H.264中有效的全零块预测方法

在低比特率视频编码中,全零块预测是一种常用来优化编码器的技术。目前几乎所有的方法都是采用绝对误差和（SAD）进行全零块预测,但在H.264中采用哈达玛（Hadamard）变换编码时,这种方法不能直接使用。采用高斯分布分析H.264视频编码中的残差系数,提出了一种基于变换绝对差值总和（SATD）预测全零块的有效方法。通过实验结果表明,该方法在保持图像质量的同时,提前预测出包括全零块在内的四种特殊编码块,减少了离散余弦变换（DCT）,量化（Q）的运算量,提高了H.264的编码效率。     

一种抗H.264压缩的低比特率视频水印算法

为了解决H.264压缩视频版权保护问题,提出一种新的低比特率视频水印算法。根据H.264中DCT系数分布特点,通过系数的符号编码,水印信息被嵌入到I帧DCT量化系数中。引入量化失真补偿的办法,降低了水印嵌入时引起的视频失真。水印检测时采用了符号相关检测思想,不需要原视频作参考,实现了盲检测功能。实验结果显示,新算法在保证较小视频失真的同时,能够很好地抵制H.264压缩攻击。     

H.264中一种有效的对整数DCT系数的预测方法

提出了一种在H.264中减小DCT变换和量化计算量的新的有效方法。通过理论分析,研究了Normal4×4,LumaDC4×4和ChramaDC2×2这三种变换的系数动态分布,进而对变换和量化方法的三种类型提出相应的DCT系数量化为零三个充分条件。与文献中所提到的其它方法相比,该方法更加有效、精确。理论分析和实验结果表明：在减小计算复杂度、编码视频质量、错误接受率（false acceptance rate）,错误拒绝率（false rejection rate）等方面,该方法都优于其它方法。     

一种密集相机阵列的低复杂度视频压缩方法

为了降低多视点视频压缩的复杂度，根据密集相机阵列系统与Wyner—Ziv编码的特点，提出了基于Wyner—Ziv编码的密集相机阵列低复杂度视频压缩算法。该算法首先在各相机之间相互独立地采用基于感兴趣区提取的低复杂度来进行Wyner—ziv编码，然后在中心解码端利用各视点间的相关性进行联合解码。该算法是通过对DCT量化系数进行相似性判断来提取感兴趣区，以有效地避免对背景和平坦等区域进行编码，从而降低了编码复杂度。实验证明，该算法具有极低的编码复杂度特性和良好的率失真性能，编码复杂度仅为H．264帧间预测编码的1／22。     

Reduction of discrete cosine transform/ quantisation/inverse quantisation/inverse discrete cosine transform computational complexity in H.264 video encoding by using an efficient prediction algorithm

This study develops a novel prediction algorithm to effectively save the computational complexity of discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantisation (Q), inverse Q (IQ), and inverse DCT (IDCT) in video encoding for H.264 applications. Based on the DC value of the DCT coefficients that is equal to the sum of residual data in the 4times4 sub-macroblock (sub-MB), a mathematical model is built to develop a prediction algorithm for reducing the computations in the DCT/Q/IQ/IDCT process. Experimental results and comparisons demonstrate that the proposed prediction algorithm significantly reduces the encoding time while incurring little additional overhead, and lowers the bit rate with little peak signal-to-noise ratio degradation.     

Arithmetic coding using hierarchical dependency context model for H.264/AVC video coding

In this paper, a hierarchical dependency context model (HDCM) is firstly proposed to exploit the statistical correlations of DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) coefficients in H.264/AVC video coding standard, in which the number of non-zero coefficients in a DCT block and the scanned position are used to capture the magnitude varying tendency of DCT coefficients. Then a new binary arithmetic coding using hierarchical dependency context model (HDCMBAC) is proposed. HDCMBAC associates HDCM with binary arithmetic coding to code the syntax elements for a DCT block, which consist of the number of non-zero coefficients, significant flag and level information. Experimental results demonstrate that HDCMBAC can achieve similar coding performance as CABAC at low and high QPs (quantization parameter). Meanwhile the context modeling and the arithmetic decoding in HDCMBAC can be carried out in parallel, since the context dependency only exists among different parts of basic syntax elements in HDCM.     

An architecture for hybrid coding of NTSC TV signals

A hardware feasible architecture for DCT/DPCM hybrid coding of color television (TV) signals has been developed. The coding system is based on formatting four horizontal scan lines into blocks of the same subcarrier phase elements. The samples in each block are rearranged and transformed by a FDCT processor. Based on its average energy, a given transform block is compared with its adjacent blocks and the nearest block is selected as its estimate. The difference between the actual and the estimated values of the (DCT) coefficients are then quantized and encoded using nonuniform quantizers and a variable length coder. Furthermore, the maximum number of different wordlengths is assumed to be five. Therefore, five sets of 256-byte encoding ROMs are used to store the quantization tables. To reduce the redundancy in the code words, an adaptive coding scheme is used. The coding scheme is based on setting two threshold levels.     

DCLSA：一种适用于H.264/AVC的DCT系数分层置乱算法

基于目前的DCT系数加密算法在安全性、压缩比和信噪比上都各自存在缺点,提出了一种新的适用于H264/AVC的DCT系数分层置乱算法(DCLSA)。该算法针对H264/AVC中4×4 DCT变换的特点,首先将同一宏块中每个4×4块DCT系数进行块间分层,构建系数分层模型,然后可根据安全性要求对不同层系数进行随机置乱,实现加密编码。通过性能比较和具体实验效果分析,此算法具有更高的安全性、更优的压缩比和较好的信噪比,适合于H.264/AVC的网络安全应用。     

基于H．264／AVC视频流的双水印算法

针对H．264／AVC编码标准的新特性,提出一种基于H．264／AVC低比特率视频流的双水印算法,将鲁棒水印嵌入DCT域中,把脆弱水印嵌入运动矢量残差中,达到对视频版权保护和视频内容完整性认证的双重目的。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,鲁棒水印能有效抵抗高斯噪声、低通滤波、重编码以及轻微的抖动失真等常见的视频攻击,脆弱水印对视频内容的轻微修改具有较强的敏感性。     

An effective temporal error concealment in H.264 video sequences based on scene change detection-PCA model

This paper proposes a new temporal error concealment algorithm in H.264 video sequences based on scene change detection and PCA model. In order to detect scene change, dynamic threshold and image similarity metric are presented using coding prediction mode and DCT AC energy in H.264 baseline. UPCA (Updated PCA) model is presented by combining the scene change feature with Index transformation-Buffer updating approach. The lost images are concealed by Projection onto Convex Sets algorithm with UPCA model. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better error concealment performance for the higher motion and the frequent scene change, compared with the related method.     

一种抗重压缩的H.264/AVC视频水印算法*

针对当前视频水印抗重压缩能力不足,提出一种基于I帧色度量化残差系数的视频水印算法。通过对H.264/AVC帧内预测模式的分析,得出重压缩后预测模式的转变是造成水印提取失败的主要因素,因此,算法选择在更加稳定的色度分量中嵌入水印。首先,利用4?4子块中非零系数个数选择合适的色度子块,然后,运用差分能量的思想,结合Arnold置乱后的水印信息,通过调制其中一个非零量化DCT残差系数改变两个特定位置系数的关系嵌入水印。算法在帧内预测模式色度分量中嵌入水印,有效的解决了重压缩后水印提取不同步问题,提高了水印的抗重压缩性能。实验结果显示,提取的水印图像位错误率(BER)在20%以下,重构图像的SSIM比现有方案提高了1.2%-4.4%,另外,测试序列的比特增加率(BIR)平均降低了70%左右。算法适用于广播监控等实时视频应用。     

改进的H.264视频编码方案

提出了一种改进的H264视频编码方案。针对H264中具有7种不同块模式运动估值的特点,在帧间预测过程中使用一种扩展的变换编码概念——自适应块变换,把运动估值的块大小和变换块大小联系起来,通过限制最大的变换块尺寸对自适应块变换做了简化,以适应实际应用的需要;通过扩展帧内预测的块模式,将简化的自适应块变换也应用到帧内预测编码中：鉴于不同块尺寸的变换系数矩阵的概率分布不同,提出在熵编码过程中采用自适应通用变长编码对码表进行动态重组,以进一步提高编码效率。比较了与现有H．264视频编码方案的性能差异。     

Efficient motion vector recovery algorithm for H.264 based on a polynomial model

In this paper, we propose an efficient motion vector recovery algorithm for the new coding standard H.264, which is based on a polynomial model. To achieve better coding efficiency, the motion estimation scheme used in H.264 is different from previous coding standards. In H.264, a 16/spl times/16 macroblock can be divided into different block shapes for motion estimation. Each macroblock contains more motion vectors than previous coding standards. For nature video, the blocks within a small area likely belong to the same object, hence the motion vectors of neighboring blocks are highly correlated. Based on the correlation of neighboring motion vectors, we can use the motion vectors that are adjacent to the lost motion vectors to constitute a polynomial model, which can describe the change tendency of motion vectors within a small area. Through this model, the lost motion vectors can be predicted and the lost macroblocks can be reconstructed. Different video sequences are used to test the performance of proposed method. The simulation results show that the quality of corrupted video can be obviously improved by proposed algorithm.     

Video coding using geometry based block partitioning and reordering discrete cosine transform

Geometry based block partitioning(GBP) has been shown to achieve better performance than the tree structure based block partitioning(TSBP) of H.264.However,the residual blocks of GBP mode after motion compensation still present some nonvertical/non-horizontal orientations,and the conventional discrete cosine transform(DCT) may generate many high-frequency coefficients.To solve this problem,in this paper we propose a video coding approach by using GBP and reordering DCT(RDCT) techniques.In the proposed approach,GBP is first applied to partition the macroblocks.Then,before performing DCT,a reordering operation is used to adjust the pixel positions of the residual macroblocks based on the partition information.In this way,the partition information of GBP can be used to represent the reordering information of RDCT,and the bitrate can be reduced.Experimental results show that,compared to H.264/AVC,the proposed method achieves on average 6.38% and 5.69% bitrate reductions at low and high bitrates,respectively.     

Multiresolution,perceptual and vector quantization based video codec

This paper presents a novel Multiresolution, Perceptual and Vector Quantization (MPVQ) based video coding scheme. In the intra-frame mode of operation, a wavelet transform is applied to the input frame and decorrelates it into its frequency subbands. The coefficients in each detail subband are pixel quantized using a uniform quantization factor divided by the perceptual weighting factor of that subband. The quantized coefficients are finally coded using a quadtree-coding algorithm. Perceptual weights are specifically calculated for the centre of each detail subband. In the inter-frame mode of operation, a Displaced Frame Difference (DFD) is first generated using an overlapped block motion estimation/compensation technique. A wavelet transform is then applied on the DFD and converts it into its frequency subbands. The detail subbands are finally vector quantized using an Adaptive Vector Quantization (AVQ) scheme. To evaluate the performance of the proposed codec, the proposed codec and the adaptive subband vector quantization coding scheme (ASVQ), which has been shown to outperform H.263 at all bitrates, were applied to six test sequences. Experimental results indicate that the proposed codec outperforms the ASVQ subjectively and objectively at all bit rates.     

低码率视频编码中基于对角线抽样的混合DCT算法

该文提出了一个适用于低码率视频编码的基于对角线抽样（ＤＳ－Ｄｉａｇｏｎａｌｌｙ Ｓａｍｐｌｅｄ）的混合快速 ＤＣＴ编码方案,此方案包含一个新的 ３系数ＤＣＴ算法,同时提出了基于 ＤＳ的计算色度ＳＡＤ（Ｓｕｍ ｏｆ Ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ）的方法用于有效准确地检测全零或３系数的色度块。这一混合算法可以有效的降低ＤＣＴ、ＩＤＣＴ、量化和反量化的运算量,提高编码器处理速度,而不会导致明显的图象质量的下降。     

Reversible data hiding in H.264/AVC videos based on hybrid-dimensional histogram modification

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In this paper, a new reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme for H.264/AVC video based on hybrid histogram modification is proposed. Two nonzero quantized transform...     

Reversible hiding in DCT-based compressed images

This paper presents a lossless and reversible steganography scheme for hiding secret data in each block of quantized discrete cosine transformation (DCT) coefficients in JPEG images. In this scheme, the two successive zero coefficients of the medium-frequency components in each block are used to hide the secret data. Furthermore, the scheme modifies the quantization table to maintain the quality of the stego-image. Experimental results also confirm that the proposed scheme can provide expected acceptable image quality of stego-images and successfully achieve reversibility.     

Effective algorithms for fast transcoding of AVS to H.264/AVC in the spatial domain

This paper proposes a transcoding scheme from AVS to H.264/AVC. As high-compression video coding standards, H.264/AVC jointly developed by MPEG and ITU and AVS developed by the Audio Video Coding Standard Working Group of China will co-exist in the future market. Therefore, it is worthy to transcode the AVS format to the H.264/AVC format or vice versa. After an insight into the inter transcoding from AVS to H.264/AVC, a simple and effective method is proposed by reusing the mode and motion vectors to achieve high-efficient and fast transcoding. The problem in reusing the skip mode is studied and an effective method to eliminate the artifacts is proposed. Furthermore, a fast intra transcoding algorithm based on the distribution of the DCT coefficients is proposed to speed up the transcoding process. Detailed experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the transcoding complexity.

视频编码中DCT系数基于重量化的数据分割

数据分割技术将视频流分成不同的部分进行传输。传统的数据分割算法是采用基于DCT系数的频率域分层技术。文章提出的算法对DCT系数进行重量化，量化后的系数作为基本层的数据，而量化后的余值作为增强层的数据。实验证明，与频率域分层技术相比，该算法提供了较好的图像质量。