"活性"自由基乳液聚合中催化体系对聚合反应的影响

考察了原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)乳液聚合中的三类催化体系CuCl／bpy、CuC／bde、CuCl／dNbpy在油水两相中的浓度分配情况及对聚合反应的影响。结果表明：催化体系中配体疏水性的好坏影响其在油水两相中的浓度分配．并进一步影响聚合反应的可控性。dNbpy的疏水性明显优于bde和bpy．聚合反应具有典型的活性特征;而bpy、bde两种配体的聚合反应可控性较差。     

PS-PMMA-PBMA三嵌段聚合物的ATRP合成及表征

以氯化亚铜(CuCl)/2,2’-联吡啶(bpy)为催化体系,苄基氯为引发剂,采用本体原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法,引发苯乙烯(St)聚合,合成出大分子引发剂聚苯乙烯(PS-Cl)。用此大分子引发剂在溶液体系下引发第二单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合,合成出PS-PMMA-Cl二嵌段聚合物。再以此二嵌段聚合物为大分子引发剂引发甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)聚合,合成出三嵌段聚合物PS-PMMA-PBMA。运用凝胶色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及差示扫描量热技术等对三嵌段聚合物进行表征。     

原子转移自由基聚合工业化技术研究进展

介绍了近年来原子转移自由基聚合在实现工业化过程中的工作和进展,包括:聚合物后处理方法、负载型催化剂、离子液体中ATRP、非铜系催化剂体系、新型ATRP聚合方式以及ATRP促进剂等,同时对未来如何实现ATRP工业化进行了展望。     

甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯的原子转移自由基聚合

以α-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-B)/CuCl/ 联二吡啶(bpy)作为引发/催化体系、环己酮为溶剂,对甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(TFEMA)进行原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),研究了TFEMA的反应动力学,并考察了引发/催化体系、引发剂EPN-B用量、配位剂bpy用量及单体配比对聚合反应的影响.结果表明,采用EPN-B/CuCl/bpy引发/催化体系对TFEMA进行ATRP,可得到窄分子量分布的聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(PTFEMA),在实验范围内,聚合速率对单体浓度呈一级动力学关系,该反应过程具有活性聚合特征;随着引发剂EPN-B和配位剂bpy用量的增加,聚合速率加快,当EPN-B相对摩尔用量为0.5,1.0,2.0时,其相应的表观链增长速率常数分别为3.143×10~(-4),3.478×10~(-4),4.435×10~(-4)s~(-1);增大[TFEMA]/[EPN-B](摩尔比),聚合速率明显降低,但无论[TFEMA]/[EPN-B]高与低,聚合物的分布指数均为1.15～1.23.     

高固体分涂料用含羟基星形丙烯酸酯树脂的制备及性能

以占单体物质的量0.01%的低铜盐用量催化剂体系进行电子转移活化再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP), 制备了丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸羟丙酯为单体的线形和六臂星形共聚物。采用折光指数-激光-黏度三检测联用GPC, ¹H NMR和DSC对聚合物的分子结构、共聚组成和玻璃化转变行为进行了研究。将聚合物配制成涂料用树脂溶液, 流变行为研究表明星形聚合物溶液黏度最低。在高固含量时, 星形聚合物降低黏度的优势更明显。在适合喷涂施工的黏度下, 六臂星形共聚物比普通自由基聚合得到的商品化丙烯酸酯树脂的固含量可提高10%。采用异氰酸酯固化剂固化得到的漆膜性能测试表明, 星形聚合物对应清漆的表干时间很短, 同时力学性能达到良好水平。     

原子转移自由基聚合催化体系的研究进展

采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)、反相ATRP(R-ATRP)可以对聚合物进行分子设计,制备结构和相对分子质量可控的均聚物、嵌段共聚物、接枝和梳状聚合物以及星形和一些高支化的聚合物.该类反应中,催化体系是研究的重点和热点.着重介绍了ATRP和R-ATRP聚合催化体系的研究进展,并且针对其催化剂脱除困难的问题,介绍了催化剂分离方面的最新研究进展.     

细乳液体系中的"活性"/可控自由基聚合研究进展

综述了当前细乳液体系中的4种"活性"/可控自由基聚合方法,包括稳定自由基细乳液聚合、原子转移自由基细乳液聚合、可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基细乳液聚合和退化转移自由基细乳液聚合,介绍了近年来这些领域的研究进展.     

原子转移自由基聚合的近期研究进展

对原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)的引发体系、催化体系及反应介质进行了全面的综述。介绍了四种不同催化剂脱除技术;结合最新的研究成果,介绍了ATRP在进行聚合物分子设计尤其是在制备嵌段共聚物方面的进展。     

苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯反向原子转移自由基乳液聚合的合成与表征

采用Tween 80为乳化剂,FeCl3.6H2O/EDTA/AIBN为催化引发体系,在乳液体系中对苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯进行反向原子转移自由基(RATRP)共聚合。考察了原料加入方式、过渡金属催化剂浓度及反应温度对RATRP乳液聚合影响。结果表明,得到聚合物的分子量与单体转化率呈线性增长,分子量分布较窄(PDI为1.40)的无规共聚物。借助于凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和红外光谱仪(IR)对RATRP共聚乳液进行表征,表明加入催化体系进行RA-TRP乳液聚合是"活性"可控聚合。     

活性/可控自由基细乳液聚合的研究及工业化进展

综述了活性/可控自由基细乳液聚合方法的研究进展,主要包括稳定自由基细乳液聚合、原子转移自由基细乳液聚合和可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基细乳液聚合3种"活性"/可控自由基聚合方法,介绍了近年来这些领域的工业化进程,并指出了该体系的发展与不足。     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate in an aqueous dispersed system

Atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) was conducted in an aqueous dispersed system with different kinds of copper complexes. The partitioning behavior of the copper complexes, including CuCl/4,4′‐di(5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipydine (dNbpy), CuCl₂/dNbpy, CuCl/2,2′‐bipydine (bpy), CuCl₂/bpy, CuCl/bis(N,N′‐dimethylaminoethyl)ether (bde), and CuCl₂/bde between the monomer (BMA), and water was studied in detail with ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The results show that with a less hydrophobic ligand, such as bpy or bde, most of the Cu(I) or the Cu(II) complexes migrated from the BMA phase to the aqueous phase, the atom transfer equilibrium was destroyed, and the polymerization was nearly not controlled; it converted to classical emulsion polymerization. As to the very hydrophobic ligand dNbpy, although the partitioning study of the copper complexes indicated that not all the copper species were restricted to the organic phase, the linear correlation between the molecular weight and the monomer conversion and the narrow polydispersities confirmed that the polymerization was still quite well controlled. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3175–3179, 2003     

Preparation of SBS/poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate) thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer network

SBS as polymer I, poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate) polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization as polymer II, and a thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer network of SBS/poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate) were prepared by the sequential method. The effects of the polymerization temperature, the composition of the catalyst, the ratio of the monomers studied, and the kinetics at 90°C were also investigated. It was shown that when polymerization was initiated by a BPO/CuCl/bpy (BPO:CuCl:bpy = 1:1:3) system at 90°C, the mass averaged molecular weight of the poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate) increased with monomer conversion, and the polydispersities were kept very low. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatogram showed that poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate) with low polydispersities had been synthesized. Thus, a thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer network comprised of both narrow molecular‐weight‐distribution components was successfully prepared. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2007–2011, 2003     

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by CuCl/bpy

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization (suspension ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out using 1-chloro-1-phenylethane (1-PECl) as initiator, copper chloride/bipyridine (CuCl/bpy) as catalyst. The polymerization was accomplished with a mechanical agitator under the protection of nitrogen atmosphere. Apart from the dispersing agent (1% PVA), NaCl was also used in the water phase to decrease the diffusion of CuCl/bpy to water and the influence of the concentration of NaCl was investigated. Subsequently, the kinetic behavior of the suspension ATRP of MMA at different temperatures was studied. At 90 and 95 °C, the polymerization showed first order with respect to monomer concentration until high conversion. The molecular weight (M_n) of the polymer increased with monomer conversion. However, at lower temperatures, different levels of autoacceleration was observed. The polymerization deviated from first order with respect to monomer concentration when the conversion was up to some degree. The lower the temperature was, the more the deviation displayed. On comparison with bulk ATRP of MMA, the rate of suspension ATRP was much faster.     

Studies on atom transfer radical emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) in water‐borne media, catalyzed and initiated by CuCl/4,4′‐di (5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dNbpy) and Ethyl 2‐bromopropinate (BrCH₃CHCOOC₂H₅₎ was conducted. The influence of several factors, such as the amount of surfactant, catalyst, initiator and the reaction time, temperature on the stability of the latexes and the control of the polymerization was investigated. The nucleation mechanism of the latexes, thermodynamic data and activation parameters for the ATRP emulsion polymerization of BMA were also reported. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:297–302, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Uniform star‐polystyrene nanoparticles prepared by emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization

Pentaerythritol (PT) was converted into four‐arm initiator pentaerythritol tetrakis(2‐chloropropionyl) (PT‐Cl) via reaction with 2‐chloropropionyl chloride. Uniform (monodisperse) star‐polystyrene nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene, using PT‐Cl/CuCl/bpy (bpy is 2,2′‐dipyridyl) as the initiating system. The structures of PT‐Cl and polymer were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The morphology, size and size distribution of the star‐polystyrene nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. It was found that the average diameters of star‐polystyrene nanoparticles were smaller than 100 nm (30–90 nm) and monodisperse; moreover, the particle size could be controlled by the monomer/initiator ratio and the surfactant concentration. The average hydrodynamic diameter (D_h) of the nanoparticles increased gradually on increasing the ratio of styrene to PT‐Cl and decreased on enhancing the surfactant concentration or increasing the catalyst concentration. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate

The emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA) was carried out with ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as an initiator and copper bromide (CuBr)/4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (dNbpy) as a catalyst system. The effects of surfactant type and concentration, temperature, monomer/initiator ratio, and CuBr₂ addition on the system livingness, polymer molecular weight control, and latex stability were examined in detail. It was found that the polymerization systems with Tween 80 and Brij 98 as surfactants at 30 °C gave the best latex stability. The polymer samples prepared under these conditions had narrow molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n=1.1-1.2) and linear relationships of number-average molecular weight versus monomer conversion.     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of tetraethylthiuram disulfide

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene initiated with tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TD)/cuprous bromide (CuBr)/2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) has been successfully carried out at 120 °C. The kinetic plot was first order in monomer. The measured number-average molecular weight was in good accordance with the theoretical one. Radical scavenger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) immediately terminated the reaction, which supported the radical essence of this polymerization. ¹H NMR and UV spectra analyses revealed α-S₂CNEt₂ and ω-Br end groups on the polystyrene chain. Conventional ATRP of methyl methacrylate could progress with the obtained polymer acting as the macroinitiator and CuBr/bpy or CuCl/bpy as the catalyst.     

Preparation of amphiphilic PS-b-PMAA diblock copolymer by means of atom transfer radical polymerization

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers of polystyrene-b-poly(methacrylic acid) were synthesized by means of atom transfer radical polymerization. First, the polystyrene with a bromine atom at the chain end (PS-Br) was prepared using styrene as the monomer, 1-bromoethyl benzene as the initiator, and CuCl/2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) as the catalyst ([1-bromoethyl benzene]/[CuCl]/[bpy] = 1:1:3). The polymerization was well controlled. Second, the diblock copolymer of polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) was synthesized also by atom transfer radical polymerization using PS-Br as the macro-initiator, CuCl/bpy as the catalyst, and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) as the monomer. Finally, the amphiphilic diblock copolymer, PS-b-PMAA, was obtained by hydrolysis of PS-b-PtBMA under the acid condition. The molecular weight and the structure of aforementioned copolymers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2381–2386, 2001     

Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization

Reverse atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and butyl acrylate was carried out in emulsion under normal emulsion conditions, using CuBr₂/bpy complex as catalyst. The effects of surfactant type, initiator type and concentration, and CuBr₂ addition on the system livingness, polymer molecular weight control, and latex stability were examined in detail. It was found that the Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) and azodiisobutyronitrile gave the best exhibition in this system, polymer samples were got with narrow molecular‐weight dispersity (M_w/M_n = 1.1–1.2) and linear relationships of molecular weight versus monomer conversion, as well as a relatively low polydispersity index (<0.1). Through the GPC and SEM analysis, the polymerization processes under these conditions showed good living/control characteristics relative to the processes under normal emulsion polymerization, although the latex stability was susceptible to the CuBr₂ catalyst. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012