铜负载量对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝协同汞氧化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了系列 Cu₂O-V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂,通过固定床反应器考察了不同 Cu₂O 负载量对V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂脱硝协同单质汞(Hg0)氧化性能的影响。结果表明,2% Cu₂O 的引入提高了催化剂的脱硝协同汞氧化性能。采用 BET 和 XRD 对催化剂进行分析,证实 Cu₂O-V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂良好的催化活性与其均匀分散的活性组分有关,与孔道结构没有明显的相关性。     

V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 催化剂的NOx选择性催化还原及SO2氧化活性

采用浸渍法以TiO₂为载体制备V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 选择性催化还原催化剂,研究V₂O₅和MoO₃负载量对于催化剂选择性催化还原反应及SO₂氧化活性的影响,并考察氧含量、氨氮物质的量比和反应空速对3%V₂O₅-6%MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中V₂O₅负载质量分数增加,V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 催化剂的选择性催化还原活性和SO₂氧化活性均呈上升趋势。MoO₃的负载对催化剂的SO₂氧化活性有明显抑制作用。MoO₃负载质量分数超过9%,制备的催化剂既保持较高的低温选择性催化还原活性,又使选择性催化还原反应中的SO₂转化率小于1%。     

工业V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂的碱土中毒研究

以某燃煤电厂应用的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂蜂窝型SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟该催化剂Ca、Mg及二者复合中毒,研究了不同浓度的Ca和Mg对催化剂活性的影响,并用XRD、H₂-TPR及NH₃吸附FT-IR对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Ca和Mg对工业SCR脱硝催化剂均具有毒性作用,其中Mg毒性相对较强,复合中毒在一定程度上弱化单组分对催化剂活性的影响;催化剂组分分散度和结晶度不受Ca和Mg的影响,但CaO和MgO的掺入抑制V₂O₅的还原能力;CaO和MgO对催化剂表面的酸性位均存在影响,尤其是B酸位,二者复合中毒对酸性位的影响小于单一组分。     

砷对商业V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

以某燃煤电厂钒钛基选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂为研究对象,在实验室条件下模拟了该催化剂的As中毒,考察了不同浓度的As对催化剂活性的影响,结合H2-TPR、XPS、NH3吸附FT-IR实验分析As对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明催化剂As中毒后,其活性下降,并且As浓度越大,活性下降越明显;催化剂表面的W和Ti的化学形态不受As的影响,而V物种出现多样化;As对催化剂表面的酸性位有一定的影响,使其吸附NH3的Bronsted酸位减少,而对其酸强度和催化反应途径的影响并不显著。     

不锈钢板负载V2O5-WO3-TiO2催化剂制备及其催化还原脱硝性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂粉末为载体,偏钒酸铵和水合钨酸铵溶液为浸渍液,采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂,以聚乙烯醇-硅溶胶为黏合剂,采用涂覆法将催化剂粘合于经硫酸和钛酸丁酯溶胶处理过的不锈钢板板材表面,获得不锈钢板负载的V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、FT-IR和SEM等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂催化剂可均匀负载于不锈钢板表面。采用氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物法研究了催化剂的脱硝性能,结果表明,在空速8 000 L·（kg·h）^-1和反应温度360 ℃的条件下,NOx脱除率超过92%,且制备的催化剂具有良好的稳定性和耐硫性。     

V2O5-WO3-MoO3/TiO2催化剂在柴油机NH3-SCR系统中的性能

针对柴油机运行工况特点及柴油机尾气成分特点,以工业纯锐钛型二氧化钛、偏钒酸铵、偏钨酸铵、钼酸铵为主要原料制备了颗粒状V₂O₅-WO₃-MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂,以Lister Petter TR1重型直喷式单缸柴油机为依托搭建试验台,研究了在真实柴油机尾气环境下催化剂的脱硝性能。结果表明,柴油机负载增大,催化剂脱硝活性呈现下降趋势。1800 r·min^-1时,脱硝活性最大值87.1%在负载25%、反应温度380℃、空速20000 h^-1、氨氮比1.0处取得。柴油机负载不同,导致催化剂活性温度窗口(脱硝活性>70%)发生较大变化,与负载25%相比,负载50%活性温度窗口减小约60℃。增大柴油机负载可以提高NH₃/N₂O反应起始温度,但是同时会导致高温区间(>400℃)N₂O生成量增大。     

选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂的性能研究

文章开展了工艺条件对选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂的性能研究,采用自行研制开发的V2O5-WO3/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂,考察了温度、空速、NH3与NO摩尔比、NO初始浓度、氧浓度等对这种催化剂脱硝性能的影响,为选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂的应用提供科学的实验数据。     

烟气脱硝催化剂中载体TiO2对催化性能的影响

选用纳米级TiO2和工业级TiO2作为烟气脱硝催化剂的载体,采用分步浸渍法在载体TiO2上负载WO3和V2O5,得到商业催化剂的活性成分1%V2O5-10%WO3/TiO2,用以去除烟道气中的氮氧化合物(NOx)。纳米级催化剂所允许的空速范围远比工业级催化剂高,氨氮比(≥1.0)对纳米级催化剂脱硝效率基本没有影响,且当氨氮比为1.2时,在300～350℃脱硝效率可以达到100%。而工业级催化剂的脱硝效率随着空速的增加和氨氮比的降低而显著减小。在相同的空速(7500h-1)和氨氮比(1.0)条件下,纳米级催化剂的脱硝效率几乎为100%,而工业级催化剂只有在400℃时达到最大脱硝效率,且仅为85%。此外,以纳米级TiO2为载体的催化剂具有更宽的脱硝温度窗。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、N2物理吸附脱附、X射线衍射(XRD),程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和粒径分析等方法进行载体和催化剂表征。结果表明,纳米级催化剂的比表面积,孔容和表面酸性都远大于工业级催化剂。     

H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2-MoO3催化合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮

探讨以H3PW6Mo6040/TiO2-MoO3为催化剂,以环己酮,乙二醇为原料催化合成环已酮乙二醇缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酮醇物质量比,催化剂用量,带水剂用量及反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:固定环己酮的用量为0,2mnl时,在n(环己酮):n(乙二醇)=1:1,4,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%,带水剂环己烷6mL,反应时间60min的优化条件下,环己酮乙二醇缩酮的收率可达78.9%。     

制备方法对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2选择性催化还原催化剂性能的影响

采用共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了V2O5质量分数4%和WO3质量分数6%的V2O5-WO3/TiO2选择性催化还原催化剂,对比了3种方法制备的催化剂选择性催化还原NO性能。采用X射线衍射、热重、N2吸附-脱附和程序升温还原等对制备的V2O5-WO3/Ti O2催化剂的结构和性质进行表征,结果表明,共沉淀法制备的V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂具有更好的选择性催化还原NO活性和更大的比表面积,影响共沉淀法选择性催化还原NO活性的主要因素是催化剂的热稳定性、表面羟基数量、比表面积、粒径分布以及V、W与Ti之间的内在作用。     

Reactivity of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

The physico-chemical characteristics and the reactivity of sub-monolayer V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ deNO_x catalysts is investigated in this work by EPR, FT-IR and reactivity tests under transient conditions. EPR indicates that tetravalent vanadium ions both in magnetically isolated form and in clustered, magnetically interacting form are present over the TiO₂ surface. The presence of tungsten oxide stabilizes the surface V^IV and modifies the redox properties of V₂O₅/TiO₂ samples. Ammonia adsorbs on the catalysts surface in the form of molecularly coordinated species and of ammonium ions. Upon heating, activation of ammonia via an amide species is apparent. V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts exhibits higher activity than the binary V₂O₅/TiO₂ and WO₃/TiO₂ reference sample. This is related to both higher redox properties and higher surface acidity of the ternary catalysts. Results suggest that the catalyst redox properties control the reactivity of the samples at low temperatures whereas the surface acidity plays an important role in the adsorption and activation of ammonia at high temperatures.     

载体对V_2O_5-MoO_3/TiO_2催化剂表面性质及其选择性催化还原脱硝性能的影响

采用比表面积分别为101.86 m2·g-1(A)、86.37 m2·g-1(B)和7.78(C)m2·g-1(C)的TiO_2载体,通过分步浸渍法制备V2O5-Mo O3/TiO_2(A,B,C)选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂。在空速为10 000 h-1和氨氮体积比1.0条件下,以TiO_2(A)与TiO_2(B)为载体制备的催化剂脱硝活性在反应温度窗口(350~450)℃超过90%,且具有良好的高温抗硫中毒性能和相对较小的氨气氧化率。而以TiO_2(C)为载体制备的脱硝催化剂活性温度窗口窄,在350℃时获得的最高脱硝活性仅为73%,且对NH3的氧化作用较强。利用X射线衍射、低温N2吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、H2程序升温还原和NH3程序升温脱附等对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,活性组分V2O5在载体TiO_2(A)上分散性良好,主要以孤立态钒氧物种形式存在,因此,以TiO_2(A)为载体制备的催化剂比表面积、氧化还原性和表面酸性等性能更优。     

Activity and acidity of Nb2O5-MoO3 and Nb2O5-WO3 in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation

Nb₂O₅ loaded on the supports and mixed with oxides was studied to investigate the activity and acidity for Friedel-Crafts benzylation of anisole. From the study on the loaded catalysts, a preliminary conclusion for the selection of metal oxide was obtained; namely, such an acidic oxide as silica was suitable for the support of Nb₂O₅. Then, MoO₃ and WO₃ were mixed with Nb₂O₅, and prominent high catalytic activity and acidities were observed. Both oxides of Nb₂O₅-MoO₃ and Nb₂O₅-WO₃ showed almost similar behavior with respect to characterization and catalytic activity. Surface area increased, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman bands were lost, acid sites, both Brønsted and Lewis characters generated, and surface acid site density was as high as 2–4 nm⁻². The acid sites were generated on the amorphous metal oxides consisting of Nb and Mo or W oxides, different in nature from those of Nb₂O₅ calcined and un-calcined, and active for Friedel-Crafts benzylation.     

TiO2-SiO2 and V2O5/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst: Physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

TiO₂-SiO₂ with various compositions prepared by the coprecipitation method and vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ were investigated with respect to their physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in SCR of NO by NH₃ and in the undesired oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, using BET, XRD, XPS, NH₃-TPD, acidity measurement by the titration method and activity test. TiO₂-SiO₂, compared with pure TiO₂, exhibits a remarkably stronger acidity, a higher BET surface area, a lower crystallinity of anatase titania and results in allowing a good thermal stability and a higher vanadia dispersion on the support up to high loadings of 15 wt% V₂O₅. The SCR activity and N₂ selectivity are found to be more excellent over vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ with 10–20 mol% of SiO₂ than over that on pure TiO₂, and this is considered to be associated with highly dispersed vanadia on the supports and large amounts of NH₃ adsorbed on the catalysts. With increasing SiO₂ content, the remarkable activity decrease in the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, favorable for industrial SCR catalysts, was also observed, strongly depending on the existence of vanadium species of the oxidation state close to V⁴⁺ on TiO₂-SiO₂, while V⁵⁺ exists on TiO₂, according to XPS. It is concluded that vanadia loaded on Ti-rich TiO₂-SiO₂ with low SiO₂ content is suitable as SCR catalysts for sulfur-containing exhaust gases due to showing not only the excellent de-NO_x activity but also the low SO₂ oxidation performance.     

Deactivation of V2O5-WO3-TiO2 SCR catalyst at a biomass-fired combined heat and power plant

The deactivation of a commercial type V₂O₅-WO₃-TiO₂ monolith catalyst under biomass combustion was studied at a full-scale grate-fired power plant burning straw/wood using a slip stream pilot scale reactor. The aerosols in the flue gas consisted of a mixture of potassium chloride and sulphate. Three catalyst elements were exposed at 350 °C, and one element was exposed at 250 °C for comparison. The catalyst activity was measured in the reactor at the exposure temperature by addition of NH₃ and extra NO. The activity, in terms of a first-order rate constant, dropped by 52% after about 1140 h indicating a very fast deactivation compared to coal firing. It was also found that the reactor temperature was not of importance for the deactivation rate. SEM-EDX analysis showed that particle deposition and pore blocking contributed to the deactivation by decreasing the diffusion rate of NO and NH₃ into the catalyst. However, potassium also penetrated into the catalyst wall and the resulting average K/V ratio in the catalyst structure was high enough (about 0.3–0.5) for a significant chemical deactivation. Chemisorption studies carried out in situ showed that the amount of chemisorbed NH₃ on the catalyst decreased as a function of exposure time, which reveals that Brøndsted acid sites had reacted with potassium compounds and thereby rendered inactive. When washed by 0.5 M H₂SO₄ the regenerated catalyst regains a higher activity than that of the fresh catalyst at temperatures higher than 300 °C, but even though reactivation is possible, the deactivation rate appears too high for practical use of the SCR process in straw combustion.     

V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其烟气脱硝性能

以活性成分负载量、负载顺序和焙烧温度等关键制备参数因素进行正交实验设计制备了V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂,对其进行XRD和TPR表征,并在自行设计搭建的SCR烟气脱硝实验平台上评价其(300~390)℃的SCR脱硝性能。结果表明,活性成分钒和钨绝大多数以非晶态形式存在于载体表面,且具有良好的分散性;主要活性成分V_2O_5负载量越高,脱硝率越高;400℃焙烧温度可以形成催化反应所需的晶相,且维持催化剂较高的比表面积;催化剂低温活性和高温活性是由表面富集和各种成分之间相互作用共同产生的结果,活性组分与载体之间的相互作用对315℃低温脱硝活性影响明显,以先钒后钨负载顺序为宜,表面富集对390℃高温脱硝活性起主要作用,以钒钨同时负载或先钒后钨负载顺序较好;随着m(WO_3)∶m(V_2O_5)的增加,在7.5∶1处催化剂的脱硝率升至最高,随后迅速下降,WO_3负载质量分数以6%为宜。在优化条件V_2O_5负载质量分数0.8%、WO_3负载质量分数6%、先钒后钨负载和400℃焙烧温度下制备了催化剂并进行脱硝性能验证,315℃低温脱硝活性达到69.56%。     

Effects of microwaves on selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid over a V2O5/TiO2 system

Two series of catalysts, V₂O₅/TiO₂ and modified V₂O₅/TiO₂, were prepared with a conventional impregnation method. They were tested in the selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid under microwave irradiation. The reaction conditions were optimized over V₂O₅/TiO₂. It was found that in the microwave catalytic process the optimum reactor bed temperature of the titled reaction decreases to 500 K (600 K in the conventional process). The modification of V₂O₅/TiO₂ with MoO₃, WO₃, Nb₂O₅ or Ta₂O₅, which has no negative influence on the reaction in the conventional catalytic process, can greatly promote the catalytic activities in the microwave process, leading to a high yield of benzoic acid (41%). The effects of microwave electromagnetic field on the catalysts are discussed.     

V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的制备

采用工业钛白粉作为烟气脱硝催化剂的载体原料,通过添加助剂M对其改性,研制出了一种V2O5-WO3/Ti O2烟气脱硝催化剂,并确定助剂M的最佳量为质量分数10%;同时考察了焙烧温度对该催化剂比表面积及脱硝性能的影响,确定了最佳焙烧温度为500℃;最佳活性组分钒含量为质量分数1.5%,稳定助剂钨含量为质量分数8%的催化剂性能最好。     

Inhibition effect of H2O on V2O5/AC catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

The inhibition effect of H₂O on V₂O₅/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H₂O does not reduce NO and NH₃ adsorption on V₂O₅/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH₃ adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH₃ forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH₄⁺ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH₃ on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH₃ on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H₂O in the feed gas. H₂O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH₃ on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H₂O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H₂O does not poison the V₂O₅/AC catalyst.