浅埋煤层重复采动覆岩裂隙及漏风通道演化模拟研究

为了研究浅埋藏近距离煤层群重复采动下地表漏风对采空区煤自燃的影响,利用FLAC~(3D)数值模拟软件,对神东矿区补连塔矿回采不同阶段覆岩孔隙率的发育规律、塑性区分布以及覆岩垮落高度进行模拟分析。结果表明:(1)上煤层回采完毕后,覆岩裂隙发育呈"U"形分布,最大裂隙高度达130 m,尚未通达地表;下煤层回采完毕后,覆岩最大裂隙高度达162 m,贯通地表。(2)上煤层回采完毕后,覆岩在上煤层上方62 m处发生明显离层,离层区下方覆岩下沉高度1.75~4 m,离层区至上覆岩层下沉高度0.25~1 m;下煤层回采完毕后,离层区进一步发育,离层区下煤层采空区顶板垮落,上煤层采空区岩体进一步沉陷,最大下沉高度达7 m,离层区至上覆岩层下沉高度1~2 m。(3)在回采同一阶段,同一高度覆岩孔隙率变化率两侧大于中部;下煤层的回采使上煤层覆岩孔隙进一步发育,孔隙率变化率明显增大。     

节理岩体下TBM单刃和双刃滚刀破岩特性研究

为了研究在考虑节理地质条件下的两种TBM滚刀破岩规律,采用颗粒离散元法建立不同节理特征下两种滚刀的侵入破岩模型,分析节理岩体下两种滚刀侵入破岩的动态过程、裂纹扩展等规律。研究表明:两种滚刀在侵入节理岩体时,裂纹形成和扩展分为两个典型阶段,两种滚刀在受力以及裂纹数目上存在差异;随节理特征的改变,节理对两种滚刀作用下的裂纹扩展呈引导和阻隔效应,节理间距超过80 mm后,双刃滚刀作用下的裂纹扩展依然受到节理的控制;依据两种滚刀破岩产生的岩碴方式分为常规破岩和节理面协同破岩两种形式;单刃滚刀作用下岩体内部的应力分布随节理倾角变化而偏转,双刃滚刀作用下的应力分布随节理倾角变化影响不大;两种滚刀破岩效率随节理特征改变而改变,当刀间距合适时,双刃滚刀相比单刃滚刀破岩效率要高;双刃滚刀侵入节理岩体存在一个最优刀间距使得破岩效率最高,最优刀间距随节理倾角增加先增大后减小。     

基于地表点下沉阶段特征的覆岩裂隙带高度演化

煤炭开采引起覆岩破断及地表下沉,覆岩及地表运移规律可反映裂隙带高度的动态演化过程,因地表下沉滞后于煤炭开采,采空区封闭后,长期压实作用导致裂隙带高度较采动期间有所降低.基于地表点下沉速度的阶段特征将裂隙带高度的演化全程分为2个阶段,第1阶段裂隙带发育对应岩层破断逐步向上传递的过程,第2阶段裂隙带高度降低对应离层及裂隙闭合、断裂岩层受压后变形回弹及破碎岩体自然压实的过程,针对不同阶段裂隙带高度演化开展了试验研究和理论推导,揭示了不同阶段裂隙带高度的演化特征及影响机制,并结合同忻煤矿和太平煤矿实测结果进行了验证.研究结果表明,关键层的控制作用使得裂隙带高度阶段性增长,关键层最终破断层位及其上方部分岩层的岩性特征决定了第1阶段裂隙带发育高度,第2阶段裂隙带高度由第1阶段结束时裂隙带高度及垮落带高度、不同状态下的垮落带碎胀系数及地表动态下沉结束后的下沉量决定.研究可为废弃采空区卸压瓦斯地面抽采钻井结构设计及煤矿地下水库极限库容计算提供参考.     

断层对盐岩储库流-固耦合及稳定性的影响

层状盐岩中天然气储库围岩存在节理裂隙或断层,可能会增大天然气渗漏的风险.为研究断层对盐岩天然气储库流-固耦合特性及稳定性的影响,建立了有断层的盐岩天然气储库数值模型,分析储库围岩的扩容、渗流深度、塑性区扩展范围和流变变形.结果表明,围岩断层附近围岩应力、应变集中和扩容现象明显,渗透率增大;在地应力和渗流压力(洞室天然气内压)共同作用下,断层岩体渗流深度、塑性区深度和变形均比其他部位大;加大天然气内压渗流深度增大,但可提高围岩稳定性.研究成果对遇断层盐岩储气库的设计和安全运行具有一定的指导作用.     

双节理岩体TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟

为了研究节理特征对全断面掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)盘形滚刀破岩的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立盘形滚刀与含平行双节理岩体的二维数值模型,进行不同节理倾角和间距的30组数值试验,根据数值试验结果研究岩体破裂模式、滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角和间距的变化规律、滚刀破岩过程中细观裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:不同的节理特征下,滚刀破岩可以分为4种基本的破裂模式;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在节理倾角为30°或45°时最小,在节理倾角为90°时最大;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理间距的增大总体上呈现增大趋势;随滚刀的贯入,滚刀竖向接触力与细观裂纹个数有3个关联的变化阶段。通过研究TBM滚刀与节理岩体相互作用机制,揭示不同节理特征对滚刀破岩的影响规律,对TBM滚刀的合理设计和施工有一定的指导意义。     

神东矿区浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动与裂隙分布特征

以神东矿区3类典型的煤层赋存条件为主要研究对象,采用实验室相似材料和计算机数值模拟的方法,分析了浅埋煤层长壁开采覆岩移动与裂隙在水平方向和垂直方向的扩展与分布的动态演变特征.研究表明,随工作面的推进,覆岩会出现与地表同步垮落现象;工作面推进越快,裂隙扩展的时间越短,裂隙闭合也越快;覆岩强风化带的存在,有利于消解部分采动裂隙.     

乌鞘岭隧道7号斜井软岩问题及支护对策

开挖表明，乌鞘岭隧道7号斜井存在软岩问题．从软岩的基本概念入手，确定该软岩类型为节理化软岩，具有岩块强度高，岩体破碎，岩体结构复杂和围岩松动变形受断层、节理等结构面控制等特征．根据其特征，相应地提出超前小导管预支护环形开挖预留核心土的施工对策．     

浅埋采空区垮落岩体碎胀特性研究

基于岩石碎胀特性对浅埋采空区垮落岩体空隙储水工程的重要意义,采用理论分析、数学建模与现场应用相结合的方法,对神东矿区某矿32302工作面采空区垮落岩体应力变化与碎胀系数分布规律进行研究.分析覆岩"两带"结构特征,划分采空区垮落岩体应力和碎胀系数分区.根据悬臂梁及弹性地基梁理论,推导各分区垮落岩体应力变化公式,建立碎胀系数分布模型,并利用岩石压实实验进行验证.应用数学模型计算32302工作面采空区垮落岩体空隙储水体积为5 700 651.68m3,与岩移法估算结果较为接近,误差仅为7.14%.结果表明:针对浅埋煤层赋存条件,运用数学方法分析采空区垮落岩体碎胀特性是可行的,促进岩石碎胀特性研究方法多元化发展,为浅埋采空区垮落岩体空隙储水量预测提供新的途径.     

采场覆岩垮落形态与演化的分布式光纤检测试验研究

为了对煤矿上覆岩层变形破坏规律进行研究,将分布式光纤传感技术应用于三维立体模型试验.在3.6m×2.0m×2.0m的三维立体模型中,模拟2个工作面开挖,沿工作面1和2推进方向铺设水平分布式传感光纤,每次工作面完成回采后用NBX-6055应变分析仪采集数据,分析工作面1,2的传感光纤布里渊(Brillouin)频移值与上覆岩层变形破断的关系.结果表明:用布里渊频移平均变化度的概念可以对工作面1,2的上覆岩层来压情况进行判别;传感光纤布里渊频移曲线反映了上覆岩层变形的位置和程度,从而得出开挖过程中覆岩的采动影响范围及岩层垮落角;传感光纤测试数据比测管位移测试更加精确.     

断续节理岩体的TBM滚刀破岩机理研究

为了推广全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)在节理发育地层中的应用,研究断续节理地质条件下TBM滚刀的破岩过程、破岩模式及效率具有重要意义。采用一种新的无网格数值模拟方法即广义粒子动力学(GPD)法,研究断续节理倾角的变化对滚刀破岩模式及效率的影响。结果表明:对含单根断续节理的岩体,节理尖端越靠近加载面,同时越靠近滚刀加载位置时,节理对中央裂纹和破岩深度的抑制作用越大;断续节理倾角对破岩效率的影响不同于连续节理,滚刀切入率P75°P0°P90°P30°P60°P45°P15°,即按照此顺序破岩难度逐渐减小。     

Gas-dynamic phenomena caused by rock mass tremors and rock bursts

Similar to coal, rock and gas ejections, rock mass tremors and rock bursts are among the most serious natural hazards accompanying the underground extraction of coal. Gas-dynamic phenomena caused by rock mass tremors and rock bursts observed as transient states of air parameters in mining headings,are usually generated as a result of a change in the geometry of headings and the release of considerable amounts of gases. Particular significance is attributed to transient states caused by disasters, which are often accompanied by rapid incidents, presenting threats to the life and health of the underground crew.In Polish mining there are known examples of transient states of air parameters recorded during gasdynamic phenomena, e.g. tremors and rock bursts. The paper presents the case studies of rapid seismic incidents to show how records in mine monitoring systems broaden the knowledge about the transient states of air parameters in mining headings generated because of them.     

围岩自承岩环的力学分析

根据力学分析和有限元计算,研究了围岩自承岩环的实质和效果。     

Deformation characteristics of surrounding rock of broken and soft rock roadway

A similar material model and a numerical simulation were constructed and are described herein. The deformation and failure of surrounding rock of broken and soft roadway are studied by using these models. The deformation of the roof and floor, the relative deformation of the two sides and the deformation of the deep surrounding rock are predicted using the model. Measurements in a working mine are compared to the results of the models. The results show that the surrounding rock shows clear rheological features under high stress conditions. Deformation is unequally distributed across the whole section. The surrounding rock exhibited three deformation stages: displacement caused by stress concentration, rheological displacement after the digging effects had stabilized and displacement caused by supporting pressure of the roadway. Floor heave was serious, accounting for 65% of the total deformation of the roof and floor. Floor heave is the main reason for failure of the surrounding rock. The reasons for deformation of the surrounding rock are discussed based on the similar material and numerical simulations.     

深部软岩巷道围岩变形分析与控制

针对某深部软岩巷道支护困难问题,首先对围岩进行力学性能试验,然后利用有限元分析方法,在基于不同埋深软岩巷道围岩变形特征研究的基础上,从巷道开挖和围岩支护两方面对深部高地应力软岩巷道围岩变形与控制进行深入研究.结果表明:随软岩巷道埋深增大,巷道围岩变形呈线性增大趋势;在深部高地应力下掘进巷道时,全断面开挖法围岩变形最大,...     

深井软岩表面变形随围岩性质变化分析

依据理论分析得出的圆形巷道围岩表面变形计算公式,分析了原岩性质对围岩表面变形影响。分析结果表明：随原岩应力增加,不同岩性围岩表面变形增长速率不同,深井软弱围岩表面变形显著;通过注浆法改变围岩性质,提高围岩粘结力和内摩擦角是减少围岩表面变形,保持围岩稳定较为有效的手段。     

Implications for rock instability precursors and principal stress direction from rock acoustic experiments

The characteristics of rock instability precursors and the principal stress direction are very crucial for the prevention of geological disasters. This study investigated the qualitative relationship between rock instability precursors and principal stress direction through wave velocity in rock acoustic emission(AE) experiments. Results show that the wave velocity variation exhibits obvious anisotropic characteristics in 0%–20% and 60%–90% of peak strength due to the differences of stress-induced microcrack types.The amplitude of wave velocity variation is related to the azimuth and position of wave propagation path,which indicates that the principal stress direction can be identified by the anisotropic characteristics of wave velocity variations. Furthermore, the experiments also demonstrate that the AE event rate and wave velocity show quiet and stable variations in the elastic stage of rock samples, while they present a trend of active and unstable variations in the plastic stage. It implies that both the AE event rate and wave velocity are effective monitoring parameters for rock instability. The anisotropic characteristics of the wave velocity variation and AE event rate are beneficial complements for identifying the rock instability precursors and determining the principal stress direction, which provides a new analysis method for stability monitoring in practical rock engineering.     

岩石类型与水层赋存状态对地面NMR的影响

本文根据流体介质的NMR平均衰减时间T2 (ms)的大小对含水岩石类型进行了划分 ,然后按含水岩层孔隙度大小讨论和大小的关系 ,对T2 值和NMR信号振幅的影响也作了讨论 ,列出了二者之间的数学表达式 ;第二部分就含水层的赋存状态 (含水层深度、含水量 )和NMR的关系进行了探讨。     

Effect of rock composition microstructure and pore characteristics on its rock mechanics properties

This paper is to study the influence of composition, microstructure and pore characteristics on the rock mechanical properties. Five kinds of sandstone compositions were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction instrument. And the microstructure was observed by using scanning electron microscope. Then the pore distribution characteristic was investigated by using the low field nuclear magnetic resonance equipment. Finally, the uniaxial compression test was carried out to investigate the mechanical characteristics by using RMT150C mechanics experimental system and the uniaxial compressive strength, Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus were obtained. Compared to the analysis of the composition, structure and pore distribution and mechanical properties of the five kinds of sandstones, the relationship among composition,structure, pore distribution and mechanical properties was obtained. The results show that the composition, microstructure, pore distribution and mechanical properties of sandstone are closely related.With the decrease of feldspar and quartz particles, the compressive strength and elastic modulus increase, while the porosity decreases.     

Failure precursor of surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in high-steep rock slope

The stability of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in the right bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station, in the southwestern China, was analyzed by microseismic monitoring as well as numerical simulations. The realistic failure process analysis code (abbreviated as RFPA3D ) was employed to reproduce the initiation, propagation, coalescence and interactions of micro-fractures, the evolution of associated stress fields and acoustic emission (AE) activities during the whole failure processes of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel. Combined with microseismic activities by microseismic monitoring on the right bank slope, the spatial-temporal evolution and the micro-fracture precursor characteristics during the complete process of progressive failure of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel were discussed and the energy release law of the surrounding rock mass around the cross tunnel was obtained. The result shows that the precursor characteristic of microfractures occurring in rock mass is an effective approach to early warn catastrophic damage of rock mass around cross tunnel. Moreover, the heterogeneity of rock mass is the source and internal cause of the failure precursor of rock mass.