脂肪酸类衍生物的合成与在废纸脱墨中的应用

脂肪酸类衍生物是仅次于脂肪醇衍生物的第二大类表面活性剂,具有价格低廉、原料来源丰富、易于生物降解等优点,在日化、农业、工业清洗等领域应用广泛。分别介绍了脂肪酸皂与脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物两种脂肪酸类表面活性剂的合成以及在废纸脱墨中的应用。     

脂肪酸甲酯在表面活性剂和洗涤剂工业中的应用

从天然油脂衍生得到的脂肪酸甲酯可以作为脂肪酸的替代物用于生产各种化学制品。本文着重讨论脂肪酸甲酯作为合成原料在表面活性剂和洗涤剂工业中的应用。     

我国洗涤用绿色表面活性剂最新进展

随着石油价格的不断上涨,以油脂和淀粉等生物质资源为原料的表面活性剂越来越受到重视。以脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐（MES）、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物（FMEE）、烷基葡萄糖苷（APG）、聚甘油脂肪酸酯（PGFE）以及改性油脂和植物油酸等为代表的一系列绿色表面活性剂的生产和应用技术趋于成熟。在各类清洁产品中将逐步取代传统的石油基表面活性剂,如烷基苯磺酸钠和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚等。新型绿色表面活性剂的应用将推动我国洗涤剂行业逐步走上可持续发展之路。     

脂肪酸甲酯的合成及其在分馏与应用上同脂肪酸的比较

通过油脂水解所得到的脂肪酸,是各种表面活性剂疏水基的来源之一。但是,它在许多应用方面不如脂肪酸甲酯。本文仅就脂肪酸甲酯的合成,以及在分馏和生产有关产     

我国脂肪酸的生产和应用

简要介绍脂肪酸的分类、原料来源、生产工艺、品种以及用途。并对我国脂肪酸的生产现状进行了分析。重点介绍了脂肪酸在我国橡胶工业中、塑料助剂等领域的应用,脂肪酸甲酯作为表面活性剂在不同领域的广泛应用,最后还简述了癸二酸和改性醇酸树脂应用。     

废弃油脂合成脂肪酸甲酯新工艺

脂肪酸甲酯（FAME）广泛用于洗涤剂、表面活性剂、化妆品、润滑剂、化纤、皮革助剂等行业，同时它又是生物柴油的主要成分，市场供不应求。因此，如何大量地、低成本地生产脂肪酸甲酯一直是研究热点。玉米酸化油、大豆酸化油、棉籽酸化油、地沟油、烹调残油等原料中都含有脂肪酸和脂肪酸甘油酯成分，均可用来生产脂肪酸甲酯、生物柴油。常规工艺是两步法，即第一步采用酯化将脂肪酸酯化为脂肪酸甲酯，要求用酸作催化剂；第二步采用醇解将甘油酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯和甘油，要求用碱作催化剂。碱的存在会带来负面影响：未反应完的脂肪酸皂化、脂肪酸甲酯在甘油中的溶解度增大。[第一段]     

脂肪酸甲酯制备表面活性剂的研究与生产现状

生物柴油的迅猛发展使得脂肪酸甲酯作为重要化工原材料引起了广泛关注,并为其进一步开发应用提供了良好的机会和广阔的发展空间。本文论述了以脂肪酸甲酯为原料生产的各类可生物降解的表面活性剂,并对环氧乙烷加成物、脂肪酸甲酯α-磺酸钠、脂肪酸蔗糖酯等产品的性能、研究现状及目前企业生产概况等进行了重点介绍。     

表面活性剂在家用洗涤剂中的应用进展

论述了表面活性剂在家用洗涤剂中的应用现状和发展趋势,分析了直链烷基苯磺酸钠、α-烯基磺酸钠、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物、烷基糖苷等几种重要的表面活性剂的应用和市场情况,阐明了脂肪酸甲酯磺酸钠有望成为新一代有影响力的阴离子表面活性剂。指出家用洗涤剂的发展趋势将是功能化、浓缩化和液体化,表面活性剂将向油脂基和特种表面活性剂发展,其安全性也将倍受关注。建议加强油脂化学工业建设,为油脂基表面活性剂的发展打下坚实基础。     

关于α—甲酯磺酸盐生产

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐（以下简称ＭＥＳ）作为脂肪酸衍生物的表面活性剂在国示上已经实现工业化，在国内尚处于引进开发阶段，本对国内引进国际先进技术和消化吸收，总结了自己的体会。     

天然油脂脂肪酸甲酯及其酰胺衍生物的合成

本文以天然油脂为原料,采用正交试验的方法,合成制得脂肪酸甲酯,并和二乙醇胺进行酰胺化反应得到脂肪酸烷醇酰胺型非离子表面活性剂,为其进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

Gas chromatographic analysis of ester-type surfactants by using mixed anhydride reagent

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates, and polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester-type surfactants have been analyzed by gas chromatography after chemical decomposition by using the mixed anhydride of acetic and p-toluene-sulfonic acids. In this way, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates can be identified in the form of alkyl acetates, and the alkyl compositions can be determined easily. On the other hand, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester-type surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, have been identified after conversion into their corresponding fatty acids. At the same time, the base compounds of the hydrophilic groups have been converted into ethylene glycol diacetate, glycerol triacetate, and isosorbide diacetate, respectively, so these surfactants may be distinguished easily.     

Strukturaufklärung cyclischer Fettsäuremethylester IV: Über das Auftreten von ω-Phenylalkancarbonsäure-methylestern in cyclisiertem Holz- und Leinöl

Structure Elucidation of Methyl Esters of Cyclic Fatty Acids IV: Occurrence of Methyl Esters of ω-Phenyl Alkanoic Acids in Cyclised Tung and Linseed Oil Methyl esters of cyclic fatty acids (CFA-Me) obtained from alkali cyclised tung and linseed oil were oxidized by performic acid. A series of fractions containing methyl esters of various aromatic fatty acids were obtained by column chromatographic separation of the oxidation products. Whereas the initial fractions consisted of methyl esters of ω-(o-alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids (AFA-Me), the later fractions were found to contain a homologous series of unsubstituted ω-phenyl alkanoic esters. The main component in cyclised tung and linseed oil is the methyl ester of 9-phenyl nonanoic acid. The formation of methyl esters of aromatic fatty acids is discussed.     

Mizellare Zweiphasen-Hydroformylierung von ungesättigten Fettstoffen mit wasserlöslichen Rhodiumcarbonyl/tert. Phosphan-Komplexkatalysatorsystemen

Micellar Two Phase-Hydroformylation of Multiple Unsaturated Fatty Substances with Water Soluble Rhodiumdicarbonyl/tert. Phosphine Catalyst Systems Low- and medium-molecular ω-unsaturated carboxylic acid methyl esters inclusive of the ω-decenoic acid ester can be hydrofomylated successfully according to the two phase method in an aqueous-organic medium using the water soluble rhodium carbonyl/tris(sodium-m-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine complex as catalyst system. Highermolecular unsaturated fatty acid esters, e.g. the triple unsaturated linolenic acid methyl ester or fatty oils like linseed oil can be hydroformylated only according to the micellar two phase technique in course of which surfactant micelles cause a solubilisation of the water insoluble unsaturated fatty substances in the aqueous catalyst phase. The different efficiences of the various types of surfactants for the micellar two phase hydroformylation was investigated and interpreted. Best suitable for the micellar two-phase hydroformylation are cationic surfactants. By means of these surfactants linolenic acid methyl ester could be hydroformylated to the triformyl derivative with a selectivity of 55%. The recovery of the catalyst solution free from losses of rhodium succeeded by simple phase separation in a technically satisfying manner.     

Surfactants from glucamines and ω‐epoxy fatty acid esters

The ring‐opening reaction of ω‐epoxy fatty acid methyl esters (9,10‐epoxy decanoic acid methyl ester, 10,11‐epoxy undecanoic acid methyl ester and 13,14‐epoxy tetradecanoic acid methyl ester) with N‐methyl glucamine or glucamine was studied. A new method (in methanol under reflux) leads to products, which are surfactants of linear‐ or γ‐type‐structure, in fair yields and purities. In a following step the ring‐opening products were saponificated by enzymatic catalysis or by conversion with sodium hydroxide leading to amphoteric surfactants. The surface‐active properties of the methyl esters and their corresponding acids or salts were studied at various pH‐values by measurement of surface tension of aqueous solutions and by examination of foaming properties. Depending on the chain length of the used epoxides, the structure of the obtained sugar‐based surfactant and the pH‐values, different surface‐active properties were observed. Several of the achieved products reduce the surface tension of aqueous solution down to 26—40 mN/m. Examination of foaming properties of the latter show rather poor or good foamers, depending on the surfactant used or the pH‐value of the solution.     

Surface Activity and Cleavability of Gemini Surfactants Featuring Hydrophilic Spacer Groups

In this study we prepared and characterized a series of novel ester-linked gemini surfactants, featuring ester bonds in their structures, through the reactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG400) with various fatty acids (C8?CC18). These gemini surfactants exhibit excellent surface activities, as evidenced by their surface tension, wetting power, and low-foaming and buffer abilities. We examine the influence of the concentrations of the ester-linked gemini surfactants on the surface tension, from which we obtain the critical micelle concentrations. Under basic conditions, each of these cleavable surfactants decomposes into a water-insoluble fatty acid and two water-soluble products; in contrast, they are stable under neutral and acidic conditions.     

低泡沫表面活性剂述评

介绍目前规模化应用的几种低泡沫表面活性剂的性能、生产与应用，包括EO／PO嵌段聚醚、异辛醇磷酸酯衍生物、乙氧基化脂肪酸甲酯衍生物以及聚醚改性有机硅四大类。     

Diels-Alder adducts from safflower oil fatty acids

Methyl esters of alkali-isomerized safflower oil fatty acids after elaidinization with sulfur were treated with styrene in the presence of hydroquinone, with or without solvents. A combination of column chromatography and gas liquid chromatography techniques was employed for the estimation of the methyl esters of unreacted fatty acids, Diels-Alder adduct and polymers in the reaction products. Maximum yield of the Diels-Alder adduct (26.6%) was obtained when the elaidinized methyl esters of the fatty acids were treated with 1.5 moles of styrene per mole of linoleic acid in safflower oil fatty acids at 200–210 C for 6 hr. The methyl ester of the adduct was isolated in about 90% purity from the reaction product by vacuum distillation followed by solvent fractionation. The butyl ester of the adduct and the epoxy derivative of the methyl ester adduct were prepared and characterized.     

Soy lecithin-monoester interchange reaction by microbial lipase

Modification of the fatty acid composition of soy lecithin, principally at its 1-position, was investigated by interchange reaction with the methyl ester of individual fatty acids and a lipase as the catalyst. The consequent effect on the surface activity of soy lecithin was also examined. The interchange reaction was carried out by heating a mixture of soy lecithin and methyl ester of a fatty acid at 60°C for 48 h with 10% (by weight of the reactants) Mucor miehei lipase. The lipase was filtered from the reaction mixture, and the product was isolated by combination of acetone extraction, which removed the methyl ester fraction, and by preparative thin-layer chromatography separation. The soy lecithin showed distinct change in its fatty acid composition in the sn-1 position. Capric acid was incorporated by 8.4%, while lauric acid and myristic acid were introduced at 14.1 and 15.7%, respectively. The linolenic acid percentage was increased by about 10 units. The interfacial tension of soy lecithin changed significantly after incorporation of various saturated fatty acids.