微胶囊化膨胀型无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

对聚磷酸铵（APP）进行微胶囊化，复配了新型无卤膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）。利用IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。对包覆APP和IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行研究。结果表明，包覆的APP粒度均匀致密；在PP中添加IFR阻燃剂不小于30份时，有明显成炭效果，获得良好的阻燃性能，UL-94阻燃级数为V-0。阻燃PP体系的热稳定性也得到提高。     

无卤膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的性能研究

利用微胶囊化技术合成的新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。考察了阻燃剂IFR中聚磷酸铵（APP）的微胶囊包覆效果以及阻燃剂IFR对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能、热稳定性以及表面形态等的影响。结果发现包覆后的APP粒度均匀致密，效果比较良好；在PP中添加的IFR阻燃剂质量分数达到30％左右时，有明显的成炭效果，氧指数达到32％，阻燃性能提高；力学性能下降也趋于平缓；且IFR与PP的界面相容性比较良好；阻燃PP材料的热稳定性也得到了提高。     

聚磷酸铵与次磷酸铝的共微胶囊制备及其在阻燃聚丙烯中的应用

以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂（MF）为囊材、聚磷酸铵（APP）和次磷酸铝（AHP）为芯材,制备出共微胶囊化阻燃剂M（A-A）。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及溶解度测试等方法来表征MF的包覆效果;采用垂直燃烧测定仪、极限氧指数仪和锥形量热仪等设备考察M（A-A）对聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃效果;通过冲击和拉伸实验对复合材料的力学性能进行表征。结果表明,MF树脂成功包覆并有效提高了A-A的耐水性能;添加相同质量的M（A-A）和A-A,前者明显降低热释放速率（R_HRR）和总热释放量（H_THR）,对PP的阻燃效果更好。添加阻燃剂后,复合材料的冲击强度先提高后降低,经过微胶囊化处理的阻燃剂对材料的拉伸性能损伤更小。     

三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂微胶囊包覆聚磷酸铵阻燃PP的性能

通过原位聚合法制备三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)微胶囊包覆聚磷酸铵(APP)粒子,研究了APP粒径对微胶囊化APP(MCAPP)结构与性能的影响。将两种MCAPP(APP平均粒径分别为5,15μm)添加至聚丙烯(PP)基体中,研究了PP/MCAPP阻燃材料的性能。结果表明:不同粒径的APP均能成功被MF包覆,且包覆后的APP粒子的水溶性均大幅下降。PP/MCAPP阻燃材料的耐渗析性和极限氧指数均得到一定程度的提高。粒径小的APP有利于MF的包覆,包覆结构层更完整。MF和APP有很好的协同作用,在APP包覆不完全的情况下,能更有效地发挥两者的相互作用,提高PP复合材料的阻燃性。     

膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃环氧树脂的阻燃性能及影响因素

研究了季戊四醇磷酸酯三聚氰胺盐微胶囊化的多聚磷酸铵（KDIFR）、三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂微胶囊化的多聚磷酸铵（MAPP）和多聚磷酸铵（APP） 3种膨胀型阻燃剂,及引入硼、铝元素对膨胀型阻燃环氧树脂(EP)阻燃性能的影响,采用极限氧指数法和水平燃烧法测试材料的燃烧性能。结果表明,3种阻燃剂中APP的阻燃效果最好,当APP/EP为0.3（质量比,下同）时,其极限氧指数为32.2 %,达到难燃级水平;在EP/APP中引入铝元素或硼元素可使阻燃效果提高,硼、铝共存时阻燃效果更加突出,加入APP总量0.8 %的硼酸铝可使EP/APP的自熄时间由48 s降为24 s;热分析结果表明,APP热分解吸热恰与EP的热降解产物燃烧放热相匹配,这是使EP/APP的阻燃性能提高的主要原因;在EP/APP中引入硼和铝元素可明显促进EP/APP成炭,起到协同阻燃作用。     

双层包覆聚磷酸铵及其阻燃PP的研究

采用甲醛三聚氰胺树脂（蜜胺树脂）和环氧树脂单层或双层包覆了聚磷酸铵（APP）,并用于阻燃聚丙烯（PP）,采用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、水平垂直燃烧仪、氧指数仪等设备对包覆APP及阻燃PP进行了表征与分析。结果表明,经过包覆处理的APP水溶性降低,具有更高的膨胀率和阻燃效率;且双层包覆的APP具有最低的水溶性和最好的阻燃效果;相对纯APP,包覆APP对PP的力学性能影响更小,与PP基体具有更好的界面结合。     

苯基聚硅氧烷微胶囊化聚磷酸铵的制备及其在PP中阻燃性能研究

采用苯基三甲氧基硅烷为前驱体,通过溶胶凝胶法制备出苯基聚硅氧烷微胶囊化聚磷酸铵（MAPP）。将MAPP作为阻燃剂,季戊四醇（PER）作为成炭剂,制备阻燃聚丙烯（PP）。用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及热重分析仪对MAPP进行表征。结果表明,聚磷酸铵（APP）被苯基聚硅氧烷成功包覆;较之APP,MAPP的热稳定性和疏水性显著提高;MAPP的阻燃性能优于APP,PP/MAPP/PER复合材料达到V-0级别;阻燃剂及成炭剂的加入对PP的结晶行为有促进作用。     

不饱和聚酯树脂微胶囊化聚磷酸铵对阻燃聚丙烯性能的影响

利用微胶囊化技术合成了新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂IFR,用于聚丙烯（PP）阻燃改性。考察了阻燃剂IFR中聚磷酸铵（APP）用不饱和聚酯树脂（UPR）的微胶囊包覆效果以及UPR的用量对阻燃PP的阻燃性、耐水性、力学性能和成炭性等的影响。结果发现随着包覆层UPR用量的增加,阻燃PP的氧指数略微增大,耐水性有所改变,力学性能下降变化幅度不大,成炭性变弱。但当UPR包覆量为5％时,对PP的阻燃、耐水以及成炭效果都比较良好。     

APP/MCA复合阻燃增强聚丙烯的研究

将三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐（MCA）、聚磷酸铵（APP）与聚丙烯（PP）共混,制备了无卤阻燃PP复合材料,采用极限氧指数仪、热失重分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、电子万能试验机等对材料的阻燃性能、热性能和力学性能等进行了表征,研究了APP/MCA的协效阻燃作用及其对材料力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,在材料中添加25份APP/MCA时,材料的极限氧指数随MCA含量的增加先升高后下降,当MCA含量为30 %（质量分数,下同）时,材料的极限氧指数达到最大值24.2 %;材料的力学性能同样随MCA含量的增加而先升高后下降,当MCA含量为30 %时,其拉伸强度比APP单独阻燃PP时提高了50 %,断裂强度和屈服强度均提高10 %以上。     

微胶囊化聚磷酸铵及其阻燃聚合物的研究进展

从微胶囊化聚磷酸铵(APP)所用囊材材料入手,以囊材包覆的层数为主要线索,分析并讨论了国内外研究微胶囊化APP在阻燃聚合物方面所取得的成果,总结了不同层数微胶囊化阻燃剂的优缺点,并展望了微胶囊化APP未来的发展方向。     

微胶囊化多聚磷酸铵的耐水性及其在聚丙烯中的阻燃性能

采用三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF) 为囊材,以多聚磷酸铵（APP）为芯材制得微胶囊化多聚磷酸铵（MAPP）。耐水性及膨胀度试验表明,MAPP为膨胀型阻燃剂,APP/MF =3/1 (质量比,下同)时,MAPP在50 ℃时在水中的溶解度为0.052 g/100 mL,比APP减低了78 ％;膨胀度达到78.6 ㎝3/g。热分析表明,聚丙烯（PP）/MAPP比PP/APP的热降解速度加快,但释热量减小。由于形成蓬松多孔膨胀炭层,PP/MAPP比PP/APP的阻燃性能更佳,PP/MAPP=70/30时,其氧指数增到30.6 %。     

Synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system

The effects of hydroxy silicone oil as a synergistic agent on the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites (IFR-PP) were studied, and the IFR system mainly consisted of the ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL) and pentaerythritol (PER). The UL 94 rating, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CONE) and digital photograph were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of hydroxy silicone oil (HSO). It has been found that the PP composite containing only APP, MEL and PER does not show good flame retardancy at 30% additive level. The cone calorimeter results show that the heat release rate, mass loss rate, mass, total heat release, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide of PP/APP/MEL/PER/HSO composites decrease in comparison with the PP/APP/MEL/PER composite. The digital photographs demonstrated that HSO could promote to form the homogenous and compact intumescent char layer. Thus, a suitable amount of HSO plays a synergistic effect in the flame retardancy.     

Study on surface modification and flame retardants properties of ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene

Microencapsulation ammonium polyphosphate used as flame‐retardant in polypropylene was prepared with hydroxyl silicone oil (HSO) and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin in this article. Fourier transform infrared and energy dispersive spectrometer were used to identify the structure of HSO‐MFAPP. For the HSO‐MFAPP/polypropylene (PP) composites, the flame retardant effect was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index and UL‐94 testing, the compatibility was observed with scanning electron microscope, and the thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the microencapsulation of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with HSO‐MF was prepared by in situ polymerization, and the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the PP/HSO‐MFAPP/pentaerythritol (PER) composites were much better than the ones of the PP/APP/PER composites. Moreover, the compatibility of HSO‐MFAPP with PP was better than that of unmodified APP. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Flame retardancy of water-based intumescent coatings with etherified melamine–formaldehyde and polyvinyl acetate copolymer hybrid resin

This study investigated etherified melamine–formaldehyde (MF) and polyvinyl acetate copolymer hybrid resins with different intumescent formulations to improve the flame retardancy of plywood. The CO and CO₂ emissions of intumescent coatings were also investigated. The miscibility of two resins is indicated by a single cure peak. Intumescence with a hybrid resin demonstrated better flame retardancy relative to that with a pure etherified MF resin. The results of scanning electron microscopy and a cone calorimeter test indicated that a lower binder resin (BR) content enhances fire retardancy and forms an ideal char. Furthermore, an evaluation of total heat release in addition to CO and CO₂ emissions (for 300 s) revealed that the intumescent coating had the same flame retardancy when the BR content was increased by 40%. The survival duration of the chemical structures of the phosphocarbonaceous chars was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analyses.     

Effect of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of wood flour/polypropylene composites

Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP) was prepared by using melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin via polymerization in situ. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, water solubility tests, water contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis. The tests indicate that ammonium phosphate (APP) was successfully coated by the MF resin, and MCAPP with lower water solubility and higher water resistance outperformed APP. After modification by MCAPP, the flammability of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The results showed that MCAPP/WPC had higher LOI value, lower heat release rate, and more char residual at the end of cone calorimetry than APP/WPC, indicating that the WPC used MCAPP as flame retardant performed better flame retardancy than the WPC mixed with unmodified APP. Moreover, all measured mechanical properties of MCAPP/WPC were distinctly better than APP/WPC. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:666–673, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and properties of composites based on melamine‐formaldehyde foam and nano‐Fe3O4

In this work, a novel melamine‐formaldehyde‐Fe₃O₄ foam was prepared from a mixture containing melamine‐ethanolamine‐formaldehyde resin, melamine‐glycol‐formaldehyde resin and carboxylated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles by microwave foaming method. The two resins were characterized by ¹³C‐NMR, respectively. The structures of foams, mechanical and fire‐retardant properties were experimentally characterized separately by scanning electron microscopy, universal testing machine, limit oxygen index, thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The effects of the resin viscosity, emulsifier, nucleating agent, curing agent, silicone oil, microwave heating time and blowing agent on the structure of foam were investigated. Results showed that the properties of foam were decided by not only the molecular structure but also structure of foam, and the carboxylated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles can improve the toughness and flame retardant properties of magnetic foam obviously from both aspects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2688–2697, 2013     

Thermoplastic Polyurethane-Encapsulated Melamine Phosphate Flame Retardant Polyoxymethylene

Due to its “unzipping” degradation mode and poor compatibility with most other flame retardants, polyoxymethylene (POM) is the most difficult flame-retarded polymer among macromolecular materials. In this project, we took advantage of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) resin, which possesses good compatibility with POM, serving as an encapsulation layer, and the carrier resin of the nitrogen-phosphorus composite flame retardant melamine phosphate to achieve even and fine dispersion of the flame retardant particles in the POM matrix. The improved morphology of the dispersion phase can markedly modify the flame retardancy and good mechanical performance. Additionally, the encapsulation of TPU avoids direct contact of the flame retardant with POM, thus also advantageous to the enhancement of its material performance. Moreover, as an efficient formaldehyde absorbent and toughening agent, TPU itself can greatly improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and toughness of the flame retardant POM. Therefore, this method provides a simple and effective method to prepare flame retardant POM with good comprehensive performance.     

Flame retarded epoxy resins by adding layered silicate in combination with the conventional protection‐layer‐building flame retardants melamine borate and ammonium polyphosphate

The pyrolysis and flammability of phosphonium‐modified layered silicate epoxy resin nanocomposites (EP/LS) were evaluated when LS was combined with two flame retardants, melamine borate (MB) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), that also act via a surface protection layer. Thermogravimetry (TG), TG coupled with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR), oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 burning chamber (UL 94) and cone calorimeter were used. The glassy coating because of 10 wt % MB during combustion showed effects in the cone calorimeter test similar to nanodispersed LS, and somewhat better flame retardancy in flammability tests, such as LOI and UL 94. Adding APP to EP resulted in intumescent systems. The fire retardancy was particularly convincing when 15 wt % APP was used, especially for low external heat flux, and thus, also in flammability tests like LOI and UL 94. V0 classification is achieved when 15 wt % APP is used in EP. The flame retardancy efficiency of the protection layers formed does not increase linearly with the MB and APP concentrations used. The combination of LS with MB or APP shows antagonism; thus the performance of the combination of LS with MB or APP, respectively, was disappointing. No optimization of the carbonaceous‐inorganic surface layer occurred for LS‐MB. Combining LS with APP inhibited the intumescence, most probably through an increase in viscosity clearly above the value needed for intumescent behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

MF树脂羟甲基化度对MF/PVA共混纤维结构及性能的影响

采用不同羟甲基化度的三聚氰胺甲醛(MF)树脂与聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液共混湿法纺丝,制备MF/PVA共混纤维;借助扫描电子显微镜研究了MF与PVA的相容性,凯氏定氮法分析了共混纤维在纺丝过程中氮流失率,并对纤维的力学性能、阻燃性能、耐热水性能及热稳定性进行了测试表征。结果表明:改变甲醛与三聚氰胺的比例可以获得不同羟甲基化度的MF树脂;随着MF树脂羟甲基化度的提高,共混纤维的氮流失率逐渐降低;当MF树脂的羟甲基化度增大至1.15时,共混纤维氮流失率为0.20%;高羟甲基化度MF制成的共混纤维经220℃处理后,断裂强度和断裂伸长率分别为3.19 cN/dtex和25.1%,极限氧指数为33.2%,水中软化点为86℃,在氮气氛围下的初始热分解温度为258.8℃,600℃时残炭量为24.63%。     

胶粘剂国内外发展概况

本文综述了胶粘剂国内外发展概况,其中包括市场需要概况,主要工业化品种主要发展趋势和发展建议。涉及的胶粘剂类型有：三醛胶、水基胶、反应型胶、溶剂型胶、热熔胶和橡胶型胶等等。