index tended towards a maximum value close to the Newtonian behaviour (n=1), whereas the viscosity coefficient decreased with the increase of pressure. The statistical analysis of responses proves that pressure and its quadratic effect are the most important significant effects in comparison with the effects of time. Changes in myofibrillar proteins interactions and rheological properties are related to a structure change of the proteins, and could induce better functional properties.     

Gelation of mixed myofibrillar/wheat gluten proteins treated with microbial transglutaminase

Gluten (Glu) and an acid-extracted protein fraction (AF) from wheat flour were mixed (1:1 ratio) with myofibrillar protein (MP) and treated with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to observe the effect on heat-induced gelation. Dynamic rheological properties and thermal denaturation patterns of treated samples were measured, respectively, with an oscillatory rheometer and a differential scanning calorimeter. The storage modulus (G′) of control MP sample (no MTGase), with a value of 533 Pa at end of heating (77 °C), was not affected (P > 0.05) by Glu nor by AF. However, mixed protein samples after the MTGase treatment produced higher gel elasticity values that differed (P < 0.05) between samples (1355, 1700 and 1875 Pa at 77 °C for MP, MP/AF, and MP/Glu, respectively). The MP sample underwent three endothermic transitions (peaking at 61.5, 68.0, and 78.5 °C) during thermal scan. The treatment with MTGase and/or addition of Glu or AF tended to lower the temperature for the first transition but raised the temperature for the third transition, suggesting possible interactions of the muscle with non-muscle proteins.     

焦磷酸钠对氧化猪肉肌原纤维蛋白的谷氨酰胺转移酶交联反应及凝胶性能的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,考察焦磷酸钠(sodium pyrophosphate,TSPP)对微生物谷氨酰胺转移酶(microbial transglutaminase,MTG)催化天然和氧化肌原纤维蛋白交联的程度及后续蛋白凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,肌原纤维蛋白的氧化程度随着H2O2溶液浓度的升高而增加,但TSPP在一定程度上可抑制羟自由基对蛋白的攻击,且TSPP处理(+TSPP)样品的MTG交联程度明显高于未经TSPP处理(-TSPP)样品。无论是否添加TSPP,随着H2O2溶液浓度的升高,蛋白凝胶的储能模量(G’)和凝胶强度均逐渐降低,加入MTG后均有所回升,且增幅随着H2O2溶液浓度升高逐渐降低。相对于未经TSPP处理样品,TSPP处理条件下未氧化样品的G’和凝胶强度增幅更高,但氧化时增幅降低速度更快。说明虽然TSPP处理有利于MTG交联引起的凝胶性能提高,但当受到氧化胁迫时,TSPP处理反而对其不利。     

Contribution of sarcoplasmic proteins to myofibrillar proteins gelation

Surimi, a refined protein extract, is produced by solubilizing myofibrillar proteins during the comminuting and salting stages of manufacturing. The resulting paste gels on heating to produce kamaboko or a range of analog shellfish such as crab claw, filament sticks, fish mushroom, and so on. The myosin molecule is the major myofibrillar protein in gelation. It is believed that washing steps during the traditional surimi process play an important role in enhancing the gel properties of the resultant kamaboko by removing water-soluble (sarcoplasmic, Sp-P) proteins. By contrast, some researchers claim that retaining Sp-P or adding it into the surimi gel network not only does not interfere with the action of myofibrillar proteins during the sol-gel transition step but also improves the gel characteristics of the resultant kamaboko. It seems that retention of Sp-P or their addition into raw surimi does enhance the textural properties of kamaboko gel perhaps by functioning as a proteinase inhibitor, particularly against trypsin and trypsin-like proteinases but this depends on the type of applied surimi process. Among different types of Sp-P, it has been claimed that some proteins such as endogenous transglutaminase (TGase) play a more important role than other Sp-P in bond formation, by catalyzing the cross-linking of myosin heavy chain (MHC) molecules during low-temperature setting of surimi, resulting a more elastic kamaboko gel.     

不同质量比鸡胸肉、鸡腿肉混合肌原纤维蛋白的热诱导凝胶特性

以鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉为材料,研究鸡胸、鸡腿肉混合肌原纤维蛋白不同质量比(9:1、3:1、1:1、1:3、1:9)热变性温度、质构特性、流变特性和保水性的差异。结果表明：鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性显著优于鸡腿肉,鸡胸肉与鸡腿肉的混合可以显著提升鸡腿肉蛋白的硬度、保水性;混合蛋白中,m鸡胸肉蛋白:m鸡腿肉蛋白为9:1的蛋白硬度、保水性最大,分别达到167.64g和83.6%,其凝胶特性和纯鸡胸肉差异不大;m鸡胸肉蛋白:m鸡腿肉蛋白为1:9的混合蛋白硬度、保水性和贮能模量终值均为最小,分别为110.82g、48.75%和297Pa,其凝胶特性优于纯鸡腿肉肌原纤维蛋白。     

冻融次数对镜鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能和结构特性变化的影响

本实验通过测定肌原纤维蛋白溶解性、乳化性、δ-电势、巯基含量、自由氨基酸含量、二聚酪氨酸含量、表面疏水性和α-螺旋含量的变化,探究反复冻融过程引起镜鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白功能特性和结构特性的变化。结果表明：当冻融次数增加到5 次时,肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、乳化活性、乳化稳定性分别显著下降至62.85%、20.67 m2/g、34.83%（P＜0.05）;在冻融过程中随着冻融次数的增加,蛋白质的δ-电势、表面疏水性和二聚酪氨酸含量不断增加,而巯基、自由氨基酸和α-螺旋含量不断下降。蛋白质的这些变化表明,冷冻-解冻循环破坏了镜鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白的完整结构,降低了蛋白质的功能特性。     

Study of two different cold restructuring processes using two different qualities of hake (Merluccius capensis) muscle,with addition of microbial transglutaminase

BACKGROUND: Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) can improve the mechanical and functional properties of restructured fish products without the need of thermal gelation. The present study seeks to determine whether, for different setting times, MTGase activity in restructured hake muscle made with pieces or with homogenised muscle can be affected by the quality of the protein in the raw materials. RESULTS: As regards mechanical properties, samples of both qualities subjected to the two different processes attained a suitable consistency after setting for 24 h at 5 °C. The quality of the protein in the sample is important when pieces are used for restructuring, but not when sample is homogenised. Also, there were strong correlations between residual MTGase activity up to 12 h and mechanical properties and electrophoretic band density. Water binding capacity (WBC) was not significantly altered by MTGase addition. CONCLUSION: The experimental combination of 10 g kg^?1 of MTGase, 15 g kg^?1 of sodium chloride and 7.5 g kg^?1 of sodium caseinate was suitable for the production of minimally processed raw restructured fish products made with two different qualities of fish protein and two different restructuring processes. In the restructured products made with pieces, the protein quality significantly affected final properties, but in finely homogenised product the protein quality was less important. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of selected substances on the properties of frozen myofibril preparation obtained from mechanically recovered poultry meat

The experimental material was a myofibrillar preparation obtained from mechanically recovered poultry meat by the washing and separation of fat and connective tissues. Changes occurring during frozen storage were investigated in the preparation without and with the addition of the following substances: 2 g/kg carrageen, 2.5 g/kg sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) mixture and 80 g/kg polydextrose, and 3 g/kg enzymatic preparation (ACTIVA WM) containing microbial transglutaminase (MTG). Samples with the addition of MTG were pre-incubated at the temperature of 7 ± 1 °C for 1, 3, 5, 24 h. All samples were stored at the temperature of approx. −23 °C for 2, 30, 60, 90 days. The smallest change in protein solubility was observed in samples with added TPP and polydextrose. Along with the extension of pre-incubation time of samples containing the enzyme a gradual decrease was found in the amount of soluble protein. Also the results of the investigations obtained using the DSC technique showed the most advantageous protective effect, i.e., causing the smallest decrease in enthalpy values of samples during freezer storage, in case of the addition of TPP and polydextrose mixture. Analysis of thermal drip volume from gels showed that carrageen was the most advantageous addition to the myofibrillar preparation. Moreover, a gradual increase was observed in the volume of thermal drip along with the extension of pre-incubation time of the protein isolate with enzymatic preparation. Results of gel texture testing indicated that the most advantageous effect on gel quality was found for ACTIVA applied in 3 and 5 h pre-incubation with the myofibrils. Assuming that among the analyzed properties the most important were thermal drip and gel texture, 3 g/kg MTG at pre-incubation time of 3 h was considered the most advantageous additive.     

Changes in physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein combined with corn starch and application to low-fat pork patties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) gels as affected by different additional levels of corn starch and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and applied to pork patties at two levels of corn starch. MPs with MTGase have higher properties than those without MTGase, except cooking loss (CL), which improved with higher corn starch concentrations. Although gel strength did not differ among the treatments, microstructures of corn starch were swollen, which proved that they were holding water. When corn starch was added, CL and thawing loss decreased, but shear value increased. The diameter shrinkage values of pork patties decreased with increasing corn starch concentrations. In addition, the pork patties with 2 g/100 g corn starch have a higher water-holding capacity than the controls. The meat industry could use 1.0 g/100 g corn starch as a water-binding agent to manufacture pork patties.     

响应面优化转谷氨酰胺酶改性花生分离蛋白工艺的研究

为了改善花生分离蛋白的凝胶特性,研究了利用转谷氨酰胺酶交联改性花生分离蛋白的工艺。在进行了酶添加量、花生分离蛋白浓度和酶作用时间单因素试验基础上,利用响应面试验设计优化了酶交联改性的最佳条件。并分别测定了酶改性前后花生分离蛋白的功能性,包括:溶解性、吸油性、持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性。通过响应面分析得到酶改性的最佳条件:酶添加量、花生分离蛋白质量浓度和酶作用时间分别为17.75 U/g、29.60 g/mL和376 min,在此条件下,凝胶的硬度可达到333.49 g。经转谷氨酰胺酶改性后,花生分离蛋白的吸油性和持水性均有不同程度的提高,分别提高了27.41%和61.24%。     

Effect of cold atmospheric plasma on the physicochemical and functional properties of myofibrillar protein from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the physicochemical and functional properties of myofibrillar protein isolated from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) muscle. Free sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, turbidity, differential scanning calorimetry, SDS-PAGE, heat-induced myofibrillar protein gel properties and water holding capacity were determined to evaluate the effect of CAP treatment on protein properties. CAP treatment from 10 to 60 kV for 10 min significantly (P < 0.05) increased the water holding capacity, textural properties and colour properties of heat-induced myofibrillar protein gel. As treatment voltage increased, free sulfhydryl content decreased significantly, while the turbidity and surface hydrophobicity of myofibrillar protein were increased. DSC data showed enhancement of thermal stability of the treated samples; however, the electrophoretic profile displayed a significant reduction in the band's intensity of protein at a higher voltage. These results suggest that cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment could be used as an alternative approach to enhance the gelling properties of myofibrillar protein from Alaska pollock.     

超声处理对鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构和功能特性的影响

本文以鲈鱼（Lateolabrax maculatus）肌原纤维蛋白为原料,研究了不同超声功率（0~540 W）和时间（0~12 min）对鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构及功能特性的影响。结果显示,随着超声功率和时间的增加,肌原纤维蛋白的巯基含量总体减少,紫外吸光度增大,其α-螺旋含量减少,β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲的含量增加。180~450 W的超声处理使肌原纤维蛋白的粒径和浊度减小,溶解度提高。超声处理改善了肌原纤维蛋白的流变特性,提高了热诱导凝胶过程的G’和G”。主成分和聚类分析表明不同超声功率和时间对肌原纤维蛋白的理化性质有较大的影响。结果表明,超声处理会使鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白的结构发生改变,从而影响流变特性,有利于提供更好的功能特性。     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

转谷氨酰胺酶对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳化活性和凝胶特性的影响

目的:研究添加转谷氨酰胺酶(Transglutaminase,TG)对鲤鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳化活性和凝胶特性的影响,为改善鱼糜制品的品质特性提供理论依据。方法:肌原纤维蛋白溶液浓度为40 mg/mL,TG添加量为蛋白溶液的0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%(W/V),测定蛋白溶液的乳化活性及凝胶特性指标。结果:随着TG添加量的增加肌原纤维蛋白溶液乳化活性降低(p<0.05);TG添加增大了蛋白浊度(p<0.05);蛋白流变结果表明,随着TG添加量的增加显著增大储能模量(G')(p<0.05),降低起始凝胶温度,并提高蛋白变性温度;与对照相比,添加0.1%的TG会降低凝胶持水性,但是进一步增加TG对凝胶持水性影响不显著(p>0.05);添加TG显著降低了凝胶白度(p<0.05);凝胶质构测定结果显示,随着TG添加量的增加,会改进蛋白质的凝胶特性,显著增加凝胶弹性和硬度(p<0.05)。结论:肌原纤维蛋白中添加TG到能够降低蛋白的乳化特性,但会改进肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性。     

3种不同香辛料提取物对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

将迷迭香、丁香、肉桂3种香辛料提取物添加到猪肉肌原纤维蛋白中(0.005、0.010、0.020 g/g pro),研究其对蛋白质巯基、表面疏水性、溶解度及凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,3种香辛料提取物均降低了蛋白质的总巯基含量和溶解性,表面疏水性随添加量的增加先升高后降低。3个添加量在加热最终阶段弹性模量(G’)均高于对照组,低、中添加量提取物使凝胶强度增加,有利于蛋白凝胶的形成,而高添加量提取物对凝胶形成有破坏作用。因此,香辛料提取物与肌原纤维蛋白发生相互作用,从而对蛋白质的结构和凝胶特性产生影响。     

蛋白质转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化研究进展

蛋白质的糖基化修饰可提高其功能性质,介绍了蛋白质通过转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化修饰的优点,综述了其反应机制、糖基化蛋白主要功能性质变化及结构变化,并讨论了转谷氨酰胺酶途径糖基化的发展前景。     

Functional stability of frozen normal and high pH beef

The functional properties of whole, diced or minced high and normal pH beef were determined after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 7 month’s storage. There was no interaction between pH, degree of comminution and storage time for most of the attributes measured. Regardless of storage time or comminution method, high pH meat had significantly (P < 0.001) higher sarcoplasmic protein solubility, water holding capacity, cooked batter torsion stress and strain, yield and emulsion stability than normal pH meat. Normal pH meat had significantly (P < 0.01) higher myofibrillar protein solubility and hue angle than high pH meat. Water holding capacity significantly (P < 0.01) decreased and hue angle increased with the increase in the degree of comminution. Protein solubility in raw meat and the cooked batter stress, strain, yield and emulsion stability of both high and normal pH meat deteriorated with time. However, this deterioration was faster in the normal pH meat compared to high pH meat except for total and myofibrillar protein solubility. Within the parameters of the present study, it is concluded that frozen high pH meat possesses superior functional attributes compared to normal pH meat regardless of the degree of comminution or storage time.