瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉及其变性淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响

研究瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉、马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉和马铃薯阳离子淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响。糊化性质实验表明瓜尔胶增加了3种淀粉的峰值黏度和成糊温度,降低了淀粉糊的热稳定性。黄原胶降低了马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的峰值黏度并提高了糊的热稳定性和成糊温度,但对马铃薯阳离子淀粉起相反作用。动态流变实验表明加入黄原胶显著提高了3种淀粉的GO`、GO`O`值,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,黄原胶对马铃薯阳离子淀粉动态流变学性质的影响最大,瓜尔胶对3种淀粉的动态流变学性质的影响不显著。静态流变实验表明加入瓜尔胶和黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,滞后环面积减少,稳定性提高,两种胶对马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的作用比对马铃薯阳离子淀粉作用明显,并且黄原胶比瓜尔胶对淀粉作用更为显著。研究发现胶体与淀粉之间的电荷相互作用对复配体系的糊化性质和流变学性质起重要的作用。     

瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶对淀粉理化性质的影响

为改善淀粉的加工品质特性,以玉米淀粉和甘薯淀粉为研究对象,将瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶分别以不同比例(0.1%~0.5%)与淀粉进行复配,系统研究亲水胶体对淀粉理化特性等的影响。结果表明,添加亲水胶体后,随着胶体浓度的增加,复配体系的透光率逐渐下降,凝沉稳定性增大,膨胀度增大,淀粉胶体的硬度下降。RVA分析表明,加入亲水胶体使复配体系的糊化温度升高,峰值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度增加,而甘薯淀粉-黄原胶混合体系的峰值黏度显著降低。     

淀粉与瓜尔豆胶复配体系糊化及流变特性研究

以玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,加入不同配比的瓜尔豆胶,比较两者复配后糊化及流变特性的变化,并采用扫描电镜观察复配体系微观结构。结果表明:添加瓜尔豆胶可使玉米淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉体系具有更好的增稠性,复配体系表现出更优越的黏弹性。胶体分子与直链淀粉分子间的相互作用是引起玉米淀粉与瓜尔豆胶复配体系流体指数和淀粉成糊温度显著降低,协同作用更为显著的主要原因。微观结构观察表明淀粉与胶体复配体系呈现出更加均一、紧凑的结构。     

Starch Cooking with Limited Water as Affected by Zein and Guar Gum

DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) peak temperature of starch was decreased by adding zein, but was increased by adding guar gum. Adding zein increased the initial rate of starch cooking, but adding guar gum decreased it. Kinetic studies were carried out at 115, 125, and 135°C. At25°C, zein absorbed less water than waxy corn starch, especially at water activities >0.6 where guar gum absorbed more water than starch. The strong binding of water by guar gum increased DSC-peak-temperature and decreased the initial rate of starch cooking. The relatively weak binding of water by zein decreased DSC peak temperature and increased the initial rate of starch cooking. Although water sorption data at cooking temperatures are difficult to measure, the kinetic data at these temperatures and DSC data could be used to supplement the sorption data.     

黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶的复配稳定剂对冰淇淋品质和流变性的影响

研究了黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶的复配胶作为冰淇淋稳定剂对冰淇淋品质和流变性的影响,测定了冰淇淋浆料的粘度,应用小幅振荡测定经硬化后冰淇淋成品的动态粘弹性,以及硬化冰淇淋的硬度和粘结度.结果表明,随复配胶用量的增加,冰淇淋浆料的粘度也随之增加,另外,Power law模型的流动指数和粘度指数、冰淇淋成品储能模量、及硬度、粘结度均呈增加趋势.实验结果还表明,随复配胶用量的增加,冰淇淋的弹性模量和稳定性得以提高.通过测定冰淇淋的膨胀率和抗融性,得出冰淇淋中复配胶的最佳添加量质量分数为0.35%.     

瓜尔胶及改性瓜尔胶的性质及应用

本文介绍了瓜尔胶及改性瓜尔胶在造纸中的应用特性及最新研究成果。瓜尔胶及改性瓜尔胶系列助剂在提高纸页留着和滤水的同时能保持或提高纸页匀度，是一种前景广阔的环保助剂。阳离子瓜尔胶的新式捆绑系统是研究的热点。     

黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶对小麦淀粉冻融稳定性的影响

将小麦淀粉分别与黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶以一定的比例复配,利用析水率实验、DSC方法和SEM微观结构观察等方法,研究亲水胶体黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶在5次冻融循环过程中对小麦淀粉稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:小麦淀粉的析水率随着循环次数的增加而增加,黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶能够明显降低冻融过程中小麦淀粉的析水率,从而抑制小麦淀粉冻融过程中的老化,且随着亲水胶体浓度的增加,对冻融稳定性的改善作用越强;小麦淀粉经过5次冻融循环后,淀粉胶基形成了大量的孔洞,并产生不连续丝状的,类似纤维的结构,且基质较薄,添加亲水胶体后显著改变了小麦淀粉的表观形态,孔洞明显减少,且淀粉基质增厚,形成了类似片状的网络结构。因此,黄原胶和瓜尔豆胶均能在一定程度上改善小麦淀粉的冻融稳定性,且与添加浓度有关。     

Rheological Properties of Sonicated Guar,Xanthan and Pectin Dispersions

The influence of high intensity ultrasound on the rheological characteristics of guar, xanthan, and pectin dispersions was investigated. Guar 1%, xanthan 1% and pectin 2% (w/v) dispersions were sonicated at varying intensity levels of 3.7, 6.3, 8.1, and 10.1 W/cm² for 5 min at 25^oC. Significant differences were observed in the rheological characteristics of each sonicated hydrocolloid dispersion studied. Sonication affected the consistency index (k), flow behaviour index (n) and complex power law constants (a and b). No recovery was observed in the structure breakdown after a 24-h storage period. Changes in the rheological properties of guar and pectin dispersions were significantly higher than that of xanthan dispersions.     

瓜尔豆胶对锥栗淀粉糊化和流变学特性的影响

以新鲜锥栗为原料,考察了瓜尔豆胶对锥栗淀粉的糊化特性和流变学特性的影响。结果表明,向锥栗淀粉中添加瓜尔豆胶后,锥栗淀粉糊化溶液的峰值黏度和终值黏度增大,且随瓜尔豆胶添加比例的增加而增大;添加瓜尔豆胶增大了锥栗淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值糊化温度,提高了锥栗淀粉的吸热焓,使得糊化过程更长,吸热更多。添加瓜尔豆胶后的锥栗淀粉溶液显示为假塑性流体,剪切变稀现象更为明显,具有更大的黏弹性。添加瓜尔豆胶后,混合物形成的凝胶表面空隙中填充物增多,空隙数量减少,且空隙分布更加均匀。     

瓜尔豆胶、汉生胶、褐藻酸钠复合耐盐增稠剂的流变性研究

本研究对瓜尔豆胶、汉生胶、褐藻酸钠的最佳配比及其复合耐盐增稠剂体系的流变性进行了研究。实验结果表明,瓜尔豆胶、汉生胶、褐藻酸钠的最佳配比为4：5：1,复合耐盐增稠剂体系的最佳加热温度为70～80℃,最佳加热时间为1.0～2.0h;pH 4～10;NaCl添加量可高达50%;冻融变化对其粘度影响较小;复合耐盐增稠剂具有较好的耐盐稳定性。     

黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

Effect of Guar Gum on the Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological and Textural Properties of Green Edam Cheese

In attempts to produce a low-fat cheese with a rheology and texture similar to that of a full-fat cheese, guar gum (within 0.0025–0.01%; w/v, final concentration) was added to low-fat milk. The obtained cheeses were characterised regarding their physicochemical, thermal, rheological and textural properties. Control cheeses were also produced with low and full-fat milk. The physicochemical properties of the guar gum modified cheeses were similar to those of the low-fat control. No significant differences were detected in the thermal properties (concerning the enthalpy and profile of water desorption) among all types of cheeses. The rheological behaviour of the 0.0025% modified cheese was very similar to the full-fat control. Overall, no trend was observed in the texture profile (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity) of the modified cheeses versus guar gum concentration, as well as in comparison with the control groups, suggesting that none of the studied polysaccharide concentrations simulated the textural functions of fat in Edam cheese.     

刺槐豆胶与黄原胶复配体系的流变性

研究刺槐豆胶/黄原胶复配体系的流变性,并采用流变学的Cross模型进行拟合分析。结果表明:刺槐豆胶与黄原胶复配可以产生协同作用,当刺槐豆胶与黄原胶的复配体积比为4∶6时,复配体系的黏度最大,触变测试中形成的滞后环面积最大,并且在黏弹性测试中储能模量G’表现出最大值。因此,刺槐豆胶与黄原胶的最佳复配比例为体积比4∶6。对最佳比例复配体系进行不同温度处理后测试可知,最佳复配体系的最适处理温度为80℃,得到的复配体系黏度最大;复配体系的p H值在6.0~10.0之间时,其黏度变化较小,保持相对稳定。     

Resistant Starch Derived from Extruded Corn Starch and Guar Gum as Affected by Acid and Surfactants: Structural Characterization

Corn starches with and without guar gum [10% (w/w)] and 2% (w/w) of diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyceride, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate or citric acid, respectively, were extrusion‐cooked in a twin‐screw extruder at 18% moisture, 150 °C and 180 rpm screw speed. The content of resistant starch was determined by sequential enzymatic digestion. The formation of resistant starch in extruded corn starch was strongly affected by the addition of gum and the different food additives. X‐ray diffraction of the extruded starches gave a V diffraction pattern indicating the effect of extrusion cooking and amylose‐lipid complexes. Enzymatic digestion did not affect the V‐structure, which could apparently be attributed to extrusion cooking. Similarly, differential scanning calorimetric thermograms indicated that all isolated resistant starches exhibited endothermic transitions between 71—178 °C signifying a complex formation between amylose and the emulsifiers and possibly the melting of amylose crystallites in the resistant starch. Purification of the isolated resistant starches by size exclusion‐high performance liquid chromatography showed a dependence of molecular weight on the added additives. Results of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction suggest that amylose‐lipid complexes could also be involved in the formation of resistant starch in extruded cornstarch.     

黄原胶在低浓度时的流变特性及影响因素研究

以低浓度黄原胶溶液为研究对象,考察了其流变特性及浓度、温度、ｐＨ值和搅拌作用对溶液粘度的影响。结果表明当浓度≤１．１０８时,黄原胶溶液呈牛顿流体,浓度〉０．１０％时为假塑性流体;不同温度和浓度的黄原胶溶液粘度符合指数律流变方程ｒ＝ＫＤ＾ｎ;低浓度的黄原胶溶液在ｐＨ５．０～９．５范围,粘度不受ｐＨ值变化的影响,搅拌作用使黄原胶溶液的粘度提高。     

黄原胶对变性淀粉冻融稳定性的影响

采用正交实验确定在复配体系中黄原胶与木薯羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯b淀粉(变性淀粉)质量浓度分别为0.2%和2.0%时,稠度适宜,具有较好流动性。通过对比复配体系与对照组的析水率、稠度、透明度、热稳定性、老化程度、微观结构等结果研究黄原胶对变性淀粉冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,随冻融次数增加,添加黄原胶的复配体系较变性淀粉糊的理化性质出现显著差异。变性淀粉在6次冻融前后稠度差值为120.68 g·s,添加黄原胶后,其稠度差值为4.14 g·s。添加黄原胶的变性淀粉在冻融循环后透明度从1.17%提高至1.53%、析水率由8.34%降低至6.75%且微观孔洞减少、结构更加紧密。因此,添加黄原胶有效地改善了变性淀粉的冻融稳定性。     

直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

为考察直链淀粉含量对淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系性质的影响,以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉)为原料,加入瓜尔胶,研究复配体系的糊化、流变及凝胶特性。结果表明:瓜尔胶与直链淀粉之间的相互作用是引起淀粉复配体系黏度和稠度系数增加、成糊温度和流体指数降低的主要原因。动态流变实验结果表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量不同对复配体系的动态模量的影响也不同。在糊化过程中,随着直链淀粉含量增加,直链淀粉分子与瓜尔胶间的相互作用增强,阻碍了直链淀粉分子间的聚集重排,使得复配体系硬度值减小,3种玉米淀粉形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。     

亚麻籽胶、黄原胶与大豆分离蛋白对肉制品出品率和质构特性的影响

利用三因素中心复合旋转试验设计的原理,研究亚麻籽胶、黄原胶、大豆分离蛋白添加对肉制品出品率和质构特性的影响。结果表明:亚麻籽胶、黄原胶、大豆分离蛋白的添加均能显著性提高猪肉肠出品率(P0.01),亚麻籽胶和大豆分离蛋白对出品率和黏着性有显著性交互作用(P0.05);大豆分离蛋白的添加使得产品的硬度显著性增加(P0.05);随着黄原胶和大豆分离蛋白的添加,猪肉肠的弹性不断下降,且二者之间有显著性交互作用(P0.05);随着亚麻籽胶的添加,猪肉肠的凝聚性呈极显著性下降趋势(P0.01),但是,随着黄原胶和大豆分离蛋白的添加,凝聚性不断增加,且二者之间有显著性交互作用(P0.05);亚麻籽胶、黄原胶、大豆分离蛋白对猪肉肠的咀嚼性没有显著性影响。     

菊粉对刺云实胶-黄原胶复配体系质构和流变特性的影响

将以刺云实胶(Tara Gum)-黄原胶(Xanthan Gum)复配体系为研究对象,探究了添加菊粉(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%,w/w)对复配体系质构及流变特性的影响,并利用电镜扫描技术观察复配体系的凝胶结构。结果表明,添加15%菊粉后复配体系凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼度、弹性、凝胶形成平均速率(SDRa)、储能模量(G')明显增大,菊粉浓度高于15%后,此六特征值被降低。采用阿伦尼乌斯方程对凝胶形成过程中的动力学参数进行拟合,决定系数均在0.90以上,具有较高的拟合度。与对照相比,添加菊粉后,活化能(Ea)明显降低,高温区与低温区表现出明显的差异。电镜扫描结果显示,添加15%的菊粉通过水合作用促进刺云实胶与黄原胶之间形成更细密、平整的网络凝胶结构,改善了复配体系的质构和流变特性。     

木薯变性淀粉对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶质构、流变及热力学特性的影响

本实验研究了不同比例的木薯变性淀粉对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白(MP)凝胶特性的影响。分析了凝胶质构、静态流变和热力学特性的变化。结果显示:添加10%的木薯变性淀粉增加了蛋白凝胶的弹性,而凝胶的硬度、强度、内聚性、咀嚼性和胶黏性相对适中,从而改善凝胶的质构特性;通过差示扫描量热仪(Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)分析发现木薯变性淀粉添加量为10%时,降低了蛋白的热相变温度和焓值,促进蛋白变性;另外,木薯变性淀粉的添加也改变了凝胶的表观粘度及触变环面积。当木薯淀粉添加量为10%时,凝胶的表观粘度和触变环面积最小,改善了凝胶的塑性能力及流变稳定性。