EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FORMING PROCESS OF HUMPING BEAD IN HIGH SPEEDMAG ARC WELDING

开展了高速活性气体保护( MAG)电弧焊接工艺实验, 确定出了不同焊接电流条件下形成驼峰焊道时的临界焊接速度、相邻驼峰之间的距离以及同一驼峰焊道“波峰”和“谷底”的断面形貌. 基于高速MAG电弧焊熔池的视觉检测图像, 分析了驼峰焊道的产生机理, 并利用上坡焊和下坡焊实验进行了验证. 同时, 也分析了保护气体成分对高速MAG电弧焊焊缝成形的影响.     

粗丝高速MAG焊驼峰焊道形成机理分析

对粗丝((Φ)3.2)高速MAG焊驼峰焊道缺陷的形成机理进行了研究.采用高速摄像采集系统对焊接过程中的电弧形态和熔池流动状况进行了高速摄像,通过对试验所得图像的认真分析,重点研究了粗丝((Φ)3.2)高速MAG焊驼峰焊道缺陷的形成机理,提出了动态平衡点的观点,认为动态平衡点远离电弧是焊缝产生驼峰焊道缺陷的根本原因.任何促使动态平衡点移向电弧的因素都有利于抑制焊缝产生驼峰焊道缺陷;任何促使动态平衡点远离电弧的因素都有利于驼峰焊道缺陷的形成.同时利用上坡焊和下坡焊试验对驼峰焊道形成机理进行了焊接试验验证.     

高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析

基于高速气体金属电弧焊(GMAW)驼峰焊道形成过程的实验观测结果,充分考虑熔池中后向液体流的动量和热焓,在熔池表面变形方程中加入后向液体流的动能项,并将熔滴热焓分布在整个熔池表面层,建立了高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析模型.模拟了一定焊接条件下的驼峰焊道形成过程及其三维形状与尺寸,与实测结果进行了对比,证明本文模型能够较好地模拟高速GMAW过程,可定量分析驼峰焊道形成过程.     

CO2气体保护焊与MAG焊的应用比较

通过诉讼参与人比较了MAG焊和CO2焊2种方法焊接驾驶室、柴油机等外观件,指出MAG焊具有一系列优点,告别是MAG焊的综合机械性能优于CO2气体保护焊,MAG焊的焊道表面质量有了明显的提高,且MAG焊的总体成本低于CO2焊.     

CO2气体保护焊与MAG的应用比较

通过试验比较了MAG焊和CO2焊2种方法焊接驾驶室、柴油机等外观件，指出MAG焊具有一系列优点，特别是MAG焊的综合机械性能优于CO2气体保护焊，MAG焊的焊道表面质量有了明显的的提高，且MAG焊的总体成本低于CO2焊。     

焊接工艺：熔焊

变极性等离子电弧稳定性及其控制;高速电弧焊驼峰焊道产生机理的研究进展;双丝MIG焊焊缝成形试验研究;TA2换热器管与管板自熔焊焊接工艺;SACYIG与VPTIG电弧稳定性的对比分析（二）     

焊接工艺：熔焊

变极性等离子电弧稳定性及其控制;高速电弧焊驼峰焊道产生机理的研究进展;双丝MIG焊焊缝成形试验研究;TA2换热器管与管板自熔焊焊接工艺;SACYIG与VPTIG电弧稳定性的对比分析（二）     

不同焊接方法下316L不锈钢焊接接头组织性能研究

采用20%CO2+80%Ar气体保护MAG焊和焊条电弧焊对316L不锈钢进行焊接,通过对焊接接头进行拉伸、弯曲、硬度试验和显微组织观察,研究了焊接接头组织性能。结果表明,焊条电弧焊接头的抗拉强度和显微硬度比MAG焊接头的抗拉强度和显微硬度高;焊条电弧焊焊缝金属中δ铁素体含量比MAG焊焊缝金属中δ铁素体含量高;MAG焊焊缝金属含有少量的MC型碳化物;拉伸时,焊条电弧焊接头断裂在热影响区,而MAG焊接头断裂在焊缝中心位置;焊接接头的弯曲试验均合格。     

仓泵焊接的改进及应用

针对仓泵的焊接质量、作业成本、工作环境问题,设计了新工艺和新思路,运用MAG气体保护焊取代原来的焊条电弧焊或钨极氩弧焊打底的组合焊法。试验结果表明:MAG气保焊是优质、高效、低成本的焊接方法,是仓泵焊接的最佳选择。     

抑制高速GMAW驼峰焊道的外加磁场数值分析

当熔化极气体保护焊的焊接速度高于一定临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷.为防止驼峰焊道的出现,通过外加磁场与熔池中的焊接电流相互作用,产生指向熔池前方的电磁力,抑制熔池中后向液体流的动量从而抑制驼峰的产生.通过建立焊前工件上外加磁场的三维模型,计算了工件上的外加电磁场分布.提出热-磁耦合分析方法,实现焊接过程中熔池内外加电磁场的数值计算.结果表明,高速焊过程中,外加磁场主要以横向磁场分布在熔池区;焊丝与磁极间的距离会显著改变熔池内外加横向磁场的分布.     

Experimental determination of the critical welding speed in high speed MAG welding

In high speed MAG welding process, some weld formation defects may be encountered. To get good weld quality, the critical welding speed beyond which humping or undercutting weld bead can occur must be known for different conditions. In this research, high speed MAG welding tests were carried out to check out the effects of different factors on the critical welding speed. Through observing the weld bead profiles and the macrographs of the transverse sections of MAG welds, the occurrence tendency of humping weld was analyzed, and the values of critical welding speed were determined under different levels of welding current or voltage, and the effect of shielding gas compositions on the critical welding speed was also investigated.     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

Modeling of welded bead profile for rapid prototyping by robotic MAG welding

As a deposition technology, robotic metal active gas(MAG) welding has shown new promise for rapid prototyping (RP) of metallic parts. During the process of metal forming using robotic MAG welding, sectional profile of single-pass welded bead is critical to formed accuracy and quality of metal pans. In this paper, the experiments of single-pass welded bead for rapid prototyping using robotic MAG welding were carried out. The effect of some edge detectors on the cross-sectional edge of welded bead was discussed and curve fitting was applied using leat square fitting. Consequently, the mathematical model of welded bead profile was developed. The experimental results show that good shape could be obtained under suitable welding parameters. Canny operawr is suitable to edge detection of welded bead profile, and the mathematical model of welded bead profile developed is approximately parabola.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

高速TIG-MIG复合焊焊缝驼峰及咬边消除机理

搭建了TIG-MIG复合焊试验平台及电参数-高速图像同步采集系统,进行了一系列低碳钢高速TIG-MIG复合焊工艺试验,研究了高速TIG-MIG复合焊的电弧形态、熔滴过渡及熔池行为对焊缝成形的影响,并确定了合适的匹配参数.结果表明,MIG焊电流在240~300 A,且TIG焊电流与MIG焊电流相当时,TIG-MIG复合焊焊接过程稳定,即使在焊接速度高达2.5 m/min时,焊缝仍无驼峰、咬边等缺陷,与传统MIG焊相比,熔深增加,熔宽减小.TIG-MIG复合焊由于电弧间的相互作用,两电弧指向发生偏转,电弧压力减小,焊接过程不产生弧坑,且熔宽变窄,这是避免驼峰和咬边缺陷的主要原因.     

焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝的影响

运用自主研发的爬壁机器人研究焊接速度和焊接电流对竖向高速熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding,GMAW)驼峰焊缝的影响. 结果表明,焊接速度或焊接电流超过某一临界值时,竖向高速GMAW会形成驼峰焊缝,且熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生的动量很大的后向液体流是竖向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因. 同时,焊接速度和焊接电流显著影响驼峰焊缝形貌. 当焊接电流不变时,随焊接速度提高,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距和驼峰高度先稳定减小,后缓慢减小,而焊缝宽度则稳定减小;当焊接速度不变时,随焊接电流增加,驼峰焊缝的驼峰间距先增加后减小,驼峰高度则是先增加后不变,而焊缝宽度则稳定增加. 此外,焊接速度过小或焊接电流过大均会造成金属液下淌.     

High speed fusion weld bead defects

Abstract

A comprehensive survey of high speed weld bead defects is presented with strong emphasis on the formation of humping and undercutting in autogenous and non-autogenous fusion welding processes. Blowhole and overlap weld defects are also discussed. Although experimental results from previous studies are informative, they do not always reveal the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of these high speed weld bead defects. In addition, these experimental results do not reveal the complex relationships between welding process parameters and the onset of high speed weld bead defects. Various phenomenological models of humping and undercutting have been proposed that were based on observations of events in different regions within the weld pool or the final weld bead profile. The ability of these models to predict the onset of humping or undercutting has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Furthermore, the proposed formation mechanisms of these high speed weld bead defects are still being questioned. Recent welding techniques and processes have, however, been shown to be very effective in suppressing humping and undercutting by slowing the backward flow of molten metal in the weld pool. This backward flow of molten weld metal may be the principal physical phenomenon responsible for the formation of humping and undercutting during high speed fusion welding.     

Research on laser-arc hybrid welding of lap fillet joints of thin sheet

ABSTRACT

Laser welding is capable of welding at high speeds by high-density energy, while arc welding is an effective construction method from the viewpoint of tolerance of the gap and welding position. Laser-arc hybrid welding has both these features. The authors have researched suitable welding parameters and consumables for this hybrid welding process that couples laser beam with MAG arc for lap fillet weld joining of thin steel sheets. As a result, the following welding parameters have been proven to be the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance, i.e. laser leading (kept at a right angle) and MAG trailing (kept at a push angle); the laser-arc distance was 3 mm and the laser beam focus size was 2 mm. In addition, it was proven that HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) was the most appropriate for better bead shapes and root-gap tolerance. The bead shape was apt to be better in cases of higher surface tension of welding wire. The result of the tensile shear test of the joint by welding with HT490-class welding wire of Si-Mn-Ti type (JIS YGW11) under selected welding condition demonstrated that the value of the tensile strength of parent material was equal to that of lab fillet joints.