紫外辐射对五味子叶片中五味子乙素含量的影响

本实验采用UVA、UVB、UVC三波段紫外光为五味子新鲜叶片进行辐射,研究波长、辐射时间及样品处理方式对五味子叶片中五味子乙素含量的影响。结果表明紫外辐射提高了五味子乙素的含量,但不同辐射波段对乙素含量增加幅度大小不一。其中以UVB为最佳紫外辐射,五味子乙素含量有明显增加,以6天为宜,含量最高提高了41.3%。     

HPLC法测定五味子中五味子甲素含量

为测定五味子中五味子甲素含量,采用HPLC法分析检测,色谱柱:Hypersil C18(10μm,250×4.6 mm),流动相:甲醇-水(85∶15),流速:0.6 mL/min,检测波长:254 nm,柱温:25℃。结果表明,五味子中五味子甲素与其他组分良好分离,五味子甲素保留时间约为9.6 min。五味子甲素对照品线性范围0.0025～0.35μg,r=0.99995,平均回收率为100.47%。本法灵敏度高、操作简便、结果准确,可用于五味子中五味子甲素含量的测定。     

HPLC法测定北五味子果实中五味子甲素含量

采用高效液相色谱法,测定了五味子果实中五味子甲素的含量,检测波长为254nm,标准曲线线性关系R2为0．9992,相对标准偏差为0．59％,平均加样回收率为99．16％。结果表明,此方法准确度较高,为五味子生药及成品药中五味子甲素含量测定提供了一种切实可行的方法。     

五味子中木质素类活性成分的高效液相色谱分析

本文建立了五味子药材中五味子醇甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素含量的测定方法。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法,使用Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以乙腈一水梯度系统为流动相,流速1．0mL·min-1,检测波长218nm。结果：五味子醇甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素线性范围分别为19．92～398．4、6．24～124．8、12．5～250μg·mL-1,平均回收率分别为99．5％、98．6％、98．5％。结论：本法可用于五味子药材的质量控制。     

五味子药材HPLC指纹图谱的研究

采用HPLC/UV测定五味子药材甲醇提取液的指纹图谱,并对不同产地的五味子的指纹图谱进行比较.色谱条件:ODS色谱柱,甲醇-水线性梯度洗脱,流速1.30 mL·min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温30℃.结果发现指纹图谱中有22个色谱峰为共有峰,根据其相对保留时间和紫外光谱,确定五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子丙素、五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子酯甲6个成分,并计算了13个样品间相似度.研究证实五味子指纹图谱可用于全面控制五味子药材的质量.     

RP-HPLC测定南、北五味子中三种木脂素类成分的含量

采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法检测五味子中三种木脂素类成分的含量。色谱柱为Agilent C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(75∶25),流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长250 nm,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果表明,3种成分的进样量分别在4~800、4~400、4~400μg/m L范围与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r分别为0.999 3,0.999 8,0.999 9),平均回收率分别为98.44%,98.86%和97.84%,RSD分别为1.24%,1.87%和1.18%(n均为5)。北五味子中五味子醇甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素含量分别为7.196,1.344,3.476 mg/g,南五味子中不含五味子醇甲,五味子甲素、五味子乙素的含量依次为59.065,3.213 mg/g。该方法快速、准确、重现性好,可用于南、北五味子中木脂素类成分的分析,评价不同来源五味子的质量。     

正交实验法研究五味子的最佳提取工艺

探讨超声提取法从五味子中提取五味子醇甲的工艺条件,为五味子醇甲的提取提供可行性工艺。采用正交试验法研究五味子的提取工艺,用高效液相色谱法测定五味子醇甲含量。最佳工艺为乙醇浓度为75%,加醇量为6倍量,提取时间为30 min;样品加样回收率为101.0%,RSD为0.95%。本实验设计五味子提取法是一种简单、快捷、高效的提取方法,可考虑用于工业提取。     

HPLC法测定舒肝益脾颗粒中五味子甲素的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定舒肝益脾颗粒中五味子甲素的含量,Agilent—EclipseXDB—C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,以乙腈-水进行梯度洗脱,流速1．00mL／min,柱温30℃,检测波长254nm,进样量10μL。结果表明,五味子甲素浓度在0．632—25．28μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9995;加样平均回收率为99．08％,RSD=0．84％。本方法操作简便,分离效果较好,准确可靠,适用于舒肝益脾颗粒中五味子甲素的含量测定。     

响应面法优化五味子中五味子醇甲超声提取

利用响应面分析法优化北五味子醇甲的提取工艺,以乙醇浓度、料液比及超声功率为响应因素,五味子醇甲提取率为响应值,实施3因素5水平的响应面分析,建立响应面模型,并得出最佳工艺条件。结果:利用响应面分析法获得的提取北五味子醇甲的最佳工艺条件为:功率为401.56 W时,乙醇浓度90.06%,料液比1∶9.99,提取率最高。     

索氏法提取五味子中木脂素

采用索氏提取法提取水浸预处理后的五味子中的木脂素,考察了虹吸次数、液固比、颗粒粒径及乙醇浓度对萃取率的影响,采用响应面法进行优化. 结果表明,五味子醇甲的最佳提取条件为：乙醇浓度98.05%(j),液固比67.20 mL/g,颗粒平均粒度0.33 mm,该条件下理论萃取率为80.90%,实际萃取率为77.17%;五味子甲素的最佳提取条件为：乙醇浓度96.38%(j),液固比72.52 mL/g,颗粒平均粒度0.21 mm,该条件下五味子甲素理论萃取率为77.11%,实际萃取率为74.31%;五味子乙素的提取最佳条件为：乙醇浓度96.38%(j),液固比72.52 mL/g,颗粒平均粒度0.21 mm,该条件下理论萃取率为77.13%,实际萃取率为74.23%. 各因素对木脂素提取率影响的显著性顺序为乙醇浓度>液固比>颗粒粒径.     

Furanocoumarin content and phototoxicity of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) foliage exposed to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation

Rooted cuttings ofC. jambhiri were grown under enhanced levels of UVB radiation for 95 days. Bacterial phototoxicity and furanocoumarin content were determined in extracts made from various tissues from the aboveground biomass. Young, newly expanded leaves contained significantly higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than older leaves and stems. Additionally, the proportional concentration of psoralen was higher in young leaves than in old leaves. While treatment with UVB did not result in a change in the overall level of furanocoumarins, it did cause an increase in the ratio of psoralen to bergapten. Bacterial phototoxicity paralleled the distribution of furanocoumarin content among tissue types; analysis of covariance suggested that the phototoxic properties of the extracts could be accounted for on the basis of furanocoumarin content alone.     

腐植酸钾对栽培五味子钾素含量及果实品质影响的研究

试验结果表明：腐植酸钾处理和硫酸钾 磷酸二氢钾处理下相比，五味子植株钾素含量差异不显著，相比对照处理钾素含量差异极显著。五味子果实在腐植酸钾处理和硫酸钾 磷酸二氢钾处理下相比对照果实中各种有效成分含量明显增加，并且腐植酸钾处理效果好于硫酸钾 磷酸二氢钾处理，对栽培五味子果实品质有明显改善作用。     

Content and Color Stability of Anthocyanins Isolated from Schisandra chinensis Fruit

In this work, a multivariate study based on Box-Behnken Design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables affecting the performance of the extraction process of Schisandra chinensis anthocyanins. The optimum parameters were 5.5 h extraction time; 1:19 solid-liquid ratio and 260 r/min stirring rate, respectively. The extraction yield of anthocyanins was 29.06 mg/g under the optimum conditions. Moreover, many factors on the impact of heating, ultrasound, microwave treatment and ultraviolet irradiation on content and color stability of anthocyanins from Schisandra chinensis fruit were investigated. The results show that thermal degradation reaction of anthocyanins complies with the first order reaction kinetics, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.9950 at 40–80 °C. Ultrasound and microwave treatment has little effect on the stability of anthocyanins, and the extraction time of ultrasound and microwave should be no more than 60 min and 5 min, respectively. The anthocyanins degradation effect of UVC ultraviolet radiation is greater than UVA and UVB; after 9 h ultraviolet radiation, the anthocyanins content degradation of UVC is 23.9 ± 0.7%, and the ΔE* was changed from 62.81 to 76.52 ± 2.3. Through LC-MS analysis, the major composition of Schisandra chinensis anthocyanins was cyanidin-3-O-xylosylrutinoside.     

Changes in Phospholipid/Ceramide Profiles and Eicosanoid Levels in the Plasma of Rats Irradiated with UV Rays and Treated Topically with Cannabidiol

Chronic UV radiation causes oxidative stress and inflammation of skin and blood cells. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a natural phytocannabinoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on the phospholipid (PL) and ceramide (CER) profiles in the plasma of nude rats irradiated with UVA/UVB and treated topically with CBD. The results obtained showed that UVA/UVB radiation increased the levels of phosphatidylcholines, lysophospholipids, and eicosanoids (PGE2, TxB2), while downregulation of sphingomyelins led to an increase in CER[NS] and CER[NDS]. Topical application of CBD to the skin of control rats significantly upregulated plasma ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (PEo) and ceramides. However, CBD administered to rats irradiated with UVA/UVB promoted further upregulation of CER and PEo and led to significant downregulation of lysophospholipids. This was accompanied by the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD, manifested by a reduction in the levels of proinflammatory PGE2 and TxB2 and a dramatic increase in the level of anti-inflammatory LPXA4. It can therefore be suggested that topical application of CBD to the skin of rats exposed to UVA/UVB radiation prevents changes in plasma phospholipid profile resulting in a reduction of inflammation by reducing the level of LPE and LPC species and increasing antioxidant capacity due to upregulation of PEo species.     

Influence of low-intensity ultraviolet radiation on extrusion of furanocoumarins to the leaf surface

Exposure ofRuta graveolens leaves to low intensity 366-nm radiation led to a ca. 20% increase in concentrations of the furanocoumarins psoralen, xanthotoxin and bergapten, as compared to leaves kept in darkness. Both direct and, even more, scattered UV radiation produced increases in total concentrations. Changes in the concentrations of individual coumarins were generally parallel. Extrusion to the surface was increased, especially in lower, older leaves exposed to the scattered radiation, where it exceeded the control by factors of eight or nine. It is suggested that this response could enhance shielding of leaves against penetration of UV into the cells and that irradiation, by exciting the furanocoumarins, could augment protection against potential microbial invaders.     

The Role of Altered Nucleotide Excision Repair and UVB-Induced DNA Damage in Melanomagenesis

UVB radiation is the most mutagenic component of the UV spectrum that reaches the earth’s surface and causes the development of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. UV radiation usually results in cellular death, but if left unchecked, it can affect DNA integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis and cause mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutations, if unrepaired, can lead to abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of cancer development. Epidemiological data strongly associates UV exposure as a major factor in melanoma development, but the exact biological mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV-induced lesions. Patients with the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum have a mutation in one of eight NER genes associated with the XP complementation groups XP-A to XP-G and XP variant (XP-V). XP is characterized by diminished repair capacity, as well as a 1000-fold increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma. This has suggested a significant role for NER in melanoma development as a result of UVB exposure. This review discusses the current research surrounding UVB radiation and NER capacity and how further investigation of NER could elucidate the role of NER in avoiding UV-induced cellular death resulting in melanomagenesis.     

含芦荟多糖与维生素E乳状化妆品的制备及其性能

通过提取芦荟多糖,制备了含芦荟多糖、维生素E的乳状化妆品。检测了该化妆品的保湿性、抗紫外线性能和抑菌性。结果表明,此化妆品的保湿性超过了70%,并能屏蔽紫外线,对细菌有一定抑制作用。     

The Involvement of Xanthone and (E)-Cinnamoyl Chromophores for the Design and Synthesis of Novel Sunscreening Agents

Excessive UV exposure contributes to several pathological conditions like skin burns, erythema, premature skin aging, photodermatoses, immunosuppression, and skin carcinogenesis. Effective protection from UV radiation may be achieved with the use of sunscreens containing UV filters. Currently used UV filters are characterized by some limitations including systemic absorption, endocrine disruption, skin allergy induction, and cytotoxicity. In the research centers all over the world new molecules are developed to improve the safety, photostability, solubility, and absorption profile of new derivatives. In our study, we designed and synthesized seventeen novel molecules by combining in the structures two chromophores: xanthone and (E)-cinnamoyl moiety. The ultraviolet spectroscopic properties of the tested compounds were confirmed in chloroform solutions. They acted as UVB or UVA/UVB absorbers. The most promising compound 9 (6-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl)methyl (E)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate) absorbed UV radiation in the range 290–369 nm. Its photoprotective activity and functional photostability were further evaluated after wet milling and incorporation in the cream base. This tested formulation with compound 9 possessed very beneficial UV protection parameters (SPF_{in vitro} of 19.69 ± 0.46 and UVA PF of 12.64 ± 0.32) which were similar as broad-spectrum UV filter tris-biphenyl triazine. Additionally, compound 9 was characterized by high values of critical wavelength (381 nm) and UVA/UVB ratio (0.830) thus it was a good candidate for broad-spectrum UV filter and it might protect skin against UVA-induced photoaging. Compound 9 were also shown to be photostable, non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on five cell lines, and non-mutagenic in Ames test. It also possessed no estrogenic activity, according to the results of MCF-7 breast cancer model. Additionally, its favorable lipophilicity (miLogP = 5.62) does not predispose it to penetrate across the skin after topical application.     

Optimization of Phenolic Antioxidant Extraction from Wuweizi (Schisandra chinensis) Pulp Using Random-Centroid Optimazation Methodology

The extraction optimization and composition analysis of polyphenols in the fresh pulp of Wuweizi (Schisandra chinensis) have been investigated in this study. The extraction process of polyphenols from Wuweizi pulp was optimized using Random-Centroid Optimization (RCO) methodology. Six factors including liquid and solid ratio, ethanol concentration, pH, temperature, heating time and extraction times, and three extraction targets of polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and extract yield were considered in the RCO program. Three sets of optimum proposed factor values were obtained corresponding to three extraction targets respectively. The set of optimum proposed factor values for polyphenol extraction given was chosen in further experiments as following: liquid and solid ratio (v/w) 8, ethanol 67.3% (v/v), initial pH 1.75, temperature 55 °C for 4 h and extraction repeated for 4 times. The Wuweizi polyphenol extract (WPE) was obtained with a yield of 16.37 mg/g and composition of polyphenols 1.847 mg/g, anthocyanins 0.179 mg/g, sugar 9.573 mg/g and protein 0.327 mg/g. The WPE demonstrated high scavenging activities against DPPH radicals.