彩色复合型反射隔热涂层的制备及性能

将空心微珠和二氧化钛为填料的涂层做底层,反射型颜料的涂层做表层,制备了阻隔-反射彩色复合型反射隔热涂层。采用紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计、红外发射率仪、精密色差仪和扫描电子显微镜对涂层性能进行表征,自制隔热性能测试装置考察涂层的隔热性能。结果表明,采用复合型涂层结构可显著提高涂层的太阳光反射比和隔热性能,铬绿、群青和铁铬黑颜料掺量分别为20%、20%和10%时,复合涂层的太阳光反射比较高,可达0.646 1、0.602 1和0.539 8,比相同颜料掺量的表层高40.82%、31.03%和58.67%,隔热性能比相同颜料掺量的表层高2.5、1.9和2.8℃,其主要应用性能符合相关标准。     

透光隔热汽车玻璃膜的研究与应用进展

汽车贴膜能有效阻隔各波段太阳辐射,不仅能减少紫外线伤害,同时也能改善汽车内部热环境、降低汽车空调能耗,在汽车节能与舒适性方面发挥重要的作用。基于隔热汽车玻璃膜对太阳辐射的隔热机理,介绍了吸收型、反射型、低辐射型三类透光隔热膜的研究与应用进展,对透光隔热汽车玻璃膜的变色管理、智能调控等新技术进行了展望。     

PET功能膜对中空玻璃光学性能的影响

对中空玻璃进行老化试验,利用PE-Lambda950紫外可见近红外分光光度计测试其各阶段老化后的光学性能.结果 表明:009#和7095#中空玻璃的光学性能较好,009#和7095#功能膜具有很高的可见光透射比、很低的可见光反射比和适中的太阳能总透射比,故应在009#和7095#功能膜的技术路线上进一步深入研究,优化配方,完善功能膜对中空玻璃光学性能影响机制,开发更优质PET功能膜产品.     

光谱选择性隔热窗膜的开发与研究

介绍了使用纳米隔热材料制备光谱选择性隔热窗膜的制备工艺和该隔热窗膜产品的性能测试。结果表明:分散良好的纳米隔热材料可显著提高窗膜品质,制备的隔热窗膜具有可见光高透过、红外线高吸收/反射、紫外线高阻隔等特性,同时具有良好的隔热节能和耐候性能。     

多色系复合型建筑节能涂层的制备及性能

将含空心玻璃微珠和二氧化钛的阻隔型涂层作为底面涂层,含不同颜料(包括复合钛红、铁锌铬棕、群青、铁铬黑和铬绿)的反射型涂层作为表面涂层,制备了底/表面多色系复合型建筑节能涂层,并探究了颜料掺量对涂层性能的影响。采用紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计、红外辐射率测量仪、精密色差仪和扫描电镜表征了涂层的反射比、半球发射率、明度和表面形貌。结果表明,复合结构涂层的反射性能好于单涂层。当颜料掺量为20%时,所有色系的复合涂层的太阳光反射比均最高,反射比、半球发射率等性能也都满足相关标准要求。     

不同电磁波谱响应的添加剂对PVC木塑制品耐候性的影响

户外用PVC木塑制品根据客户对颜色以及耐候性的需求,需在配方中引入对太阳光波谱中不同波长响应的添加剂,如紫外线吸收剂(紫外波段)、可见光吸收剂(可见光波段)、近红外光屏蔽剂(近红外光波段)。通过对PVC木塑复合材料(WPC)配方中紫外线吸收剂、可见光吸收剂、近红外光屏蔽剂的筛选,考察制品的氙灯加速老化、紫外加速老化性能差异,从而筛选出耐候性优异的PVC木塑复合材料的配方,从而改善了户外PVC木塑制品的抗老化性能。     

低辐射镀膜玻璃的膜系结构及其特性

对采用真空磁控溅射法生产的四种低辐射玻璃,即单银低辐射玻璃、双银低辐射玻璃,阳光控制低辐射玻璃和改进型低辐射玻璃的膜系结构及特性进行了分析。阐述了它在可见光及太阳光透射比和反射比、辐射率、Ｕ值和遮蔽系数等方面有差异以及目前在生产和应用中有待解决的问题。     

隔热膜的性能测试及评价

本文主要介绍了隔热膜性能的测试与评价方法,通过对不同隔热窗膜的光学性能、隔热性能、耐紫外辐照性能及表面硬度等性能测试与分析,研究了金属溅射膜和纳米涂布隔热膜的性能差异。此外还对比测试了单层、中空玻璃与贴膜玻璃的隔热性能,隔热效果明显不同。结果显示,隔热膜贴膜玻璃的隔热性能明显好于中空玻璃,纳米隔热膜相比溅射隔热膜有更高的可见光透过率。     

La-Gd共掺ZnO纳米棒的性能及其应用研究

利用KH560交联剂来提高La-Gd/ZnO纳米棒阵列在棉织物上的牢度。以硝酸锌和六亚甲基四胺为原料,聚乙二醇2000为形貌控制剂,KH560为交联剂,采用低温水浴法制备在棉织物表面原位生长的La-Gd/ZnO纳米棒阵列。同时利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光漫反射等方法对制备的样品进行表征和性能分析。结果表明:3%La-3%Gd/ZnO纳米棒具有良好的光催化性能,在紫外光下照射150 min,对亚甲基蓝溶液(MB)的降解率为92.15%;太阳光下照射8 h,对亚甲基蓝溶液(MB)的降解率为87.59%。且经过整理后的棉织物的抗紫外线指数UPF值由10.06提升至420.21。经水洗10次,其光催化性能仅下降1.3%,抗紫外线指数基本没有变化。     

KH560修饰纳米硅溶胶对铁铬黑建筑节能涂料性能的影响

采用水浴加热法以硅烷偶联剂KH560修饰纳米硅溶胶,然后与纯丙乳液混合,制备了铁铬黑建筑节能涂料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电镜表征了修饰前后硅溶胶粉末的结构和微观形貌,采用紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计、红外发射率测量仪、精密色差仪、接触角测量仪和氙灯老化箱,探讨了改性硅溶胶用量对涂层性能的影响。增大改性硅溶胶用量虽然可以增强涂层的反射性能,提升涂层的耐人工老化性和耐沾污性,但过多的改性硅溶胶会导致成膜困难,反而降低涂层的性能。当改性硅溶胶与纯丙乳液的质量比为1:1时,所制涂层的综合性能最好:相比未添加改性硅溶胶的涂层,其太阳光反射比和近红外反射比分别提高了7.41%和8.33%,老化和污染后的太阳光反射比变化率则降低了2.67%和1.30%,静态水接触角增大了29.2°,耐水性、附着力、铅笔硬度、柔韧性和冲击强度均得到了一定程度的提升。     

Dynamics and control of aggregate thin film surface morphology for improved light trapping: Implementation on a large-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo model

This work demonstrates the use of feedback control, coupled with a suitable actuator design, in manufacturing thin films whose surface morphology is characterized by a desired visible light reflectance/transmittance level. The problem is particularly important in the context of thin film manufacturing for thin film solar cells where it is desirable to produce thin films with precisely tailored light trapping characteristics. Initially, a thin film deposition process involving atom adsorption and surface migration is considered and is modeled using a large-lattice (lattice size=40,000) kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. Subsequently, thin film surface morphology characteristics like roughness and slope are computed with respect to different characteristic length scales ranging from atomic to the ones corresponding to visible light wavelength and it is found that a patterned actuator design is needed to induce thin film surface roughness and slope at visible light wavelength spatial scales, which lead to desired thin film reflectance and transmittance levels. Then, an Edwards–Wilkinson-type equation (a second-order stochastic partial differential equation) is used to model the surface evolution at the visible light wavelength spatial scale and form the basis for the design of a feedback controller whose objective is to manipulate the deposition rate across the spatial domain of the process. The model parameters of the Edwards–Wilkinson equation are estimated from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and their dependence on the deposition rate is used in the formulation of the predictive controller to predict the influence of the control action on the surface roughness and slope throughout the thin film growth process. Analytical solutions of the expected surface roughness and surface slope at the visible light wavelength spatial scale are obtained by solving the Edwards–Wilkinson equation and are used in the control action calculation. The cost function of the controller involves penalties on both surface roughness and slope from set-point values as well as constraints on the magnitude and rate of change of the control action. The controller is applied to the large-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller and patterned actuator design successfully regulate aggregate surface roughness and slope to set-point values at the end of the deposition that yield desired levels of thin film reflectance and transmittance.     

Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) hollow submicron spheres for solar heat insulation coating

Antimony doped Tin Oxide (ATO) hollow submicron spheres were synthesized with a carbon ball template using the hydrothermal method, and compared to commercial nano-ATOs that differed in particle size. To study the thermal insulation performance and the mechanism of different ATOs, their morphology, crystalline structure and microstructure were examined using XRD, SEM and HRTEM. Meanwhile, the optical and thermal characteristics of the different ATOs, including absorption, reflectance, thermal conductivity, infrared emissivity (8–14 μm), and specific heat capacity, were also measured. Silicone acrylic emulsion coatings containing different dosages of ATO were then prepared, and their UV–Vis–NIR transmittance and solar heat shielding performances were tested. ATO hollow submicron spheres showed a thermal insulation performance comparable to that of nano-ATO, but their main respective thermal insulation mechanism was different. ATO hollow submicron spheres primarily relied on better particle dispersion, lower thermal conductivity, higher specific heat capacity and higher infrared emissivity. The 50 nm ATO absorbed the least solar heat but reflected the most light, while 100 nm ATO showed the opposite behavior. Both nano-ATOs had better transmittance in the visible light range but relatively low transmittance in the ultraviolet and infrared range. The results of this study indicate that ATO hollow submicron spheres are promising materials equivalent to nano-spheres that can be applied as a coating for energy conservation.     

Efficiency improvement of InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cells by hydrothermal-deposited ZnO nanotube structure

In this paper, a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotube, fabricated by the hydrothermal growth method on triple-junction (T-J) solar cell devices to enhance efficiency, is investigated. Compared to those of bare T-J solar cells (without antireflection (AR) coating) and solar cells with Si₃N₄ AR coatings, the experimental results show that the T-J solar cells, which use a ZnO nanotube as an AR coating, have the lowest reflectance in the short wavelength spectrum. The ZnO nanotube has the lowest light reflection among all experimental samples, especially in the range of 350 to 500 nm from ultraviolet (UV) to visible light. It was found that a ZnO nanotube can enhance the conversion efficiency by 4.9%, compared with a conventional T-J solar cell. The Si₃N₄ AR coatings also enhance the conversion efficiency by 3.2%.The results show that a cell with ZnO nanotube coating could greatly improve solar cell performances.     

Product design: Nanoparticle‐Loaded polyvinyl butyral interlayer for solar control

A systematic procedure for the design of nanoparticle‐loaded polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer for solar control applications is developed. Desirable product attributes—transparency, energy savings, pleasant color, and so on and the related product specifications—transmittance of visible light, solar heat gain coefficient, color coordinates, and so on are met by properly selecting the type(s) of nanoparticles, their volume fraction in the PVB interlayer, and so on. The selection is based on the Maxwell Garnett relation to account for the localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles, Beer–Lambert's law, various international standards, and a database of transmittance and reflectance developed in our laboratory. The final product that meets all the product specifications as verified by prototypes is obtained by iterating between predictions and experiments. A causal table is provided to guide the verification step. Two examples of preparing solar control PVB interlayers with different specifications are provided to illustrate this design procedure. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3614–3624, 2018     

The thermochromic characteristics of Zn-doped VO2 that were prepared by the hydrothermal and post-annealing process and their polyurethane composite films

In this paper, Zn-doped VO₂ nanoparticles have been successfully fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal-annealing process, and the thermally induced visible light transmittance enhancement of Zn-doped VO₂ has been studied for the first time. It is found that Zn-doped VO₂ not only exhibits excellent solar modulation ability (ΔT_sol = 15.27%) but also can reduce the phase transition temperature and increase the visible light transmittance after the heat-induced phase transition (ΔT_lum=+5.78%). Moreover, with the increase of Zn doping concentration, the phase transition temperature (T_c) and phase transition hysteresis (ΔT) both decrease. It is shown that the Zn-doped VO₂-PU films not only have good solar light modulation ability and properties of improving visible light transmission after phase transition, but also have good durability. The research result is of great significance for improving the visible light transmittance after phase transition and realizing the practical application of VO₂ in the field of smart windows.     

新型纳米氧化钨的近红外吸收性能

采用化学沉淀法制备纳米氧化钨粉体,并用氢氮混合气对其进行还原处理,分析了还原处理温度对氧化钨化学组成的影响,用 X 射线粉末衍射仪表征了纳米氧化钨粒子的晶相与化学组成,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了该粒子还原处理前后的晶相形貌,并测定了由该纳米颗粒还原前后制得的胶状液体从可见光到近红外波长范围内的吸收光谱和透过光谱。研究表明：还原后的氧化钨纳米粒子对 1400～1600nm 和 1900～2200nm 波段的近红外光具有显著的吸收增强效应,同时对可见光具有很高的透过性,这种具有特殊光学吸收特性的纳米氧化钨可望在新型太阳能热屏蔽器件的设计中得到应用。     

钾盐对发射药静态燃烧烟焰性能的影响

为研究钾盐对发射药静态燃烧烟焰性能的影响,以含钾盐的发射药样品为对象,采用单幅放大彩色摄影法、微热电偶测温法以及双光路透射率系统,研究了硫酸钾(K2SO4)、硝酸钾(KNO3)、新型有机钾盐(DK、HK、LK、JK和PK)等对发射药燃烧时的火焰形貌、火焰峰温、烟雾可见光透光率的影响。结果表明,无机钾盐K2SO4对发射药静态燃烧火焰大小和峰温的抑制效果最好,但会使发射药静态燃烧时的烟雾可见光透过率大大降低;高氧含量的新型有机钾盐DK、HK及LK对发射药静态燃烧火焰大小和峰温有较好的抑制效果,并且含新型有机钾盐的发射药静态燃烧时的烟雾可见光透过率较高,3种含高氧含量钾盐(LK、DK和HK)的发射药的烟雾可见光透过率均大于50%;钾盐的粒径从104μm减小到5μm时,消焰效果得到提高,但烟雾可见光透过率的变化规律并不一致。     

Preparation and Optical Properties of GeBi Films by Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy Method

Ge-based alloys have drawn great interest as promising materials for their superior visible to infrared photoelectric performances. In this study, we report the preparation and optical properties of germanium-bismuth (Ge_1-xBi_x) thin films by using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). GeBi thin films belong to the n-type conductivity semiconductors, which have been rarely reported. With the increasing Bi-doping content from 2 to 22.2%, a series of Ge_1-xBi_x thin film samples were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. With the increase of Bi content, the mismatch of lattice constants increases, and the GeBi film shifts from direct energy band-gaps to indirect band-gaps. The moderate increase of Bi content reduces optical reflectance and promotes the transmittance of extinction coefficient in infrared wavelengths. The absorption and transmittance of GeBi films in THz band increase with the increase of Bi contents.     

Efficiency enhancement of graphene/silicon-pillar-array solar cells by HNO3 and PEDOT-PSS

A single-layer graphene film was grown on copper foil by chemical vapor deposition and transferred onto a silicon-pillar-array (SPA) substrate to make a Schottky junction solar cell. The SPA substrate was specifically designed to suppress reflectance and enhance light absorption. The energy conversion efficiency of the prepared graphene/SPA solar cells achieved a maximum of 2.90% with a junction area of 0.09 cm(2). HNO(3) was employed to dope the graphene in the solar cells, and the time dependence of HNO(3) treatment on the cell performance was studied. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) was also introduced in graphene/SPA solar cells by spin coating on top of the graphene film, and its modification on the cell performance was characterized. The results show that both HNO(3) and the PEDOT-PSS film could enhance the energy conversion efficiency of graphene/SPA solar cells.     

CVD diamond optics for ultraviolet

The optical properties of CVD polycrystalline diamond have been studied in order to evaluate the feasibility of diamond mirrors operating in the UV spectral region. Diamond is a very attractive material for space application, since it offers a unique combination of high UV reflectivity, low reflectivity and high transmittance in the visible, mechanical hardness and chemical inertness. In addition, diamond has a high thermal conductivity, which should stabilize the refractive index. The UV reflectance at normal incidence and at 45°, the polarization degree and the transmittance in the visible of some CVD diamond samples have been measured. Opaque and transparent highly polished diamonds have been tested in order to evaluate the contribution of non-diamond carbon to the reflectance. The results have also been compared to the reflectance curves obtained using a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) single-crystal diamond to evaluate the influence of scattering from the polished surface of the CVD diamond layers.