Board Level IT Governance: A Scoping Review to Set the Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Digital transformation is becoming pervasive, resulting in the intertwine of organizational strategy with IT strategy and increasing importance of IT risk. This falls into the domain of the board of directors, who are ultimately accountable for strategy and control. Yet, research shows that the involvement of boards in governing digital assets is low. In order to address this topic, this paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of this research domain and identifies an agenda for future research.     

Board IT Governance in Context: Considering Governance Style and Environmental Dynamism Contingencies

ABSTRACT

We theorize that IT governance (ITG) by the board of directors is most effective when there is a fit between the dynamics of the business environment and the governance style through which board ITG is delivered. Survey findings from 110 board members largely supported these assertions. Findings show that authoritative governance style and environmental dynamism represent important boundary conditions for the efficacy of board ITG to achieve performance gains. Research and practical implications are discussed.     

An Empirical Assessment of IT Governance Transparency: Evidence from Commercial Banking

We have developed an IT governance disclosure framework to examine how firms communicate their IT governance activities. Using this framework for a sample of 200 commercial banking firms, our empirical assessment indicates that differences in the level of disclosure are systematically related to differences in institutional settings. We also find that firms with relatively good corporate governance practices consider IT performance measurement matters to be highly important when informing and communicating with shareholders.     

Business Intelligence Effectiveness and Corporate Performance Management: An Empirical Analysis

ABSTRACT

Business intelligence (BI) technologies have received much attention from both academics and practitioners, and the emerging field of business analytics (BA) is beginning to generate academic research. However, the impact of BI and the relative importance of BA on corporate performance management (CPM) have not yet been investigated. To address this gap, we modeled a CPM framework based on the Integrative model of IT business value and on information processing theory. Data were collected from a global survey of senior managers in 337 companies. Findings suggest that the more effective the BI implementation, the more effective the CPM-related planning and analytic practices. BI effectiveness is strongly related to BA, planning and to measurement. In contrast, BA effectiveness is strongly related to planning but less so to measurement. The study suggests that although both BI and BA contribute to corporate management practices, the information needs are different based on the level of uncertainty versus ambiguity characteristic of the management practice.     

The moderating role of IT-business alignment in the relationship between IT governance,IT competence,and innovation

Results from a survey of senior executives/officers in charge of IT suggest that while greater IT governance triggers more innovation, IT-business alignment does not moderate this relationship. Executive management IT competence has a direct and positive impact on innovation, and this relationship is stronger when moderated by IT-business alignment. However, regardless of IT-business alignment, innovation is not significantly affected by the board’s IT competence but is positively impacted by IT intensity. This study extends the IS literature on the role of IT in innovation and contributes to the IT governance literature.     

一类用于51单片机实践教学的实验板开发

本实验板以AT89S51单片机为核心,具有自动定时和手动校时功能,实现了单片机对数码管的显示控制。实践表明,该实验板设计灵活,使用方便可靠,可进行简单I／O实验、定时器（计数器）等实验,很好地满足了单片机相关实践教学的需求,具有一定的实用性和推广价值。     

遗传算法种群多样性的分析研究

种群的多样性是遗传算法法进化的前提条件，本文提出用种群方案方差和熵两个量来全面刻画遗传算法中的种群的多样性，分析了选择，交换和变异三个主要算子对种群方差和熵的影响，同时比较了编码机制对种群多样性的影响，得出一些重析结论。     

Performance Impacts of Web-Enabled Retail Services: An Empirical Study

Prior studies suggest that the growth in online retail is attributed to the effective implementation of media-rich and interactive services and functionalities that help overcome the para-social distance between customers and online retail stores. However, few studies have offered empirical evidence that demonstrates the specific impacts these interactive services and functionalities have on the financial performance of online retailers. Using data on the operations and financial performance of the top 500 online retailers in the U.S., this study investigates the impact that website features and functionalities have on sales performance and other intermediate performance measures. Our findings suggest that website features and functionalities have a significant direct impact on sales as well as an indirect impact through intermediate performance measures. Furthermore, our model identifies the specific performance measures that each website feature targets to improve.     

聚类集成中的差异性度量研究

集体的差异性被认为是影响集成学习的一个关键因素.在分类器集成中有许多的差异性度量被提出,但是在聚类集成中如何测量聚类集体的差异性,目前研究得很少.作者研究了7种聚类集体差异性度量方法,并通过实验研究了这7种度量在不同的平均成员聚类准确度、不同的集体大小和不同的数据分布情况下与各种聚类集成算法性能之间的关系.实验表明:这些差异性度量与聚类集成性能间并没有单调关系,但是在平均成员准确度较高、聚类集体大小适中和数据中有均匀簇分布的情况下,它们与集成性能间的相关度还是比较高的.最后给出了一些差异性度量用于指导聚类集体生成的可行性建议.     

基于种群多样性评价的自适应遗传算法

遗传算法是解决优化问题的一种重要而有效的方法,在很多领域中得到了广泛的应用.在实际应用过程中,"过早收敛"是遗传算法经常遇到的问题之一,其主要原因是进化过程中个别优秀个体的迅速繁殖导致种群多样性的过早丧失.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于改进种群熵的多样性评价方法,并根据种群多样性评价及个体的适应度,从宏观和微观两方面对个体操作概率进行动态调整.仿真实验表明改进算法具有良好的全局搜索能力,一定程度上避免了过早收敛.     

Empirical Measurement of the Effects of Cultural Diversity on Software Quality Management

The difficulties of achieving social acceptance for Software Quality Management systems have been underestimated in the past, and they will be exacerbated in the future by the globalization of the software market and the increasing use of cross-cultural development teams within multinational companies. Management that can take account of the cultural context of their endeavours will improve understanding, minimize risk and ensure a higher degree of success in improvement programs within the software industry.This paper addresses cross-cultural issues in Software Quality Management. Qualitative and quantitative research was carried out in five European countries by using a postal questionnaire. Empirical measures of organizational culture, national culture and their interdependence, are presented together with interim instruments developed for the purpose of classifying organizations. Verification of the statistical results from the survey was carried out by triangulation, which included qualitative research methods in the form of interviews and observation. Cultural factors, which may have bearing on successful adoption and implementation of Software Quality Management were identified, and an assessment model, has been developed for use by organizations developing software in different parts of the world. The intention is that the recommendations following from the assessment will lead to greater cultural awareness in addressing quality, and will provide stimulus for improvement. The model's aims is to predict to what degree there is a fit between the organizational and the national culture, and to give recommendations and guidelines for software process improvement.     

Hierarchic Social Entropy: An Information Theoretic Measure of Robot Group Diversity

As research expands in multiagent intelligent systems, investigators need new tools for evaluating the artificial societies they study. It is impossible, for example, to correlate heterogeneity with performance in multiagent robotics without a quantitative metric of diversity. Currently diversity is evaluated on a bipolar scale with systems classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous, depending on whether any of the agents differ. Unfortunately, this labeling doesn't tell us much about the extent of diversity in heterogeneous teams. How can it be determined if one system is more or less diverse than another? Heterogeneity must be evaluated on a continuous scale to enable substantive comparisons between systems. To enable these types of comparisons, we introduce: (1) a continuous measure of robot behavioral difference, and (2) hierarchic social entropy, an application of Shannon's information entropy metric to robotic groups that provides a continuous, quantitative measure of robot team diversity. The metric captures important components of the meaning of diversity, including the number and size of behavioral groups in a society and the extent to which agents differ. The utility of the metrics is demonstrated in the experimental evaluation of multirobot soccer and multirobot foraging teams.     

遗传算法求解的种群多样性研究

为了提高遗传算法的全局收敛性必须在进化过程中提高和维持种群的多样性.本文针对遗传算法求解TSP问题,探讨了遗传算法种群多样性的检测方法,通过将多种多样性检测方法进行对比实验,结果表明传统的基于表现型的检测方法不能有效反映TSP问题种群的多样性或多样性变化,本文所提出的方法根据种群所有个体的连接矩阵,计算连接矩阵的熵来反映种群多样性,不仅有效且降低了时间复杂度.     

无线传感网络中协作分集路由协议的研究

在无线传感网络系统中,协作分集是对抗多径传播引起的信道衰落的一种有利的方法,但是目前大多数协作分集的研究集中在物理层,协作引入后对于网络的更高层的影响并没有很好的展开讨论。基于协作分集中协作路由协议是一个新的研究领域,介绍了协作分集以及GeRaF和GnRaF两种协作路由协议。这两种协议摒除了传统路由协议依靠拓扑信息和路由表的弊端而是只根据节点自身及周围节点的地理位置信息及角度信息的新型路由协议。     

Comparative Assessment of Software Quality Classification Techniques: An Empirical Case Study

Software metrics-based quality classification models predict a software module as either fault-prone (fp) or not fault-prone (nfp). Timely application of such models can assist in directing quality improvement efforts to modules that are likely to be fp during operations, thereby cost-effectively utilizing the software quality testing and enhancement resources. Since several classification techniques are available, a relative comparative study of some commonly used classification techniques can be useful to practitioners. We present a comprehensive evaluation of the relative performances of seven classification techniques and/or tools. These include logistic regression, case-based reasoning, classification and regression trees (CART), tree-based classification with S-PLUS, and the Sprint-Sliq, C4.5, and Treedisc algorithms. The use of expected cost of misclassification (ECM), is introduced as a singular unified measure to compare the performances of different software quality classification models. A function of the costs of the Type I (a nfp module misclassified as fp) and Type II (a fp module misclassified as nfp) misclassifications, ECM is computed for different cost ratios. Evaluating software quality classification models in the presence of varying cost ratios is important, because the usefulness of a model is dependent on the system-specific costs of misclassifications. Moreover, models should be compared and preferred for cost ratios that fall within the range of interest for the given system and project domain. Software metrics were collected from four successive releases of a large legacy telecommunications system. A two-way ANOVA randomized-complete block design modeling approach is used, in which the system release is treated as a block, while the modeling method is treated as a factor. It is observed that predictive performances of the models is significantly different across the system releases, implying that in the software engineering domain prediction models are influenced by the characteristics of the data and the system being modeled. Multiple-pairwise comparisons are performed to evaluate the relative performances of the seven models for the cost ratios of interest to the case study. In addition, the performance of the seven classification techniques is also compared with a classification based on lines of code. The comparative approach presented in this paper can also be applied to other software systems.     

线路板配套电镀项目环境影响因素的研究

经过研究,结合线路板电镀企业的污染治理需求,针对本地规划中的电路板加工园区进行了污水处理设计。同时,园区内其他可能存在的污染源均可以按照与其他行业园区相同的方法治理。     

Understanding Continuance Intention of Mobile Payment Services: An Empirical Study

Research on continued use of mobile payment services is scarce. To address part of this research gap, we examine a research model, derived from IT continuance, risk-trust, and affect-cognition literature. The results show that user satisfaction with mobile payment services has a substantive positive impact on continuance intention with such services; the disconfirmation of preadoption perceived usefulness about mobile payment services positively impacts user satisfaction and postadoption perceived usefulness; the disconfirmation of preadoption perceived risk about mobile payment services negatively impacts user satisfaction and positively impacts postadoption perceived risk; postadoption perceived usefulness is positively associated with continuance intention; user satisfaction positively impacts both institution-based trust in mobile payment technologies and trust beliefs in service providers; institution-based trust shows a positive impact on postadoption perceived usefulness and a negative impact on postadoption perceived risk.     

波束成形系统与分集系统在下行蜂窝通信中的比较

多天线波束成形系统与发送分集系统在下行蜂窝系统中是两种互补的技术。波束成形系统能够提供阵列增益,但是没有分集增益;相反,发送分集系统能够提供分集增益而没有阵列增益。通过计算在有无切换、相关衰落时系统的中断容量、CDF、传输功率等来比较两种系统的性能。     

大数据时代下数据挖掘在银行中的应用

当今,随着计算机和网络的飞速发展,人们无论在工作中还是在日常生活中用到计算机的机会越来越多,由此产生的信息量也就越来越巨大,如此巨大的网络信息量,标志着人们已经进入了“大数据”时代。“大数据”时代下的信息具有体量大、高复杂性、增长速度快等特点,从具有如此复杂特性的信息中挖掘出用户所需要的信息,难度比以往要高了许多。特别对于银行这一行业,数据决定着它的未来发展。虽然有些银行可能还没有意识到数据爆炸性增长带来的问题,但是数据对于银行的重要性已经成为业界的共识。数据挖掘作为一种数据处理技术,在现如今数据量巨大的银行业领域中正逐步受到重视。     

Board-Level Information Technology Governance Effects on Organizational Performance: The Roles of Strategic Alignment and Authoritarian Governance Style

ABSTRACT

We report on two empirical studies that explore key factors that help translate information technology governance by the board of directors into organizational performance. The first study shows that strategic alignment partially mediates the effect of board-level information technology governance on performance. The second study demonstrates that authoritarian governance style negatively moderates the effect of board-level information technology governance on performance. Together, these studies open up the black box between board-level information technology governance and organizational performance.