Daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite in middle-aged men by the duplicate portion method

Daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite of middle-aged men (30-59 years of age, n = 100) in Hiroshima Prefecture were estimated directly by the duplicate portion method. The daily intake of nitrate was 190.8 +/- 128.5 mg. The daily intake of nitrate/kg body weight was 2.87 +/- 2.00 mg, which is about 78% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The daily intake of nitrate tended to increase with increasing age. The daily intake of nitrite was 3.837 +/- 3.647 mg. The daily intake of nitrite/kg body weight was 0.057 +/- 0.050 mg, which is about 95% of the ADI. In the case of nitrite, there was no age-related difference. The proportions of men, whose daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite were above the ADI, were 27% and 34%, respectively. The proportion of men above the ADI of both nitrate and nitrite was 10%.     

Actual daily dietary intake of selenium in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

The dietary selenium (Se) intake in Belgium has been re-evaluated. Duplicate meal collection, wet acid destruction and flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry were used as techniques. The daily intake ranged from 28.4 g (Liège, Walloon part of the country) to 61.1 g (Vilvoorde, central part of the country). Compared with intakes recently published for other countries, the actual Belgian value corresponds to intermediate ranges of Se intake.

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Die aktuelle tägliche Selen-Aufnahme durch die Nahrung in Belgien, bestimmt durch doppelte Probenahme

Zusammenfassung Die Selen-Aufnahme durch die Nahrung in Belgien wurde neu bestimmt. Als Technik diente die doppelte Probenahme von Mahlzeiten, deren nasser Aufschluß und die Fließ-Injektions AAS mit Hydridgeneration. Die tägliche Aufnahme schwankt zwischen 28,4 und 61, 1 g. Im Vergleich zu Daten, die neuerdings aus anderen Ländern publiziert wurden, liegen die derzeitigen Werte aus Belgien im Mittelbereich.

     

Measurement of the daily dietary calcium and magnesium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

The daily dietary calcium and magnesium intakes in Belgium were evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, destruction in a microwave oven and their calcium and magnesium contents determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean intake value for calcium (618±125 mg/day) was found to be less than those values measured in most other countries and was below the recommended daily allowance (RDA). The mean intake value for magnesium (271±44 mg/day) was similar to levels found in most other countries, but was below the RDA value for healthy adult men (350 mg/day) whilst being adequate for healthy women (280 mg/day).     

Estimated dietary intake of nitrite and nitrate in Swedish children

This study examines the intake of nitrate and nitrite in Swedish children. Daily intake estimates were based on a nationwide food consumption survey (4-day food diary) and nitrite/nitrate content in various foodstuffs. The mean intake of nitrite from cured meat among 2259 children studied was 0.013, 0.010 and 0.007 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in age groups 4, 8-9 and 11-12 years, respectively. Among these age groups, three individuals (0.1% of the studied children) exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.07 mg nitrite kg(-1) body weight day(-1). The mean intake of nitrate from vegetables, fruit, cured meat and water was 0.84, 0.68 and 0.45 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for children aged 4, 8-9 and 11-12 years, respectively. No individual exceeded the ADI of 3.7 mg nitrate kg(-1) body weight day(-1). However, when the total nitrite intake was estimated, including an estimated 5% endogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite, approximately 12% of the 4-year-old children exceeded the nitrite ADI. Thus, the intake of nitrite in Swedish children may be a concern for young age groups when endogenous nitrite conversion is included in the intake estimates.     

Estimated dietary intake of nitrite and nitrate in Swedish children

This study examines the intake of nitrate and nitrite in Swedish children. Daily intake estimates were based on a nationwide food consumption survey (4-day food diary) and nitrite/nitrate content in various foodstuffs. The mean intake of nitrite from cured meat among 2259 children studied was 0.013, 0.010 and 0.007?mg?kg^?1?body?weight?day^?1 in age groups 4, 8–9 and 11–12 years, respectively. Among these age groups, three individuals (0.1% of the studied children) exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.07?mg?nitrite?kg^?1 body weight?day^?1. The mean intake of nitrate from vegetables, fruit, cured meat and water was 0.84, 0.68 and 0.45?mg?kg^?1 body weight?day^?1 for children aged 4, 8–9 and 11–12 years, respectively. No individual exceeded the ADI of 3.7?mg?nitrate?kg^?1 body weight?day^?1. However, when the total nitrite intake was estimated, including an estimated 5% endogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite, approximately 12% of the 4-year-old children exceeded the nitrite ADI. Thus, the intake of nitrite in Swedish children may be a concern for young age groups when endogenous nitrite conversion is included in the intake estimates.     

Average daily nitrate and nitrite intake in the Belgian population older than 15 years

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite in Belgium. The nitrate content of processed vegetables, cheeses and meat products was analysed. These data were completed by data from non-targeted official control and from the literature. In addition, the nitrite content of meat products was measured. Concentration data for nitrate and nitrite were linked to food consumption data of the Belgian Food Consumption Survey. This study included 3245 respondents, aged 15 years and older. Food intakes were estimated by a repeated 24-h recall using EPIC-SOFT. Only respondents with two completed 24-h recalls (n=3083) were included in the analysis. For the intake assessment, average concentration data and individual consumption data were combined. Usual intake of nitrate/nitrite was calculated using the Nusser method. The mean usual daily intake of nitrate was 1.38 mg kg(-1) bodyweight (bw) day(-1) and the usual daily intake at the 97.5 percentile was 2.76 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1). Exposure of the Belgian population to nitrate at a mean intake corresponded to 38% of the ADI (while 76% at the 97.5 percentile). For the average consumer, half of the intake was derived from vegetables (especially lettuce) and 20% from water and water-based drinks. The average daily intake of nitrate and nitrite from cheese and meat products was low (0.2% and 6% of the ADI at average intake, respectively). Scenario analyses with a higher consumption of vegetables or a higher nitrate concentration in tap water showed a significant higher intake of nitrate. Whether this is beneficial or harmful must be further assessed.     

Estimate of toxic element intake in diets of pre-school children and elderly collected by duplicate portion sampling.

A study was carried out with a group of pre-school children staying at the central nursery of the University of S?o Paulo and with a group of elderly living in private institutions in S?o Paulo, Brazil, with the aim of evaluating the contents of toxic elements present in the diets of these groups. For sampling, the duplicate portion technique was used, which consisted of collecting all the foods and beverages consumed during three consecutive days. A radiochemical separation procedure was developed and applied to the determination of As, Cd, Sb, W, Th and U, by means of retention of these elements in the resin Chelex 100 and inorganic exchanger tin dioxide in an appropriate medium. The elements analysed presented levels of ingestion below the maximum levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), and thus can be considered as not presenting any health hazard to the individuals studied in the present work.     

Daily dietary rubidium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 Daily dietary rubidium intake in Belgium was evaluated by duplicate portion sampling. Sample destruction in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric analysis were used to measure this element. The mean intake of 2.2 ±0.3 mg/day is similar to levels found for most other countries. Since the necessity of this element for humans remains unproven, the intake level could not be compared to a recommended range for a safe and adequate dietary intake. Received: 8 June 1996     

Daily dietary lithium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, daily dietary lithium intake for adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (8.6±4.6 μg/day) is very low compared to the scarce literature data. Since the lithium requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with RDA values.     

Daily dietary molybdenum intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time daily dietary molybdenum intake in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating in a microwave oven for destruction and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of this element. The mean intake value (87±11 μg/day) is lower than levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake. Received: 14 October 1996     

Daily dietary cadmium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

Daily dietary cadmium intake by adults in Belgium has been re-evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value (23.1Lj.6 7g/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and far below the provisional tolerable daily intake of 1 7g/kg^-1 of body weight per day, as set by the FAO/WHO.     

Daily dietary silicon intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, the daily dietary silicon intake of adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the samples were heated in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element was carried out. The mean intake value of adults (18.6±8.5 mg/day) is similar to the few data found in the literature. Since the silicon requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with recommended daily allowance values. Received: 29 October 1998     

Daily dietary lithium intake in Belgium using duplicate portion sampling

 For the first time, daily dietary lithium intake for adults in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, the heating of the samples in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (8.6±4.6 μg/day) is very low compared to the scarce literature data. Since the lithium requirement of humans and animals is still unknown, no comparison could be made with RDA values. Received: 20 October 1997     

Daily dietary copper intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

Daily dietary copper intake in Belgium has been evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of this element. The mean intake value (1.5±0.4 mg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries, but is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.

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Die tägliche Kupfer-Aufnahme mit der Nahrung in Belgien, bestimmt aus doppelter Probenahme

Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Kupfer-Aufnahme mit der Nahrung in Belgien wurde durch doppelte Probenahme, Aufschluß im Mikrowellenofen und Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometrie bestimmt. Die mittlere Aufnahme war 1,5±0,4 mg je Tag. Sie ist vergleichbar zu anderen Ländern, liegt aber im unteren Bereich der Ernährungsempfehlungen.

     

Daily dietary manganese intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

Daily dietary manganese intake in Belgium was evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, destruction by cooking in a microwave oven and subsequent analysis for this element by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (3.1±1.1 mg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is within WHO/RDA and National Research Council, USA recommended intake ranges.

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Die tägliche Aufnahme von Mangan mit der Nahrung in Belgien, bestimmt aus doppelter Portions-Probenahme

Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Aufnahme von Mangan mit der Nahrung in Belgien wurde durch doppelte Probenahme von Portionen, Aufschluß derselben im Mikrowellen-Ofen und Atomapsorptionsspektrophotometrie bestimmt. Die mittlere Aufnahme lag bei 3.1±1.1 mg je Tag. Das entspricht Werten, wie sie in anderen Ländern gefunden wurden und liegt in den von WHO/RDA und NRC, USA empfohlenen Bereichen.

     

Daily dietary zinc intake in Belgium measured using duplicate portion sampling

 Daily dietary zinc intake by healthy adults in Belgium has been re-evaluated by duplicate portion sampling, heating in a microwave oven and atomic absorption spectrometric determination of the element. The mean intake value for adults (11.2±3.2 mg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries, but below the daily requirements, i. e. 15 mg/day for men and 12 mg/day for women. Literature data on intake levels for other population groups (infants, children, adolescents, lactating women, the elderly, those taking supplements and those involved in intensive physical activities) as well as for pathological conditions are compiled. Received: 8 October 1997     

Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium,using duplicate portion sampling

Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53±31 μg/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.     

Effect of ascorbic acid on the hepatotoxicity due to the daily intake of nitrate, nitrite and dimethylamine

It is known that nitrates, nitrites and dimethylamine may react in the gastro-intestinal tract synthesizing the powerful hepatotoxic and carcinogenic dimethylnitrosamine. The purpose of this study was to investigate hepatotoxicity due to the daily intake of nitrates and nitrites administered to rats during 14 weeks together with dimethylamine in drinking water, and to evaluate the protecting effect of ascorbic acid against the hepatotoxicity of the presumably endogenous formed dimethylnitrosamine. The toxicity criteria studied were weight of liver (absolute and relative), free and total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and pyruvic glutamic transaminase, all in the form of serum, and histopathologic tests of the liver. The results gave evidence of hepatotoxicity induced by the intake of nitrate, nitrite and dimethylamine all together, and not through the only intake of nitrate or nitrite or of amine. Daily doses of ascorbic acid [(211 +/- 40) and (18 +/- 4) mg/kg] seemed to hinder hepatotoxicity according to the criteria under investigation.     

Daily dietary sodium and potassium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

 The daily dietary sodium and potassium intakes in Belgium were evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, destruction in a microwave oven and their sodium and potassium contents determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean intake for sodium (4.15±1.01 g/day) was found to be similar to values found in most other countries but well above the recommended range set by the National Research Council of the USA and the range established for Belgium. The mean intake for potassium (3.39±0.84 g/day) was somewhat higher than values for other countries and also above the recommended range for Belgium but not for the USA. Received: 24 June 1998