食(药)用真菌多糖的研究

药用真菌和食用真菌多糖具有重要的经济和医药价值。探讨了药(食)用真菌多糖的化学特性、结构与功能的关系及其开发利用前号。     

药用植物内生真菌多糖研究进展

真菌多糖具有多种生理活性,广泛应用于医药、农业、食品等行业。基于植物内生真菌生长过程中会产生与宿主相同或相似的生理活性成分,药用植物生理活性的多样性赋予了其内生真菌活性的多样性,药用植物内生真菌是开发新型天然活性多糖的资源宝库。综述了近些年来关于药用植物内生真菌作为诱导子调节植物生长、代谢及其体外抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抑菌、降血糖等多种生理作用的研究进展。并对今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为药用植物内生真菌多糖的开发利用提供参考。     

铁皮石斛多糖抗癌及免疫活性研究

研究了铁皮石斛多糖的抗癌及免疫活性。水提醇沉法提取铁皮石斛多糖,将其作用于癌细胞株(HepG2、A549、F9、NCCIT)和小鼠脾脏细胞、腹腔巨噬细胞,观察细胞形态变化,并用MTT法分析其对细胞增殖的作用。结果表明:铁皮石斛多糖能抑制癌细胞的增殖并促进脾脏细胞生长,铁皮石斛多糖具有一定的抗癌活性及免疫活性。     

香菇多糖对植物真菌和病毒病害的抗病机理

香菇多糖(LNT)属于真菌多糖,具有与葡聚糖激发子类似的抑病、抗病活性,可诱导植株或细胞产生并积累抗病性物质,如植保素、几丁质酶等。综述了食用菌香菇中的有效成分香菇多糖对植物真菌及病毒病害抗病机理等方面的研究,为多糖类物质作为杀菌剂的开发和用于防治植物病毒病等病害提供一定的理论依据。     

桦褐孔菌多糖的研究进展与展望

多糖是桦褐孔菌重要的活性成分之一。本文总结了桦褐孔菌多糖的提取、分离技术,对其多种药用活性研究情况进行综述和分析,并对其前景进行了展望。     

红菇多糖提取技术及药理作用研究进展

红菇是一类具有较高经济和研究价值的药食两用真菌,红菇多糖是红菇中主要的一类活性成分,含量高,毒副作用小,是目前开发和研究的热点之一。该文以近10 a来国内发表文献(中国知网)为依据,对红菇多糖提取研究进展及主要药理作用等进行综述。对红菇多糖的提取技术及药理作用的研究进行汇总分析,为红菇多糖的开发研究提供参考。     

羊肚菌多糖提取工艺研究进展

羊肚菌是药食两用菌,多糖是其主要功能成分之一,具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤、抗疲劳、抗菌、降血脂和调节免疫等多种功能活性。本研究对羊肚菌多糖提取工艺进行综述,为羊肚菌多糖的开发应用和进一步研究提供参考。     

仙人掌多糖提取工艺及药用活性研究

综合分析仙人掌多糖药用活性及提取方法等方面研究,对仙人掌的综合开发利用有一定的参考价值。     

两种方法提取琉璃苣叶多糖的理化性质 及生理活性

本研究旨在制备两种琉璃苣叶水溶性多糖，进一步探究其结构特征，并评价其降血糖、抗癌和免疫活性。采用纤维素酶辅助提取（BLP-1）和微波辅助提取法（BLP-2）制备琉璃苣叶水溶性多糖，并比较了BLP-1和BLP-2的理化性质，通过分析α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制效果来评价BLP-1和BLP-2的降血糖活性，通过检测HepG2、MX-1和A549细胞的抑制率来评价抗癌活性，通过检测RAW246.7的免疫因子分泌来评价免疫活性。结果表明，BLP-1和BLP-2具有不同的多糖和蛋白质含量。BLP-1和BLP-2由阿拉伯糖（Ara）、半乳糖（Gal）、葡萄糖（Glc）、木糖（Xyl）组成，但摩尔比组成不同，其分子量分别为20.1和22.6KDa。热重分析（TGA）表明BLP-2比BLP-1具有更稳定的结构。这两种多糖具有抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶活性、抑制HepG-2、A549和MX-1癌细胞增殖以及激活巨噬细胞RAW 264.7细胞分泌免疫细胞因子以介导细胞免疫反应的潜力。两种多糖可作为新功能食品和医药产品中的生物活性成分，为进一步研究两种多糖的构效关系提供了理论依据。     

多糖免疫调节和抗肿瘤研究进展

增强免疫和抗肿瘤活性是多糖重要的生物活性. 研究表明,多糖可以通过增强免疫细胞活性、激活细胞因子的分泌、诱导生成抗体及激活补体系统等作用增强机体免疫功能. 多糖的抗肿瘤途径主要为抑制肿瘤细胞的生长、蛋白质及核酸的合成,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、影响癌基因的表达及改变肿瘤细胞膜的生长特性. 本文介绍了近年来多糖免疫调节和抗肿瘤研究方面的进展.     

In vitro antioxidant and anti-proliferation activities of polysaccharides from various extracts of different mushrooms

Polysaccharides were extracted from eight kinds of Chinese mushrooms using three solvents and were evaluated for their total carbohydrate, polyphenolic and protein contents, and antioxidant and anti-proliferation activities. The results suggested that all the polysaccharides had significant antioxidant capacities (EC(50) ranged from 1.70 ± 0.42 to 65.98 ± 1.74 μM TE/g crude polysaccharide inhibition of ABTS(+), EC(50) ranged from 5.06 ± 0.12 to 127.38 ± 1.58 mg VCE/g CP scavenging of OH· and EC(50) ranged from 0.70 ± 0.04 to 33.54 ± 0.49 mg VCE/g CP inhibition of lipid peroxidation) (TE: trolox equivalent; VCE: VC equivalent; CP: crude polysaccharide). The acid extracts of Russula vinosa Lindblad had the highest ABTS(+) scavenging activity. Aqueous extracts of Dictyophora indusiata and Hohenbuehelia serotina possessed, respectively, the highest OH· scavenging capacity and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Mushroom extracts also inhibited proliferation of HeLa and HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the mushroom polysaccharides might be potential antioxidant resources.     

Effect of Glucans from Caripia montagnei Mushroom on TNBS-Induced Colitis

In this study, we evaluated the effect of different doses of polysaccharides extracted from Caripia montagnei mushroom at different intervals of treatment on colonic injury in the model of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). The FT-IR analysis and NMR showed that the polysaccharides from this species of mushroom are composed of α- and β-glucans. The colonic damage was evaluated by macroscopic, histological, biochemical and immunologic analyses. The results showed the reduction of colonic lesions in all groups treated with the glucans. Such glucans significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 (50 and 75 mg/kg, p < 0.05), a major inflammatory cytokine. Biochemical analyses showed that the glucans from C. montagnei acted on reducing levels of alkaline phosphatase (75 mg/kg, p < 0.01) and myeloperoxidase (p < 0.001), a result confirmed by the reduction of cellular infiltration observed microscopically. The increase of catalase activity possibly indicates a protective effect of these glucans on colonic tissue, confirming their anti-inflammatory potential.     

Antioxidative Properties of Crude Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus

The mushroom Inonotus obliquus has been widely used as a folk medicine in Russia, Poland and most of the Baltic countries. In this study, water-soluble and alkali-soluble crude polysaccharides (IOW and IOA) were isolated from I. obliquus, and the carbohydrate-rich fractions IOW-1 and IOA-1 were obtained respectively after deproteination and depigmentation. Their contents, such as neutral carbohydrate, uronic acid and protein, were measured. Their antioxidant properties against chemicals-induced reactive species (ROS) including 1,1'-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical, as well as their protective effects on H(2)O(2)-induced PC12 cell death were investigated. Results showed that I. obliquus polysaccharides can scavenge all ROS tested above in a dose-dependent manner. IOA and its product IOA-1 could rescue PC12 cell viability from 38.6% to 79.8% and 83.0% at a concentration of 20μg/mL. Similarly, IOW and its product IOW-1 at the same dose, can also increase cell viability to 84.9% and 88.6% respectively. The antioxidative activities of water-soluble and alkali-soluble polysaccharide constituents from I. obliquus might contribute to diverse medicinal and nutritional values of this mushroom.     

基于天然多糖的绿色表面活性剂

多糖是自然界中储量最大的天然高分子，其分子链通常具有结构上的两亲性，能够较好地吸附在相界面上并表现出改善固-液、液-液之间相容性的能力。 此外，多糖独特的理化结构使其在溶液中具有良好的流变学性质以及形成凝胶网络的能力，使多糖能够在较低表面活性下体现出较好的界面吸附能力，常被用于多相体系的乳化、分散、增稠和稳定。通过化学改性可对天然多糖进行亲水-疏水平衡，并赋予其一定的化学活性、表面电荷、流变性能等，能够获得性能更加优异的绿色大分子表面活性剂。基于此，该文主要介绍了多糖在表面活性剂中的应用，主要包括纤维素、淀粉、半纤维素、甲壳素、天然树胶等，并从多糖独特的理化性质、结构以及改性特点出发，剖析其对乳化、分散、破乳、增溶等表面活性作用的影响，阐述多糖及其衍生物在表面活性剂中的研究进展及应用潜力。 最后，对多糖表面活性功能增强改性的发展方向进行了展望。     

多糖及其研究进展简述

本文对多糖的来源、结构、应用与构效等方面的研究作一综述,反映了多糖的研究现状。     

食(药)用真菌多糖研究进展

综述了食(药)用真菌多糖的提取工艺、化学结构、生物活性以及食(药)用真菌多糖产品的开发现状,展望了 食(药)用真菌多糖的研发前景。     

Effect of the Polysaccharide Extract from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

The polysaccharide-containing extracellular fractions (EFs) of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus have immunomodulating effects. Being aware of these therapeutic effects of mushroom extracts, we have investigated the synergistic relations between these extracts and BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccines. These vaccines target the stimulation of the immune system in commercial poultry, which are extremely vulnerable in the first days of their lives. By administrating EF with polysaccharides from P. ostreatus to unvaccinated broilers we have noticed slow stimulation of maternal antibodies against infectious bursal disease (IBD) starting from four weeks post hatching. For the broilers vaccinated with BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccines a low to almost complete lack of IBD maternal antibodies has been recorded. By adding 5% and 15% EF in the water intake, as compared to the reaction of the immune system in the previous experiment, the level of IBD antibodies was increased. This has led us to believe that by using this combination of BIAVAC and BIAROMVAC vaccine and EF from P. ostreatus we can obtain good results in stimulating the production of IBD antibodies in the period of the chicken first days of life, which are critical to broilers’ survival. This can be rationalized by the newly proposed reactivity biological activity (ReBiAc) principles by examining the parabolic relationship between EF administration and recorded biological activity.     

两亲性海藻多糖在乳化和分散中应用的研究进展

海藻多糖是一种天然的凝胶多糖,其分子链上原生的亲水、疏水基团赋予其天然的两亲性,能够在一定程度上改善非均相之间的界面相容性,具有天然凝胶网络结构的海藻多糖还可在溶胶体系中有效阻止分散相之间的再聚集,因而海藻多糖在乳化及分散中具有极佳的应用潜能。本文介绍了海藻酸盐、岩藻多糖、卡拉胶、琼脂、石莼多糖等常见海藻多糖的化学组成、结构与性质,并从其糖基单元上的羧基、硫酸酯基等亲水基团与甲氧基、乙酰基、蛋白质等疏水基团构成的两亲性结构出发,总结了两亲性结构对海藻多糖分子构型、表面活性及流变性质的影响,进而综述海藻多糖两亲性结构在乳化和分散中的应用。同时,还总结了通过物理或化学手段增强海藻多糖两亲性能的相关研究,例如带电疏水粒子的静电耦合、长碳链疏水化合物的化学接枝等,介绍了衍生化海藻多糖在乳化和分散中应用的研究进展,并对海藻多糖界面吸附活性增强的方向进行了展望。     

Characterization of Two Homogalacturonan Pectins with Immunomodulatory Activity from Green Tea

Two natural homogalacturonan (HG) pectins (M_W ca. 20 kDa) were isolated from green tea based on their immunomodulatory activity. The crude tea polysaccharides (TPS1 and TPS2) were obtained from green tea leaves by hot water extraction and followed by 40% and 70% ethanol precipitation, respectively. Two homogenous water soluble polysaccharides (TPS1-2a and TPS1-2b) were obtained from TPS1 after purification with gel permeation, which gave a higher phagocytic effect than TPS2. A combination of composition, methylation and configuration analyses, as well as NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy revealed that TPS1-2a and TPS1-2b were homogalacturonan (HG) pectins consisting of a backbone of 1,4-linked α-d-galacturonic acid (GalA) residues with 28.4% and 26.1% of carboxyl groups as methyl ester, respectively. The immunological assay results demonstrated that TPS1-2, which consisted mainly of HG pectins, showed phagocytosis-enhancing activity in HL-60 cells.