Dielectric Properties of Mashed Potatoes Relevant to Microwave and Radio-frequency Pasteurization and Sterilization Processes

ABSTRACT: Dielectric properties of mashed potatoes relevant to microwave and radio-frequency (RF) pasteurization and sterilization processes were measured over 1 to 1800 MHz and 20 °C to 120 °C. Effects of moisture content (81.6% to 87.8%, wb) and salt content (0.8% to 2.8%, wb) were investigated. Dielectric loss factors and constants decreased with frequency. Dielectric loss factors increased with temperature and salt content, but dielectric constants were not significantly affected. Ionic conductivity played a dominant role at low frequencies. Power penetration depth increased with moisture content and decreased with temperature, frequency, and salt content. Regression equations were developed to relate the dielectric properties to temperature, moisture, and salt contents.     

基于品质指标的苹果浊汁品种与产地差异性分析

以来自7?个不同主产区的21?个主栽品种,共41?份苹果鲜果为研究对象,对每个品种鲜榨浊汁的出汁率、浊度、果汁颜色、褐变度、透光率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总酚、糖、有机酸、VC、矿物质、抗氧化性等品质指标进行测定。运用描述性分析、逐步线性判别分析进行数据处理。结果表明：不同品种或不同产地的苹果浊汁,品质差异较大。总体来看,a*值、原始浊度、褐变度、可滴定酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖、苹果酸等指标的变幅均较大,分别为94.07%、70.41%、42.86%、35.26%、42.02%、42.40%、37.69%。对于不同品种的苹果浊汁,由于褐变度、总酚、抗氧化性等色泽品质指标以及糖、酸等营养品质指标间具有较大差异,其分布呈现分散状态。其中新红星品种的褐变度、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率等品质指标普遍居高,色泽品质差异最显著。富士品种大部分样品的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、苹果酸等指标含量较高,具有较好的营养品质。然而对于不同产地间的样品,其浊度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物等加工品质指标具有较大差异,样品分布较为分散。河北省样品的出汁率、原始浊度、可滴定酸等指标普遍较低,加工品质较差。来自山东省不同品种苹果浊汁的样品以及来自不同产地富士苹果浊汁的样品间均具有较大差异,并且分别获得了77.8%和72.7%的判别准确率。以上结果表明,不同产地、不同品种苹果原料制得的苹果浊汁存在较大差异,通过对其品质指标进行差异性分析,可为上游育种与种植产业结构调整提供数据基础;通过判别模型的建立实现品种与产地的识别与预测,可以指导企业对苹果原料进行制汁专用化筛选。     

Inhibition of Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) in Apple Juices and its Resistance to Pasteurization

Abstract: In the present study, we evaluated Shiga toxin (Stx2) activity in apple juices by measuring a decrease in dehydrogenase activity of Vero cells with the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Freshly prepared juice from Red Delicious apples and Golden Delicious apples inhibited the biological activity of the bacterial toxin Stx2 produced by E. coli O157:H7 strains. Studies with immunomagnetic beads bearing specific antibodies against the toxin revealed that Stx2 activity was restored when removed from the apple juice. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed no difference (P < 0.05) in the densities or molecular weights between Stx2 in either PBS or apple juices. These results suggest that Stx2 may be reversibly bound to small molecular weight constituents in the juice. The Stx2 toxin was not inactivated on exposure to heat programs (63 °C for 30 min, 72 °C for 15 s, 89 °C for 1 s) commonly used to pasteurize apple juice, but lost all activity when exposed to 100 °C for 5 min. The results suggest that pasteurization of apple juice used to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 has no effect on Stx2, and that food-compatible and safe antitoxin compounds can be used to inhibit the biological activity of the Shiga toxin. Practical Application: This study explores the possibility of using naturally occurring antioxidative substances, in this case high phenolic apples juices, to inactivate Shiga toxin (Stx2) produced by E. coli O157:H7 in contaminated foods.     

微波和巴氏杀菌对NFC苹果汁品质的影响

研究鲜榨(not-from-concentrate,NFC)苹果汁杀菌新技术,探讨微波杀菌和巴氏杀菌对NFC苹果汁在杀菌效果、理化性质、功能性成分、酶活性等方面的影响。结果表明:两种杀菌方式处理后NFC苹果汁微生物均符合国家卫生标准,微波杀菌更为彻底;与处理组相比,两种杀菌方式对pH值、可溶性固形物、总酸、总糖无显著影响;通过对比处理前后果汁L*、a*、b*值的差异,微波杀菌的△E值显著低于巴氏杀菌,说明微波杀菌能更好的保持果汁原有的颜色;微波杀菌后的果汁中多酚含量和抗氧化能力优于巴氏杀菌,同时也保留了更多的VC,通过相关性分析发现抗氧化能力与多酚含量呈显著正相关;通过比较处理前后果汁中多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和果胶甲酯酶(pectin methylesterase,PME)酶活性的差异,发现微波杀菌能更好的起到灭酶的效果。因此,微波杀菌不仅能起到很好的杀菌灭酶效果,还能更好的保持果汁的色泽和营养成分。     

Thermal Pasteurization Effects on Color of Red Grapefruit Juices

Changes in color due to thermal pasteurization of two cultivars of red grapefruit juice were studied. Juices were pasteurized at 91°C using a plate heat exchanger. Apparently, thermal pasteurization changed all three color parameters (CIE L*, a*, b*) in the juice, causing a slight color shift towards lighter and brighter. Thermal pasteurization especially affected CIE b* value and chroma in juice. The reflectance spectrum in the visible region (400 nm to 700 nm) clearly showed changes in spectral distribution of light reflected from juice after pasteurization. There were no changes (P>0.05) in major carotenoid pigments (β-carotene and lycopene) in the juices after pasteurization.     

苹果浊汁加工中果实成熟度的选择

以生理成熟和完全成熟 2种成熟度的苹果为原料制取浊汁 ,对苹果汁的褐变情况、苹果汁PPO酶的热失活条件、浊汁理化性状以及悬浮稳定性进行比较 ,试验结果表明 :完全成熟的苹果更适宜用作制取浊汁的原料。文中还就苹果果肉细胞的微观形态、影响悬浮稳定性的因素进行了探讨 ,以深入探究完全成熟的苹果更加适宜制取浊汁的机理。     

混浊苹果汁生产工艺改进的研究

考察了苹果破碎时果浆所达到的最高温度对果汁的颜色、Vc、酚类物质、色泽和混浊稳定性等的影响,确定破碎温度为95℃。热处理增加了果胶的聚合度,促进果胶从果浆中释放,从而增加了果汁的黏度。热处理还可减小果汁中悬浮颗粒的尺寸。用新工艺生产出的产品有较高的浊度和较好的颜色。     

Pasteurization of Fruit Juices by Means of a Pulsed High Pressure Process

ABSTRACT: The use of pulsed high hydrostatic pressure was investigated as a possible approach to stabilize foodstuffs. The objective of this article was to investigate the effect of the main processing variables (pressure [150 to 300 MPa], temperature levels [25 to 50 °C], and pulse number [1 to 10]) on the sanitation of nonpasteurized clear Annurca apple juice as well as freshly-squeezed clear orange juice. The aim of the article was the optimization of the process parameters in step-wise pressure treatment (pressure holding time of each pulse: 60 s, compression rate: 10.5 MPa/s, decompression time: 2 to 5s). The shelf life of the samples, processed at optimized conditions, was evaluated in terms of microbiological stability and quality retention. According to our experimental results, the efficiency of pulsed high pressure processes depends on the combination of pulse holding time and number of pulses. The pulsed high pressure cycles have no additive or synergetic effect on microbial count. The efficacy of the single pulses decreases with the increase of the pulse number and pressure level. Therefore the first pulse cycle is more effective than the following ones. By coupling moderate heating to high pressure, the lethality of the process increases but thermal degradation of the products can be detected. The optimization of the process condition thus results in a compromise between the reduction of the pressure value, due to the synergetic temperature action, and the achievement of quality of the final production. The juices processed under optimal processing conditions show a minimum shelf life of 21 d at a storage temperature of 4 °C.     

苹果浊汁云状颗粒体系稳定机制研究进展

苹果浊汁营养丰富且具有多种生理活性,而稳定性不佳一直是制约苹果浊汁产业发展的主要因素之一。本文综述了苹果浊汁云状颗粒体系的构成,云状颗粒物的聚集和失稳过程,以及影响云状颗粒体系稳定的主要因素,并对云状颗粒体系稳定机制的研究方向进行了展望。本研究可为维持苹果浊汁云状稳定性,提高其贮藏品质,推动苹果浊汁产业快速发展提供一定的思路和借鉴。     

Inactivation Kinetics of Pectin Methylesterase,Polyphenol Oxidase,and Peroxidase in Cloudy Apple Juice under Microwave and Conventional Heating to Evaluate Non-Thermal Microwave Effects

Continuous-flow microwave pasteurization provides important advantages over conventional heat exchangers such as fast volumetric heating, lower tube surface temperature, and possible non-thermal effects that enhance enzymatic and bacterial inactivation. Conventional and microwave-assisted inactivation of pectin methylesterase (PME), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) in cloudy apple juice were investigated to evaluate non-thermal effects. Experiments were conducted to provide uniform heating with accurate temperature acquisition and similar temperature profiles for conventional and microwave treatments. A two-fraction first-order kinetic model was successfully fitted to the data in a procedure that took into account the whole time-temperature profile instead of assuming isothermal conditions. Predicted inactivation curves for pasteurization at 70 and 80 °C of the cloudy apple juice showed that PME has the highest thermal resistance (residual activity of 30% after 250 s at 80 °C) and that there was no evidence of non-thermal microwave effects on the inactivation of these enzymes.     

Color Stability of Apple and Pear Juices Blended with Fruit Juices Containing Anthocyanins

Apple and pear juices blended with anthocyanin pigmented juices developed haze and color stability during commercial marketing. To determine factors contributing to these problems, juice from apple and d'Anjou pear (prepared from whole fruit) and‘Bartlett’pear (peels and cores) were blended with 5, 10, 20%‘Concord’grape,‘Bing’cherry, or red or black raspberry juice. During storage at 25°C for up to 48 wk, turbidity, polymeric color, and % color due to tannin increased, while anthocyanin concentration decreased. As % anthocyanin pigmented juice increased, turbidity and polymeric color increased and % color due to tannin decreased. Within a given base juice, turbidity was highly correlated with polymeric color (r = 0.78 to 0.97).     

Dielectric Properties of Red Pepper Powder Related to Radiofrequency and Microwave Drying

To provide useful information for drying red pepper with radiofrequency or microwave energy and designing dielectric drying equipment, dielectric properties (dielectric constant ε′ and loss factor ε?″) of red pepper powder with moisture contents ranging from 10.4 to 30.8 % wet basis were measured at different temperatures (from 25 to 85 °C) over a frequency range of 20–4,500 MHz with a vector network analyzer and an open-ended coaxial-line probe. The results showed that both ε′ and ε?″ of red pepper powder were dependent on electromagnetic wave frequency, moisture content, and temperature. The value of ε′ decreased with increases in frequency over the tested range. The ε?″ decreased with increasing frequency when the frequency was below 4,000 MHz, and increased slightly when it was above 4,000 MHz. Both ε′ and ε?″ increased as either moisture content or temperature increased, and the increases were a little greater at high moisture and temperature than those at low moisture and temperature. The moisture- and temperature-dependent permittivities of red pepper powder at several frequencies of interest could be described by quadratic models. The results of variance analysis exhibited that both moisture content and temperature had significant influence (p<0.01) on permittivities of red pepper powder. The power penetration decreased as frequency, moisture content, and temperature increased. Large penetration depth at radiofrequencies below 100 MHz could be used to dry red peppers in a large scale, while microwave energy could be used for drying red peppers in a small scale.     

Molecular Characteristics of Pectins from Enzyme-Treated Apple Juices

Red Delicious apple mashes treated by two commercial pectic enzymes were investigated by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Pectins isolated from the juice samples were fractionated into water-soluble, chelator-soluble, and alkali-soluble pectin fractions. Distinct pectin breakdowns were observed with HPSEC. Number average molecular weights of pectin fractions were determined by intrinsic viscosity measurements.     

复合酶制剂在混浊苹果汁加工中的应用

采用果胶酶、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶3种商业酶制剂复合生产苹果混汁。通过正交实验得出苹果在自然pH下酶解制取苹果混汁的最佳工艺参数:果胶酶制剂用量为0.10%(w/w)、纤维素酶制剂用量为0.005% (w/w)、半纤维素酶制剂用量为0.007%(w/w)、酶解时间40min、酶解温度50℃.并将该条件下制得的混汁与传统压榨法得到的相比较,发现利用酶法生产苹果混汁,不但提高了出汁率,而且混浊稳定性也明显增加,色泽也得到了改善。     

Selected Post-Heating Properties of Microwave or Hot Water Heated Egg White for In-Shell Pasteurization

Heat treatments adversely affect the functional properties of the egg white. The selected properties of egg white after in-shell pasteurization by microwave heating were compared to that of egg white after in-shell pasteurization by immersion in hot water. The effects of the heat treatments on egg white enthalpy of denaturation, viscosity, turbidity, foam density, and stability, and also the dielectric properties, were investigated and compared to that of untreated egg white. Results demonstrated that microwave pasteurized in-shell eggs had nearly 20% higher enthalpy of denaturation, 4 times more viscosity, 50% more stable foam with 30% less foam density and 78% clearer, on an average, when compared to the water bath pasteurized ones.     

苹果浑浊汁稳定性研究进展

苹果富含苹果多酚、类黄酮、果胶、多种维生素、矿物质等营养成分。现代生活节奏不断加快,将苹果加工为营养丰富的即食苹果浑浊汁越来越受到人们青睐。分析了我国苹果产业生产现状,介绍了苹果汁分类情况和苹果浑浊汁生产过程中的主要问题。重点阐述了影响浑浊苹果汁稳定性的主要因素和改善方法,以期为改善我国苹果浑浊汁品质和稳定性提供参考,为苹果汁产业的健康快速发展提供理论借鉴。     

凤爪的微波与巴氏组合杀菌工艺研究

为了克服凤爪高温杀菌和辐照杀菌的缺点,对凤爪进行微波与巴氏组合杀菌试验研究。通过响应面试验,分析了微波温度、巴氏温度和杀菌次数对凤爪组合杀菌后的质构特性、感官品质、菌落数及凤爪的模糊综合评价值的影响,进行微波与巴氏组合杀菌的工艺参数优化。组合杀菌工艺优化参数为:巴氏温度88℃、微波温度为120℃,杀菌次数为2,其凤爪的模糊综合评价的理论值为0.85。并对最优组25℃微生物生长状况进行了曲线拟合,得到了凤爪微生物生长的动力学方程。     

基于微波加热的馒头介电特性的分析与研究

基于一种同轴探头网络分析仪技术和混合方程的途径研究微波加热馒头的介电特性。测量馒头在不同密度下的介电特性值,运用回归分析方法得出介电特性与频率的关系,通过比较馒头介电特性混合方程计算值和测量值,得到Bottcher方程适用于计算馒头的介电常数,Landau and Lifshitz,Looyenga方程用于计算馒头的损耗因子。研究频率范围915~2 450 MHz、含水率范围40.12%~48.50%(w.b.)和温度范围25~100℃下馒头介电特性的变化规律。研究表明:馒头的介电常数随着频率的增加而减小,损耗因子随着频率的增加呈现出先减小后很缓慢增大的趋势;介电常数和损耗因子均随含水率和温度的增加而增加。馒头微波加热的穿透深度随着各影响因素的增加而减小,且在25~100℃温度范围内,915 MHz和2 450 MHz微波加热馒头最大厚度分别不超过12.82 cm和10.62 cm。     

Variation of Microwave Dielectric Properties in the Glucose Biosensor System

Glucose biosensor is generally based on the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase, which produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid is a conductive material, while hydrogen peroxide has polar molecules. This article examines the changes of dielectric properties due to the conductive loss below 2 GHz and dipole orientation of above that frequency of this reaction. The difference between the dielectric loss of glucose solution and the dielectric loss of glucose-enzyme reaction can be related to the glucose concentration in the samples, such as orange juice, black grape juice, sugarcane juice, and sapodilla juice. A good sensitivity to these differences due to the effect of ionic conductivity and dipole orientation was found at 1 and 16.44 GHz, respectively. The minimum detection limit of glucose concentration in the proposed technique was about 0.01 M (0.20 g/100 ml) with an optimum reaction ratio of about 1:1 between the enzyme solution and the glucose solution. This technique could benefit the future development of microwave biosensor by which both ionic conductivity and dipole effects can be considered simultaneously.