基于双碳目标的智慧能源体系构建

习近平总书记关于"碳达峰、碳中和"系列重要部署为推动气候环境治理和可持续发展擘画出宏伟蓝图、指明了道路方向.阐述了在未来40年先后实现碳达峰、碳中和目标过程中我国能源行业面临的艰巨任务,分析了"双碳"目标下能源转型的主要短板弱项,从智慧能源体系的演进路线、主要特征和对能源转型的支撑作用3个方面介绍了"双碳"目标下能源转...     

碳达峰碳中和目标指引推动广西能源高质量发展

碳达峰碳中和已成全球共识,能源转型高质量发展是大势所趋。长期以来,广西坚定推动能源革命,能源发展取得较好成绩。在碳达峰碳中和目标下,能源发展体系也将发生革命性重塑。系统分析广西在能源转型发展中面临的电力供应紧缺、能源需求大、能源结构偏煤、能源安全等挑战和困难,可知,在“双碳”目标下,广西能源发展应坚持“立足区情、安全发展”的方针,通过能源领域的深刻变革,构建清洁低碳安全高效的现代能源体系,为实现碳达峰碳中和目标贡献力量。     

江西实现碳达峰与碳中和的思考

做好碳达峰、碳中和工作是江西当前和今后一个时期全社会的一项重要任务,也是“十四五”时期推进江西经济社会高质量跨越式发展的重要抓手.面对实现2030年前碳达峰与2060年前碳中和目标的困难和挑战,江西必须坚持“绿水青山就是金山银山”生态文明理念,以战略眼光超前布局,全面部署碳达峰行动,推动产业结构转型升级、构建绿色低碳能源体系、提升能源资源利用效率、推进建筑低碳发展、推进低碳交通体系建设、加强低碳技术研发和应用,在满足当前经济增长需要的同时确保碳达峰、碳中和目标顺利实现.     

"双碳"目标下我国能源低碳转型路径及建议

携手应对全球气候变化已经成为国际社会的广泛共识,中国作为全球应对气候变化的重要参与者和积极实践者,已将碳达峰、碳中和纳入生态文明建设整体布局.推进碳迭峰、碳中和战略是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革,其中能源系统低碳转型将是实现"双碳"目标的关键.在当前经济社会发展水平下,应采用"两步加速"的总体发展方案,近期可通过加快发展非化石能源,确保2030年前碳达峰,并实施以2℃温升目标和1.5℃温升目标为导向的长期转型路径,力争在2060年前实现碳中和.为保证"双碳"目标的实现,应大力加强高比例可再生能源及配套技术、煤电行业低碳转型路径以及碳捕集、利用和封存等关键技术或规划问题的研究.     

我国碳达峰及碳中和目标估算

该文阐述了我国碳达峰及碳中和的工作现状,根据国际能源署的数据对我国碳达峰及碳中和目标进行了估算,给出了通过全国碳市场及拓展国际项目有效降低碳达峰及碳中和成本的政策建议。     

上海市能源电力领域碳达峰碳中和路径分析

能源电力领域的碳排放量占全市碳排放量的三分之一以上,能源电力的低碳转型对于实现全社会的碳达峰碳中和目标至关重要,能源革命将成为全社会绿色低碳转型的主战场。通过分析上海能源电力领域碳排放现状及发展特征,识别了该领域碳排放的主要驱动因素,梳理总结了日本、英国、美国、德国等国家能源电力领域碳达峰碳中和特点和实现路径。基于上海经济社会的发展,对未来上海市用电量需求进行了预测,并设置了三种低碳转型情景,预测了不同情景下能源电力领域的碳排放量变化趋势。基于“立足能源资源禀赋,坚持先立后破,有计划分步骤实施”的原则,提出了上海能源电力领域实现碳达峰碳中和的工作路径建议,为相关部门提供参考。     

碳达峰碳中和目标下我国能源低碳转型思路初探

“2030年前实现碳达峰,2060年前实现碳中和”是党中央、国务院经过深思熟虑作出的重大战略决策,是对国际社会做出的庄严承诺,其中能源低碳转型是实现碳达峰碳中和目标的关键。本文梳理了我国能源发展的现状与趋势,浅析基于“双碳”背景下我国能源绿色发展面临的困难与挑战,提出能源领域在安全保障、节能降碳、能源结构、科技创新和市场改革等方面的转型措施。     

中国区域碳达峰预测与“双碳”目标实现策略研究

区域"碳达峰"与"碳中和"目标的实现对于全国"双碳"目标的实现具有重要现实意义。本文运用扩展的STIRPAT模型和情景分析法,预测了我国五大区域碳达峰时间、数量以及差异性,给出了五大区域"双碳"目标实现的策略。研究结果表明:东部、中部和西南在2020年达峰,东北和西北在2030年达峰,全国2030年前达峰的目标可以实现,但东部有达峰总量大的压力,西北面临着达峰量大且达峰时间晚的双重压力。五大区域"碳达峰"和"碳中和"目标实现的重点在于减碳,主要策略包括区域自身的产业和能源绿色转型,区域间的产业和能源协调发展以及如何破解协同发展的约束。     

地源热泵系统助力碳中和——以北京地区为例

"碳达峰、碳中和"已成为未来几十年我国能源环境发展的重大目标,电能尤其是绿电替代化石能源是碳中和的主要路径.地源热泵系统不仅系统效率高、更能实现电能替代化石能源,对于碳减排具有一定的促进作用.北京地区适用地源热泵系统供暖,因此采用地源热泵供暖代替燃气锅炉供暖,有助于北京地区实现碳中和.     

建筑运行能耗实现碳达峰碳中和的挑战与对策

减少建筑运行二氧化碳排放,已成为我国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的关键一环。本文通过构建"近零能耗建筑+农村建筑用能+其他用能"的融合情景分析模型,量化分析了未来40年为实现全国碳达峰、碳中和目标,建筑运行在合理控制能源需求、调整能源结构、推动节能低碳技术进步等领域应采取的技术、措施选择,并针对建筑运行能耗碳达峰、碳中和存在的问题和挑战,提出相关政策建议。     

Climate trade-off between black carbon and carbon dioxide emissions

There are various difficulties involved with comparing the effects of short-lived and long-lived atmospheric species on climate. Global warming potentials (GWPs) can be computed for pulse emissions of short-lived species. However, if the focus is on the long-term effect of a pulse emission occurring today, GWPs do not factor in the fact that if a radiative forcing is applied for a short period, the climate system has time to relax back to equilibrium. The concept of global temperature change potential (GTP) at a time horizon for an emission pulse has been proposed to circumvent this problem. Here we show how GTPs can be used to compare black carbon (BC) and CO₂ emissions and the methodology is illustrated with two concrete examples. In particular we discuss a trade-off situation where a decrease in BC emissions is associated with a fuel penalty and therefore an additional CO₂ emission. A parameter—which depends on the BC radiative effects, the BC emission reduction and the additional CO₂ emission—is defined and can be compared to a critical parameter to assess whether or not the BC emission reduction wins over the fuel penalty for various time horizons. We show how this concept can be generalised to compare the climate effects of carbon dioxide against a set of short-lived species and to account for differences in climate efficacy. Finally, the need for additional research is discussed in the light of current uncertainties.     

计及碳税的发电权与碳排放权组合交易模型

基于发电权与碳排放权交易机制,文章构建了计及碳税的发电权与碳排放权组合交易双层规划模型。在模型中综合考虑了碳税、发电量、发电权交易价格以及碳交易价格等因素,上层模型为政府制定碳税,下层模型为发电企业确定最优的发电量及交易价格。研究表明:征收碳税不仅对发电企业碳减排起到有效的激励作用,还会对发电权交易价格与碳交易价格产生影响,随着碳税的变化,发电权交易价格与碳交易价格波动较大;征收碳税并结合发电权与碳排放权组合交易,能够实现降低碳排放与增加利润的双赢。这说明在科学合理的政府政策配置下,通过市场机制能够实现低碳环保和经济发展的和谐统一。     

Biomass and China's carbon emissions: A missing piece of carbon decomposition

A number of previous studies on China's carbon emissions have mainly focused on two facts: (1) the continuous growth in emissions up till the middle of the 1990s; (2) the recent stability of emissions from 1996 to 2001. Decomposition analysis has been widely used to explore the driving forces behind these phenomena. However, since 2002, China's carbon emissions have resumed their growth at an even greater rate. This paper investigates China's carbon emissions during 1971–2003, with particular focus on the role of biomass, and the fall and resurgence in emissions since the mid-1990s. We use an extended Kaya identity and the well-established logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI I) method. Carbon emissions are decomposed into effects of various driving forces. We find that (1) a shift from biomass to commercial energy increases carbon emissions by a magnitude comparable to that of the increase in emissions due to population growth, (2) the technological effect and scale effect due to per-capita gross domestic products (GDP) growth are different in the pre-reform period versus the post-reform period, (3) the positive effect of population growth has been decreasing over the entire period, and (4) the fall in emissions in the late 1990s and resurgence in the early 2000s may be overstated due to inaccurate statistics.     

Catalysis and oxidation of carbon in a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell

The hybrid direct carbon fuel cell (HDCFC), combining molten carbonate fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell technology, is capable of converting solid carbon directly into electrical energy without intermediate reforming. Here, we report the investigation of the HDCFC with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, NiO-YSZ anode and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) cathode using the eutectic mixture of 62 mol% Li₂CO₃ and 38 mol% K₂CO₃. An open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.71 V at 800 °C is recorded without the carbonate which increases to 1.15-1.23 V in the presence of the carbonate at the same temperature. In addition, the cell's OCV is enhanced not only by the thermal history but also by the carbonate, which is in excess of 1.57 V after the high temperature treatment. Electrochemical performance analysis indicates a suitable amount of the carbonate enhanced the carbon oxidation. With 1 mm robust thick electrolyte and commercial carbon, the cell (1.13 cm² active area) generates the peak density of 50 mW cm⁻² at 800 °C. There are significant losses from electrolyte resistance, which would be overcome by the application of a thinner electrolyte.     

The reactions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with surface-bound oxides on carbon

The stability of surface oxides formed on exposure of Spherocarb to oxygen has been investigated in various atmospheres (Ar, CO, and H₂) through gravimetry and mass spectrometry. Oxide complexes, formed in oxygen (2.67 Pa) at 973 or 1073 K, were exposed to 2.67 Pa of the bath gas in the temperature range 923 to 1073 K. Changes in the population of surface complexes were identified through analysis of gas evolution (principally CO) profiles during temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of the oxides in an inert atmosphere. Oxides formed in this work display a distribution of activation energies for their decomposition, E_des, from 300 to 420 kJ mol⁻¹. Soaking of these oxides in Ar showed the frequency factor for their thermal decomposition to be 10^{14.3 ± 0.3} s⁻¹, independent of E_des. The effect of soaking in CO was essentially the same as that of Ar, and it is concluded that no significant reaction occurs under these conditions between surface oxides and CO. However, on soaking in H₂, H₂O was evolved as a result of reaction between hydrogen and the surface oxide complex

Abstract

The kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen and surface complexes are dependent on the reaction temperature and on the thermal stability of the reacting surface oxide. Less stable oxides react more readily than do more stable oxides. If all the reaction rate variation between complexes of differing thermal stability is attributed to changes in the activation energy of the reaction, the activation energy for the reaction of H₂ with complexes may be expressed as E_H = 0.5E_des − 50 kJ mol⁻¹, 348 < E_des < 408 kJ mol⁻¹. Comparison of the apparent preexponential factor for the reaction with the expected frequency factor for gas–surface-complex collision under the experimental conditions suggests that direct reaction of hydrogen with the oxygen complex may be the limiting step in the overall reaction.     

Effects of carbon sources and carbonized carbon contents during carbon riveting process on the stability of Pt/C catalyst

Effects of different carbon sources and carbonized carbon contents during carbon riveting process (CRP) on the stability of Pt/C catalysts have been systematically studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammograms (CV), and accelerated potential cycling tests (APCT) have been carried out to characterize the catalysts. Experimental results show that the carbon riveted Pt/C catalysts treated by different carbon sources have different stability due to different properties of Pt and carbon after the CRP. The best carbon source for the carbon riveted Pt/C catalysts is glucose and is ascribed to the most content of Pt (0) and sp³-C after the CRP. APCT results indicate that the stability of Pt/C catalysts carbon-riveted by glucose exhibits the increasing trend with the increase of carbonized carbon contents because of increasing anchor effect to Pt nanoparticles. However, a larger carbon content from the carbonization of glucose can also reduce the electrochemically active specific surface areas (ESA) of the carbon riveted Pt/C catalyst by covering the active sites of Pt nanoparticles. Taking into account both activity and stability of the carbon riveted Pt/C catalysts, 6% carbon from the carbonization of glucose is the optimized content.     

Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors

Various activated carbons from the PICA Company have been tested in supercapacitor cells in order to compare their performances. The differences measured in terms of specific capacitance and cell resistance are presented. Porosity measurements made on activated carbon powders and electrode allowed a better understanding of the electrochemical behaviour of these activated carbons. In this way, the PICACTIF SC carbon was found to be an interesting active material for supercapacitors, with a specific capacitance as high as 125 F/g.     

Fabrication and electrochemical performances of porous carbon nanotubes/polyaniline-modified carbon nanotube fiber

通过低电压电泳沉积的方法在碳纳米管纤维（CNF）表面沉积多孔碳纳米管（CNTs）,然后在其表面电化学沉积一层聚苯胺（PANI）,得到CNTs@PANI三维多孔网络结构修饰的核-鞘型纤维电极材料。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜和拉曼光谱表征电极材料表面形貌和微观结构,并利用电化学工作站测试电化学性能,研究结果表明,沉积的多孔CNTs结构可以为PANI提供更多的氧化还原反应活性位点,而PANI也具有固定CNTs的作用,在电流密度为1 mA/cm²时,CNTs和PANI修饰的电极面积比电容达77.28 mF/cm²。以聚二甲基硅氧烷薄膜为基底、PVA-H₃PO₄为电解质制备的对称型固态柔性超级电容器在电流密度为0.25 mA/cm²时,面积比电容为61.25 mF/cm²,恒流充放电4000次后,电容值仍维持在80%,并且串联两个电容器可以点亮电压为1.8 V的LED灯泡。     

Structure and electrochemical properties of activated polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibers containing carbon nanotubes

Solution spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN), PAN/multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and PAN/single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fibers containing 5 wt.% carbon nanotubes were stabilized in air and activated using CO₂ and KOH. The surface area as determined by nitrogen gas adsorption was an order of magnitude higher for KOH activated fibers as compared to the CO₂ activated fibers. The specific capacitance of KOH activated PAN/SWCNT samples was as high as 250 F g⁻¹ in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Under the comparable KOH activation conditions, PAN and PAN/SWCNT fibers had comparable surface areas (BET surface area about 2200 m² g⁻¹) with pore size predominantly in the range of 1–5 nm, while surface area of PAN/MWCNT samples was significantly lower (BET surface area 970 m² g⁻¹). The highest capacitance and energy density was obtained for PAN/SWCNT samples, suggesting SWCNT advantage in charge storage. The capacitance behavior of these electrodes has also been tested in ionic liquids, and the energy density in ionic liquid is about twice the value obtained using KOH electrolyte.