陆水水利枢纽溢流坝段闸墩裂缝成因分析及加固措施

采用三维有限元法对陆水蒲圻宽缝重力坝闸墩尾墩纵缝下端出现的裂缝进行了分析计算。利用混凝土单元的开裂特性来模拟闸墩的开裂,结果表明裂缝是由温度荷载、水荷载及坝体本身自重的共同作用造成的,在现有荷载状况下,闸墩裂缝有进一步发展的趋势。因此提出了粘贴钢板的加固处理措施,结果表明能有效控制混凝土的进一步开裂;同时对钢板的布置进行了优化分析,得出加固处理优化方案。     

陡山水库溢洪闸底板开裂有限元分析

陡山水库除险加固工程溢洪闸底板因温度应力而形成开裂,可能存在影响结构正常使用的安全隐患。选取开裂较为严重的5#闸底板和上部闸墩及下部基岩作为研究对象,采用大型通用有限元程序ANSYS,分别建立完整闸底板和带裂缝闸底板的数值分析模型,其中带裂缝模型采用薄层单元模拟裂缝,并根据刚度等效原理将开裂处钢筋以等效弹性模量的方式模拟为连续介质,分析了结构开裂前后的变形和应力分布情况。结果表明:闸室底板裂缝对结构变形和应力影响范围小,不影响工程的正常使用。     

陆水枢纽主坝闸墩裂缝粘钢板加固处理

混凝土结构裂缝成因复杂,年代已久的水利枢纽工程混凝土裂缝处理更为繁琐,因此,选择经济、合理、适用的处理方案极为重要.陆水蒲圻水利枢纽运行30多年后,主坝闸墩中部原垂直永久缝下端开裂,裂缝向下延伸至溢流面.经检测,裂缝贯穿闸墩,并有继续发展趋势.通过计算分析,经多方案比较,采用了粘贴钢板方案进行加固处理.简要介绍了陆水主坝闸墩裂缝粘钢板加固施工过程,对类似工程缺陷处理具有借鉴作用.     

不同工况下闸墩稳定性分析及加固措施研究

以江西省某水电枢纽工程为例,基于abaqus有限元分析软件,采用弹塑性本构分析模型,对4种不同工况下的闸墩受力情况进行了分析,结果表明:当闸墩在自重应力和静水压力作用情况下,所承受的应力—应变值大致接近;当闸门关闭后,在牛腿附近产生较为明显的高拉应力区,超过了混凝土的抗拉强度极限,导致混凝土开裂,需及时采取措施对闸墩进行加固,防止闸墩裂缝宽展和延伸进而导致结构的整体破坏;根据分析结果,提出闸墩采取粘贴钢板+裂缝环氧灌浆的加固补强方案,并对加固后的效果进行了模拟分析,论证加固方案的合理性。     

基于XFEM的寒潮作用下水闸开裂性状分析

水闸普遍存在着可见和不可见的裂缝,带裂缝工作是水闸的常态,当受到寒潮的影响时,已有的细微裂缝会连通、扩展,甚至贯穿整个闸墩,严重影响结构的安全性和耐久性。扩展有限元法(XFEM)通过富集非连续位移模式,使得非连续位移场的表征独立于单元边界,可有效描述混凝土中的裂纹扩展。基于XFEM并结合热力耦合,研究了水闸在不同初始温度下,遭遇不同降温幅度及历时的寒潮作用时的渐进开裂破坏过程,并与某实际工程的开裂情况进行对比,数值模拟结果与现场情况基本吻合。研究结果表明,水闸遭遇寒潮时,靠近闸墩表面的温度与外界温度变化基本一致,靠近闸墩中心的温度变化较小,闸墩内外温差随着寒潮强度的增强而增大;闸墩混凝土的内表温差和约束是导致闸墩开裂的根本原因;裂缝分布在上下游墩头与底板相交的位置,随着寒潮强度的增强,裂缝与底板的夹角、长度及深度也随之增大,对水闸结构的不利影响也越大。因此,寒潮来临时应做好安全监测及混凝土防护工作,控制闸墩的温降以防止裂缝的开展。     

闸墩温度应力与开裂关系的研究

闸墩开裂是水闸建设的关键问题之一,为了分析闸墩开裂的真正原因,找出具有针对性的加固措施,采用全过程仿真粘弹性空间有限单元法,对混凝土闸墩浇筑过程的因素进行了敏感分析,共计算了7个闸墩长度、7个闸墩厚度、3种地基情况下的全部应力分量,计算结果表明闸墩的长度、厚度和地基情况对闸墩应力均有一定的影响,但闸墩长度不是闸墩温度应力的控制因素。在岩石地基上,当闸墩厚度超过2.0 m时,第一温度主应力超过混凝土的抗拉强度,温度应力成为控制闸墩开裂的绝对关键因素;在岩土地基上闸墩的开裂不仅仅只是由温度应力引起的,其它因素如外加荷载和地基的不均匀变形等也起很大的作用。     

上犹江溢流坝段闸墩裂缝成因和结构安全影响研究

采用材料力学和有限元数值仿真计算法,对始建于1955年的上犹江重力坝溢流坝段闸墩上的竖斜向和水平向裂缝的成因进行了研究。仿真计算表明,这些裂缝除了当时冷缝施工处理不好和墩内设置母线洞的设计缺陷外,主要是由施工期温度应力和运行期寒潮冷击与夏季低温库水泄洪冷击所致,并认为至今裂缝开裂程度基本已经稳定,对结构静力安全没有明显影响,但鉴于结构耐久性考虑,需要尽早进行灌浆加固处理,并要特别强调裂缝处理的防渗要求,防止墩内钢筋锈蚀所引起的混凝土破坏。     

太平哨水电站溢流坝闸墩裂缝成因数值分析

应用三维有限元方法对太平哨水电站溢流坝闸墩竖向开裂的原因进行数值分析,计算中主要考虑了温度作用、静水压力、自重及冰压力的影响。通过对裂缝实际发生位置的应力变化规律进行分析,发现大坝在正常挡水情况下,冰压力对闸墩应力的影响很小,不足以使闸墩混凝土开裂;冬季温降荷载对闸墩应力影响很大,很多典型位置拉应力已经超过混凝土抗拉极限值,从而认为温度荷载是闸墩出现裂缝的主要因素。     

大体积混凝土裂缝控制措施浅析

1概述 混凝土浇筑中的裂缝控制是长期困扰人们的一个难题。尤其对水闸闸底板和闸墩而言，一方面它们混凝土体积大，另一方面这些部位混凝土标号相对较高，因此更易开裂。裂缝会加速混凝土碳化和钢筋锈蚀，并产生恶性循环，严重破坏混凝土结构的安全性和耐久性，所以裂缝控制显得更为重要。笔者结合对赤山闸、陈家边站除险加固工程的施工管理实践。     

木兰溪江东水闸闸墩裂缝成因分析及预防措施

木兰溪江东水闸闸墩0~2. 6 m高程混凝土浇筑后,出现了细微竖向裂缝。该文通过分析混凝土裂缝成因,从混凝土材料和混凝土施工养护等两方面提出预防措施,闸墩后续2. 6~8. 0 m高程混凝土浇筑后未再出现裂缝。采用裂缝内部化学灌浆补强加固结合表面涂刷单组份聚脲柔性涂层封闭的处理方法进行裂缝修补,恢复了结构混凝土的整体性,提高了水闸闸墩混凝土的耐久性。混凝土裂缝预防及处理措施可供类似工程参考。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.