一种HAP型高效缓蚀阻垢剂的研制及应用

目的通过对延长油田JX区块腐蚀结垢情况分析,针对性地研制并筛选缓蚀阻垢剂配方,获得阻垢、缓蚀效果最佳的HAP缓蚀阻垢剂。方法采用EDTA滴定法、称重法和腐蚀挂片分析技术,在温度为90℃时,对缓蚀阻垢剂的缓蚀效果和阻垢性能进行评价,通过反复对比分析,筛选配方,并进行了现场试验。结果与未添加缓蚀阻垢剂时相比,油井产出液分离水的腐蚀速率由0.125~0.161 mm/a下降到0.023~0.034 mm/a,缓蚀率达到了80%以上;混合结垢量由130~290 mg/L下降到7~15 mg/L,阻垢率达到了91%以上。结论应用EDTA滴定法、称重法和腐蚀挂片分析技术优选了缓蚀阻垢剂配方,在高温环境下,缓蚀阻垢剂综合性能优良,现场试验中的缓蚀阻垢效果显著。     

缓蚀阻垢剂的筛选及工业应用

针对现场循环冷却水的水质情况，研究了一种适用于循环冷却水的缓蚀阻垢剂配方，通过正交试验筛选出了一组最佳的浓度，使用该配方的缓蚀率达到82．56％。经静态阻垢试验和缓蚀评定试验分析，结果表明该配方有良好的缓蚀阻垢性能。当药剂配方浓度达50mg／L时，其缓蚀率和阻垢率均达到90％以上。在现场循环冷却水系统的应用中，对改善循环水水质也有很好的效果。     

环保型无磷缓蚀阻垢剂的制备

以低分子量聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)为基础,将聚丙烯酸钠、钼酸钠、D-葡萄糖酸钠、苯并三氮唑、六次甲基四胺等物质按一定比例复配成无磷缓蚀阻垢剂配方,采用碳酸钙沉积法评价其阻垢性能,用旋转挂片法和电化学法评价其缓蚀性能。优选出的最佳缓蚀剂配方为:聚丙烯酸钠15mg/L、D-葡萄糖酸钠14mg/L、苯并三氮唑13mg/L、钼酸钠18mg/L、六次甲基四胺14mg/L,其阻垢率为92.63%,缓蚀率为92.78%。该配方具有无磷、无毒、高效、环保等特点,具有重要的经济和利用价值。     

咪唑啉/乙二胺四甲叉膦酸钠复配缓蚀阻垢剂的性能

采用静态阻垢试验筛选出具有优异阻垢性能的阻垢剂乙二胺四甲叉膦酸钠(EDTMPS),同时采用室内静态挂片法筛选出具有良好缓蚀性能的缓蚀剂咪唑啉,将两者进行复配,确定了最优配方,并考察了最优配方缓蚀阻垢剂的性能及其缓蚀阻垢机理。结果表明:最优配方为EDTMPS与咪唑啉质量比3∶1,此配方对CaCO3垢的阻垢率为91.3%,对CaSO4垢的阻垢率为98.8%,对BaSO4垢的阻垢率为46.5%,缓蚀率为76.6%;复配缓蚀阻垢剂对CaCO3垢的阻垢性随着加入量的增多、溶液中Ca2+含量的减少、试验温度的降低而上升。     

新型复合铜缓蚀阻垢剂DG3的研究

用电化学方法和失重法研究了一种以缓蚀剂DG1、BTA和阻垢剂PBTCA复配而成的复合缓蚀阻垢剂DG3对锡黄铜的缓蚀作用,并用鼓泡法研究了其阻垢性能。通过实验确定了最佳配方:DG1浓度为2mg/L,BTA浓度为3mg/L,PBTCA浓度为5mg/L。研究表明:这种缓蚀阻垢剂有优良的缓蚀和阻垢性能,锡黄铜在加有DG3的70°C淡水中腐蚀速度为0.0021mm/a,达到且优于国标允许的锡黄铜腐蚀速度(0.005mm/a),而且DG3对缝隙腐蚀也有良好的抑制作用。DG3的阻垢效果与PBTCA相比没有明显降低,30℃时DG3能使淡水中234.04mg/L的钙离子稳定存在,同30℃时5mg/L PBTCA的阻垢能力相当。     

加酸处理控制不锈钢凝汽器的结垢与腐蚀

通过溶液分析和极化曲线测定,研究了304不锈钢电极在浓缩不同倍率的冷却水中的耐蚀性能及其与钙垢沉积之间的关系、阻垢剂对不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响以及不同加酸量对阻垢缓蚀效果的影响。结果表明,冷却水的浓缩倍率越高,不锈钢的点蚀电位越低,冷却水对不锈钢的侵蚀性越强。试验用阻垢剂起到了较好的阻垢和缓蚀效果,含1mg/L或2mg/L阻垢剂的冷却水中,加0.50mmol/L及以上的硫酸可以防止钙垢的沉积并降低不锈钢电极的点蚀敏感性。     

油田缓蚀剂阻垢剂筛选及复配室内研究

针对油田生产过程中严重的腐蚀结垢问题,通过挂片法和电化学法对几种缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果进行评价;通过滴定法对阻垢剂的阻垢效果进行评价;并将性能优良的缓蚀剂与阻垢剂进行复配实验.结果表明:956和FHH-02两种缓蚀剂缓蚀率达90%;1320C和BHF-06两种阻垢剂阻垢率达90%;1320C阻垢剂与956和FHH-02缓蚀剂有很好的配伍性;并且1320C阻垢剂与956和FHH-02缓蚀剂复配使用的缓蚀效果和1320C阻垢剂与FHH-02缓蚀剂复配使用的阻垢效果都很理想.     

聚(柠檬酸-三乙醇胺)的缓蚀阻垢性能

采用溶液聚合法合成了聚(柠檬酸-三乙醇胺),并采用体积排阻色谱(SEC)对其重均分子量进行了测定;在模拟冷却水中,采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了聚合物对碳钢Q235缓蚀性能,并采用静态阻垢法研究了聚合物对硫酸钙的阻垢性能。结果表明:聚(柠檬酸-三乙醇胺)重均分子量越大,对碳钢Q235的缓蚀率和对硫酸钙的阻垢率越大。当聚(柠檬酸-三乙醇胺)用量为100mg/L时,缓蚀率可达93.8%;聚(柠檬酸-三乙醇胺)用量为10mg/L时阻垢率可达96.28%。     

聚环氧琥珀酸衍生物及复合配方在天然海水中阻垢缓蚀性能的研究

目的 为提高聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)的阻垢缓蚀综合性能,拓展其应用范围,将2-氨基乙磺酸(SEA)引入PESA分子中,合成聚环氧琥珀酸衍生物(SEA-PESA)并应用于海水环境.方法 将PESA和SEA缩合制备了SEA-PESA,用傅里叶红外光谱和核磁氢谱表征其结构.研究了SEA-PESA及其四元复合配方在天然海水中的缓蚀和阻垢等综合性能.结果 在海水环境中,SEA-PESA质量浓度为160 mg/L,对Q235钢片的缓蚀率为61.82％,而PESA仅为52.17％.PESA和SEA-PESA的四元复合配方的缓蚀率分别高达88.87％、96.99％,腐蚀速率分别为0.06552、0.01772 mm/a,SEA-PESA四元复合配方缓蚀效果明显优于PESA,更好地契合了国标的要求.SEA-PESA四元复合配方以抑制阳极为主,是一种阳极型缓蚀剂;在海水中也表现出良好的阻垢性能,在10 mg/L用量下阻垢率达100％.结论 本研究证实了SEA-PESA用于冷却系统和热脱盐工艺过程中,特别是海水环境中抑制腐蚀和结垢方面的潜能,应用前景广阔.     

气田采出污水处理工艺优化方法

陕北气田油含量、铁离子含量和悬浮物含量都较高且管线在此环境中腐蚀、结垢严重,针对这一问题分析了陕北气田多个区块混合水样和采用常规污水处理工艺处理污水过程中存在的主要问题。采用化学氧化-絮凝处理方法优化了污水处理工艺。结果表明:NaClO作氧化剂,加量为40mg·L~(-1),氧化时间为10min,pH为7.5、无机混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)加量为50mg/L,有机絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加量为2.0mg·L~(-1)时,该气田污水通过新工艺处理后可以满足SY/T 6596-2004《气田水回注方法》标准要求。当缓蚀阻垢剂DW-1加量为25mg/L时,可将污水对管线的年腐蚀速率降低到0.021 1mm/a,缓蚀率达86.25%,阻垢率达98.17%,解决了污水对管线结垢和腐蚀的难题。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。