Predicting crack growth rate vs. temperature behaviour of Type 304 stainless steel in dilute sulphuric acid solutions

The coupled-environment fracture model for intergranular stress corrosion cracking of Type 304 stainless steel in boiling water reactor primary (water) heat transport circuits containing relatively pure water has been extended to incorporate the effects of sulphuric acid additions to the coolant and to include thermal activation of the crack tip strain rate. These extensions allow comparisons to be made between theoretically estimated and experimentally determined crack growth rates (CGRs) over a considerable temperature range after calibration at a single temperature. The model predicts, in agreement with experiment, that the CGR passes through a maximum with increasing temperature at a temperature of about 180 °C. The temperature dependence of the CGR is attributed to the competing effects of temperature on the thermally activated processes that occur at the crack tip and the properties (including ECP and conductivity) of the external environment.     

The dependency of the crack growth rate on the loading pattern and temperature in stress corrosion cracking of strain-hardened 316L stainless steels in a simulated BWR environment

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth rate of a warm-rolled (WR) 316L stainless steel contoured double cantilever (CDCB) specimen was measured in high purity water at various temperatures and under various loading patterns. An alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique was used to monitor the crack growth kinetics throughout the tests. The fracture surface exhibited typical intergranular SCC characteristics. Depending on the test conditions, three kinds of crack growth kinetics, i.e., increasing with time then becoming steady, being constant during the whole period, decreasing with time then becoming steady, were identified and are described. The steady state crack growth rate (CGR) values are used to quantify the effects of the loading pattern and the environmental temperature. A moderate increase in the crack growth rate was encountered by employing periods of unloading and reloading to form a trapezoidal loading pattern and the enhancement factor was found to depend on the holding time and the times for unloading and reloading. It was found that the crack growth is thermally activated; however, the apparent activation energy is not constant but seems to be greater at higher temperatures. Several types of temperature-dependent crack growth kinetics are proposed based on the rate-determining step for the crack growth. The present experimental results can be rationalized by considering multiple element processes such as aqueous mass transport and solid-state mass transport in the crack growth. The cracking mode, the temperature dependence of the crack growth rate, and the transient crack growth behavior for WR 316L SS after changing the environmental temperature are quite similar to those for a cold-worked(CW) 316L SS tested in the same environment, despite their different absolute crack growth rate values. The effect of yield strength on CGR is more significant at lower temperatures and the apparent activation energy for the crack growth rate seems to be lower in the material with a higher yield strength. Time-lag crack growth behavior was found at points during several test steps on WR 316L SS, for example, just after in situ pre-cracking and after increasing or decreasing the temperature, which is quite consistent with the results obtained with CW 316L SS. The importance of in situ monitoring of the crack growth for obtaining steady state crack growth rates is emphasized, especially for those steps for which a nonlinear crack growth period occurs after changing the test condition.     

316不锈钢的裂纹扩展性能

从实用出发对3168不锈钢管材进行了热循环下的裂纹扩展试验,试验表明该材料在交变热应力下的裂纹扩展速率缓慢,带裂纹的管道在监督下可以继续运行。     

Al-6Mg-0.8Zn-0.5Mn-0.2Zr-0.2Er合金高强耐损伤工艺与微观组织研究

以Al-6Mg-0.8Zn-0.5Mn-0.2Zr-0.2Er合金为基础,对该材料的冷轧态,温轧态,完全退火态进行拉伸测试和疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试。运用电子背散射衍射(EBSD),透射电镜(TEM),扫描电镜(SEM)对合金的原始组织、疲劳断口、裂纹扩展路径进行观察,研究微观组织对材料拉伸性能及疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:温轧态屈服强度高,裂纹扩展抗力大,实现了高强高耐损伤性能的匹配。这主要是由于温轧态轧制过程中发生动态回复,位错缠结规整化,具有较多的亚晶界,该种组织模式对材料的屈服强度和疲劳裂纹扩展抗力均有提高。     

热处理对TC4-DT钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响

研究了热处理对TC4-DT合金φ300 mm棒材显微组织、拉伸性能、断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明:经800℃×2 hAC简单退火、α+β相区固溶+时效、β相区固溶+时效处理后的TC4-DT的显微组织分别为等轴组织、双态组织和片状组织.等轴组织具有较好的拉伸性能、低的断裂韧性和高的疲劳裂纹扩展速率:双态组织与等轴组织相比较,具有较好的拉伸性能,较高的断裂韧性和较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率:片状组织的拉伸强度低于双态组织和等轴组织,塑性最低,断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率与双态组织的基本相同.总体来说,TC4-DT合金经α+β相区固溶+时效、β相区固溶+时效处理后可获得R_m≥3825 Mpa,R_(P0.2)≥750 Mpa,A_5≥8%,K℃≥90 Mpa ,疲劳裂纹扩展速率小于8×10~(-6)～9×10~(-6) mm/cycle的综合性能.     

氧化对WC_p/钢基表层复合材料热裂纹萌生扩展的影响

利用负压实型铸渗工艺,通过涂覆预制块法,成功地制备了以高铬钢为基材,WC为增强颗粒的表层复合材料,通过氧化增重法、热震实验法及扫描电镜等分析测试方法重点研究了氧化对WC/钢基表层复合材料热裂纹萌生及扩展的影响。研究结果表明:WC颗粒在高于600℃时,会氧化成为结构疏松的WO3,并且随着温度的升高,氧化反应的速度加快,而WC的氧化,对热疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展产生重要的影响。在500℃以上的空气环境中,复合材料基体会在裂纹源的尖端处形成氧化物。结合环境中的氧对裂纹扩展影响的分析可知,生成的氧化物为裂纹的扩展提供了途径,并且使复合材料极易在热应力的作用下导致开裂。     

H13钢热疲劳性能研究

以盐浴法为手段,对H13钢进行了热疲劳实验,探讨了淬火温度、回火温度、表面处理对其热疲劳失效裂纹的影响并确定了合理的热处理工艺。实验得出:试样热疲劳循环次数在400个周期时,裂纹形成后扩展迅速,裂纹平均生长速度约为2.51×10-3mm/周,而采用1 020℃淬火、640℃回火热处理工艺,与裂纹平均生长速度相比,热疲劳裂纹生长速度减缓了0.45×10-3mm/周,表面渗氮的试样裂纹源可推迟50个热疲劳循环周期。     

Hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking in low and high strength ferritic steels of different phosphorus content in acid media

Hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking (HSCC) resistance and mode of fracture in various low and high strength steels (yield strength 120 to 960 MPa) and containing different levels of phosphorus content were studied using constant extension rate test method in various acid media viz. sulphuric acid solutions under cathodic polarisation, hydrogen sulphide saturated solutions of sodium chloride + acetic acid (NACE solution) and synthetic sea water (BP solution). In case of low strength steels (yield strength 120–265 MPa), the HSCC susceptibility in sulphuric acid increased with phosphorus content and became very high irrespective of phosphorus content in hydrogen sulphide saturated solutions. The susceptibility was directly related to different hydrogen activities measured in these solutions. No significant dependence of HSCC susceptibility on the phosphorus segregation as high as 20 atom % at the grain boundaries was found and the fracture mode was always transgranular. In contrast, a similar segregation of phosphorus in high strength steels (yield strength 875–960 MPa) caused a reduction in HSCC resistance and changed the fracture mode to intergranular.     

安全端焊接接头镍基合金600SCC裂纹扩展行为研究

镍基合金作为压水堆一回路安全端焊接接头焊缝的常用材料,由于严苛的服役环境以及焊缝处材料力学性能的不均匀使得镍基合金极易发生应力腐蚀开裂现象,对核电安全运行造成很大影响。为了解材料宏观结构参量变化(包括材料塑性性能以及应力强度因子K)对SCC裂纹扩展速率的变化,本文通过建立镍基合金600不同宏观结构参量下的SCC裂纹扩展有限元模型,分析了镍基合金600不同塑性以及载荷参数变化对裂尖塑性区和拉伸塑性应变的影响,结果表明塑性区尺寸及裂尖拉伸应变受到裂尖应力强度因子、屈服强度及硬化指数的影响,其中裂尖应力强度因子的影响较大,同时与屈服强度成反比,应力强度因子和硬化指数成正比;通过比较不同应力强度因子下计算所得SCC扩展速率结果和高温水环境下SCC扩展速率实验,获得了符合镍基合金600的特征距离r₀的取值范围;研究结果能为核电镍基合金600的高温水环境下SCC速率预测提供一定的科学依据。     

几种低合金钢在NaCl水溶液中腐蚀疲劳的研究

本文对几种低合金钢在3.5%NaCl 水溶液中的 CF 进行了实验研究。首先在室温下对其抗 CF性能作了比较,进而研究了温度对18Nb 钢 CF 裂纹扩展速率的影响.求出该钢在3.5%NaCl 水溶液中 CF 裂纹扩展激活能为7.4～7.9kcal/mol。认为氧的去极化反应可能是控制18Nb 钢 CF 裂纹扩展速率的主要因素。     

低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热模拟热影响区组织与冲击韧性

采用焊接热模拟技术制备了低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热影响区的均匀化组织试样,并结合示波冲击试验和组织精细化表征技术分析了热模拟试样组织与韧性之间的关系.?结果表明,热模拟粗晶区、细晶区组织为板条马氏体,临界区组织为马氏体和晶界碳化物,亚临界区组织为回火马氏体;峰值温度对热模拟试样裂纹形成功影响不大,对裂纹扩展功具有较大...     

X80管线钢焊接热模拟热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的分析及预测

通过焊接热模拟方法对X80双相管线钢不同焊接热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究,并分析实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样的热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的差异,讨论了焊接热模拟技术应用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测的可行性。结果表明,当裂纹在粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)和临界热影响区(ICHAZ)上扩展时,由实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样热影响区所测得的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-DK曲线)存在明显差异,其原因与显微组织变化引起的裂纹扩展阻力大小不同有关。因此,建议采用实际焊接试样完整的热影响区所测得的da/dN-DK曲线来评估疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。     

Sub critical crack growth in hydrogen assisted cracking of cold drawn eutectoid steel

The fracture behaviour of eutectoid cold drawn steel wires under constant load in hydrogen charged condition was evaluated. Hydrogen charging was obtained by dipping steel wires in ammonium thiocyanate solution. Sub-critical crack growth was monitored by means of Acoustic emission (AE) technique. Fractographic analysis revealed a mixed mode crack propagation (mode I and mode II) characterized by a multi-terrace appearance of the surface fracture. A modification of the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the steel was also evidenced by micro hardness measurements. A simplified stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model was used to interpret experimental observations and to estimate a theoretical crack propagation rate. Such a value was in accordance with that obtained from the analysis of AE data.     

40%Ni—Ti（C,N）金属陶瓷热冲击疲劳的研究

对４０％Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ（Ｃ,Ｎ）金属陶瓷在热冲击条件下缺口试样裂纹的形成及扩展进行了研究。结果表明,裂纹的形成存在孕育期,且随循环温度的升高,孕育期缩短,扩展速率增加;裂纹的形成与组织中陶瓷相／金属相界面微孔洞的形成有关。扫描电镜观察发现,断口形貌中存在着疲劳条纹,断裂沿陶瓷相／金属相界面及金属相中进行     

含20%Ni金属基陶瓷的热冲击疲劳

研究了含２０％Ｎｉ的Ｔｉ（Ｃ，Ｎ）基金属陶瓷的热冲击疲劳，试验结果表明：随循环温度的上升和冷却速率的加快，热冲击疲劳裂纹的形成孕育期缩短，裂纹扩展速率加快。缺口也使裂纹形成的孕育期缩短，观察还表明，热冲击疲劳断口中存在的疲劳条纹。     

The corrosion behaviour of WC-VC-Co hardmetals in acidic media

The effect of increasing vanadium carbide (VC) content on the corrosion behaviour of tungsten carbide - 10 wt% cobalt hardmetals was investigated in 1 M hydrochloric (HCl), and sulphuric (H₂SO₄) acids solutions. Increasing VC content makes the open circuit potential (OCP) in the test solutions more negative than the base alloy. Specimens exhibited pseudo passivation in all the test solutions. Increasing VC led to decreasing corrosion current density. However, the corrosion current densities during chronoamperometric tests were lower for 0 wt% VC. XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed that hydrated WO₃ formed in the surface films of all specimens in hydrochloric acid (HCl), while hydrated vanadyl sulphate also formed for higher VC content specimens in sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄).     

Effect of Long-Term Thermal Exposures on Tensile Behaviors of K416B Nickel-Based Superalloy

The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the tensile behavior of a high W content nickel-based superalloy K416B was investigated. The microstructure and the deformation characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the phase transformation of the alloy during long-term thermal exposure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction patterns and differential thermal analysis. Results showed that after thermal exposure at 1000 °C, the MC carbides in the K416B alloy decomposed into M₆C. During tensile deformation, dislocations slipping in γ matrix crossed over the M₆C by Orowan bowing mechanism. With the increase of thermal exposure time, the secondary M₆C reduced greatly the yield strength of the alloy at room temperature. Meanwhile, the continuous distribution of the secondary M₆C with great brittleness in the grain boundary could become the main source of crack, which might change the fracture characteristic of the alloy from trans-granular to intergranular.     

电子封装功率模块PbSnAg焊层热循环可靠性

对电子封装IGBT功率模块进行热循环实验,考察了92．5Pb5Sn2.5Ag钎焊层的热循环失效和裂纹扩展,应用超声波显微镜对裂纹扩展过程进行了检测,得到了热循环失效的裂纹扩展数据。采用统一型粘塑性Anand方程描术字92．5Pb5Sn2.5Ag的力学本构,模拟了功率模块钎料焊层纹体在热循环条件下的应用应变。基于对△J积分的求解,描术字PbSnAg焊层热循环裂纹扩展速率。     

Temperature effect in the maximum propagation rate of a liquid metal filled crack: The T91 martensitic steel/Lead–Bismuth Eutectic system

The liquid metal embrittlement sensitivity of a modified 9Cr1Mo martensitic steel in contact with Lead–Bismuth Eutectic was studied as a function of the temperature in a wide range of deformation rate. A fracture mechanics approach (crack tip opening displacement and J-Δa) combined to a fractographic study was applied to study the maximum brittle crack propagation rate. Comparison of these data with the temperature evolution expected from the stress assisted dissolution model discards this model as the embrittlement mechanism. Thermally activated ductility recovery mechanisms fail to account for the experimental results. However, the data is compatible with a physi-sorption rate limiting process. The adsorption energy extracted from the temperature evolution of the maximum crack propagation rate compares favourably with existing Ab-Initio calculations. This strongly suggests that the LME mechanism is linked with the direct effect of surface adsorption.     

Effect of directional solidification and heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of multiphase intermetallic Zr-doped Ni–Al–Cr–Ta–Mo alloy

The effect of directional solidification and heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of intermetallic Ni–21.29Al–7.04Cr–1.46Ta–0.64Mo–0.57Zr (at.%) alloy was studied. Increasing growth rate is found to decrease primary dendrite arm spacing and to increase volume fraction of β(NiAl)-based dendrites and low melting point γ′(Ni₃Al)/Ni₅Zr eutectic. Room-temperature tensile yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increase and plastic elongation to fracture decreases with the increasing growth rate. Two types of heat treatments of directionally solidified (DS) specimens including two-step ageing at temperatures of 1273 and 1123 K and two-step solution annealing at 1373 and 1493 K were performed. Ageing at 1273 and 1123 K decreases volume fractions of the dendrites and eutectic regions and leads to a coarsening of spherical -Cr and needle-like γ′ precipitates within the β-phase. Annealing at 1373 K for 100 h is shown to be sufficiently long to completely dissolve the eutectic regions. Compressive yield strength increases with increasing temperature reaching a peak value at about 1023 K and then decreases at higher temperatures. Minimum creep rate is found to depend strongly on the applied stress and temperature according to a power law. The power law stress exponent n is determined to be 5.1 and apparent activation for creep Q_a is measured to be 326 kJ/mol.