三元混合碳酸熔盐热物性实验研究

为满足超临界二氧化碳太阳能光热发电系统高温传热储热的要求,对3种不同比例的高温混合碳酸熔盐的热物性进行研究.实验结果表明,1号、2号、3号混合碳酸熔盐的熔点分别为388.7、337.9、391.3℃;初晶点分别为454.9、639.7、535.4℃;1号、3号混合碳酸熔盐的分解温度分别为916.2、920.4℃.通过分...     

Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3相图的理论预测

熔盐是一种重要的聚光太阳能系统传热流体,多元熔盐混合是满足实际需求的有效方法,而熔盐混合物的相图是其筛选的主要因素之一.该文基于热力学原理及吉布斯自由能对Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3的相图进行预测与计算,结果显示:该熔盐混合物的共晶点为421.2℃,Li2CO3、Na2CO3和K2CO3的质量分数分别为25....     

NaNO_3-KNO_3-NaNO_2三元混合相变熔盐结构与物性的分子动力学模拟CSCD

相变熔盐目前是太阳能热发电的重要传蓄热介质,其结构和性质之间的定量关系是相变熔盐研究的热点。本文采用分子动力学方法,利用Buckingham势函数,对NaNO_3-KNO_3-NaNO_2三元混合熔盐的结构和性质进行了研究。计算了混合熔盐在不同温度下的径向分布函数、配位数、角分布函数等结构信息,以及密度、剪切黏度、热导率、比热容等性质。结果表明,计算得到的各项性质与文献值吻合较好,验证了势函数和计算方法的可靠性,为计算机模拟指导熔盐配方、熔盐构效关系定量研究奠定了基础。     

NaCl-MgCl2-CaCl2相图计算方法研究

为满足规模化太阳能热发电中对传热蓄热的要求,针对储能材料开展探究。以熔融盐热物性及经济性作为筛选条件,选定来源广泛、价格低廉、工作温度范围宽、黏度低、相变潜热大的NaCl、MgCl₂和CaCl₂三元熔盐体系开展深入研究。应用修正的准化学溶液模型,在子二元系基础上推导计算三元混合熔盐NaCl-MgCl₂-CaCl₂相图。结果表明,该熔盐混合物共晶点温度为412.45 ℃,NaCl、MgCl₂和CaCl₂的摩尔分数分别为50.99%、22.78%和26.23%,与已有文献数据相比,误差在3%以内,验证了方法的准确性,为构建熔盐氯化物相图数据库奠定了部分基础。     

低熔点多元混合熔盐的制备及其性能研究

为了获得聚光型太阳能热发电用的更低熔点熔融盐储热传热材料,采用材料掺杂改性方法,在Li NO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2三元低熔点共晶混合盐中加入Na Cl,制备了Li NO3-KNO3-Ca(NO3)2-Na Cl新混合熔盐。对新混合熔盐分别进行了DSC熔点测定、TG动态热稳定测定、48 h静态热稳定测试和熔盐液态密度测定。DSC实验结果表明,新混合熔盐的熔点为109.3℃,比原三元混合熔盐的熔点(117.2℃)降低了7.9℃,对应的相变潜热为48.6 J/g;TG动态热稳定和静态热稳定实验表明,新混合熔盐的热稳定温度为500℃,比原三元混合熔盐的热稳定温度(450℃)高50℃;液态密度实验发现,该混合熔盐在180~500℃时的液态密度为1.7~1.9g/cm3。     

熔融盐热物性的测量方法

一前言太阳能热发电作为一种可再生能源发电技术,与传统发电方式的区别在于传统发电方式能量来源于燃烧的煤、石油或者其他化学能源产生的能量,而太阳能热发电是利用聚光装置将能量热流密度低的太阳能转化为能量密度高的能量,利用传热介质吸热,并在换热器内与水进行换热,最后进入传统     

镍基高温合金热物性参数计算及测量

利用热力学软件Thermo-Calc描述了某种镍基高温合金在不同温度下共存相的平衡摩尔分数以及体积分数,计算了密度、比热、线膨胀系数等合金热物性参数,并与实验测量值进行比较,计算值与实验测量值符合的很好。     

LNK碳酸熔盐热物性能研究

简述了碳酸熔盐在热化学催化反应、清洁燃烧、燃料电池、太阳能制氢中的应用研究,指出碳酸熔盐能够满足太阳能高温传热蓄热的要求。采用热分析技术TG-DSC、重量法、阿基米德法、回转振荡法等对(Li-Na-K)_2CO_3熔盐(LNK碳酸熔盐)的熔点、比热、相变潜热、密度、黏度和热稳定性等性质进行了表征。实验结果表明:LNK碳酸熔盐具有熔点低(404.89℃)、比热容(500℃,2.70kJ/(kg·K))和相变潜热(159.7kJ/kg)高、密度大(2g/cm~3)、黏度小(4C_p)以及在800℃下热稳定性好的特点,是一种比较理想的高温热载体。     

高熔点熔盐管内传热性能实验分析

搭建试验台研究高熔点熔盐在水平圆管的紊流传热特性,并分析圆管内局部传热规律。该试验雷诺数范围在(1.0～3.6)×10⁴之间,普朗克数在4.75～8.00之间,根据实验数据并参考经典实验关联式,采用多元线性拟合熔盐平均传热努塞尔数实验关联式,其最大拟合误差为±10%;并将实验值与经典圆管紊流传热关联式以及低熔点熔盐传热实验关联式的计算值比较。结果表明:在工程允许范围内,部分经典对流传热关联式可描述熔盐管内传热特性;而低熔点熔盐传热实验关联式不适用于高熔点熔盐传热特性。     

熔盐槽式集热回路夜间热损失特性研究

为研究以熔盐作为传热介质的槽式光热电站集热回路夜间低速循环工况的热损失特性,首先利用辐射热网络法和传热热阻原理建立集热管稳态传热模型,通过与典型实验数据对比,验证该模型的适用性和准确性.在此基础上,考察在夜间熔盐低速循环工况下,集热回路长度、环境温度、风速、熔盐流速、熔盐入口温度、集热管真空度等因素对集热回路热损失的影...     

A study of the operating characteristics of an experimental absorption cooler using ternary systems

An alternative to the use of the traditional lithium-bromide/water system for absorption cooling is discussed. An experimental study is presented on the use of salt mixtures of lithium-bromide/zinc-bromide and lithium-bromide/lithium-iodide as absorbents for water. It is shown that the higher solubilities of the ternary systems allows operation at higher absorber and generator temperatures without the risk of crystallization and with low enough evaporator temperatures for practical cooling applications.     

Evaluation of biomass gasification in a ternary diagram

The present paper addresses the development of an alternative approach to illustrate biomass gasification in a ternary diagram which is constructed using data from thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of air-blown atmospheric wood gasification. It allows the location of operation domains of slagging entrained-flow, fluidized-bed/dry-ash entrained-flow and fixed/moving-bed gasification systems depending on technical limitations mainly due to ash melting behavior. Performance parameters, e.g. cold gas efficiency or specific syngas production, and process parameters such as temperature and carbon conversion are displayed in the diagram depending on the three independent mass flows representing (1) the gasifying agent, (2) the dry biomass and (3) the moisture content of the biomass. The graphical approach indicates the existence of maxima for cold gas efficiency (84.9%), syngas yield (1.35 m³ (H₂ + CO STP)/kg (waf)) and conversion of carbon to CO (81.1%) under dry air-blown conditions. The fluidized-bed/dry-ash entrained-flow processes have the potential to reach these global maxima since they can operate in the identified temperature range from 700 to 950 °C. Although using air as a gasifying agent, the same temperature range posses a potential of H₂/CO ratios up to 2.0 at specific syngas productions of 1.15 m³ (H₂ + CO STP)/kg (waf). Fixed/moving-bed and fluidized-bed systems can approach a dry product gas LHV from 3.0 to 5.5 MJ/m³ (dry STP). The ternary diagram was also used to study the increase of gasifying agent oxygen fraction from 21 to 99 vol.%. While the dry gas LHV can be increased significantly, the maxima of cold gas efficiency (+6.5%) and syngas yield (+7.4%) are elevated only slightly.     

基于反问题理论的汽液两相上升流流型预测与实验研究

汽液两相流流型的测量在两相流研究中占有重要地位。应用均相流模型建立了圆管内汽液两相上升流压力分布,基于反问题理论反演了汽液两相的物性参数,将反演结果与流型图结合,精确地预测了管内流型,计算结果与实验结果进行了对比,误差小于5%。提出的反演流型的方法,可以推广到水平管、螺旋管,为工程上的汽液两相流设备安全性分析、稳定性分析等提供了一种简单可靠的技术方法。     

Hydrogen storage in binary and ternary Mg-based alloys: A comprehensive experimental study

This study focused on hydrogen sorption properties of 1.5 μm thick Mg-based films with Al, Fe and Ti as alloying elements. The binary alloys are used to establish as baseline case for the ternary Mg–Al–Ti, Mg–Fe–Ti and Mg–Al–Fe compositions. We show that the ternary alloys in particular display remarkable sorption behavior: at 200 °C the films are capable of absorbing 4–6 wt% hydrogen in seconds, and desorbing in minutes. Furthermore, this sorption behavior is stable over cycling for the Mg–Al–Ti and Mg–Fe–Ti alloys. Even after 100 absorption/desorption cycles, no degradation in capacity or kinetics is observed. For Mg–Al–Fe, the properties are clearly worse compared to the other ternary combinations. These differences are explained by considering the properties of all the different phases present during cycling in terms of their hydrogen affinity and catalytic activity. Based on these considerations, some general design principles for Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys are suggested.     

Energy consumption patterns in the Canadian and world economies The use of a ternary primary energy diagram

A new method is presented for showing the distribution of primary energy forms by use of the ternary diagram. An arbitrary division of energy sources into oil, other exhaustibles, and inexhaustibles (renewables sources and uranium) is made, but other choices may be made if desired. The ternary primary energy diagram is an effective means of showing important changes and characteristics of the energy system, both in terms of the historical record and to illustrate the routes available to reduce, for instance, petroleum dependence. Trends in the pattern of Canada's energy consumption are identified, and with the help of the ternary diagram, some options for energy policy are evaluated.     

Exergy analysis and experimental study of heat pump systems

Exergy analysis of heat pump—air conditioner systems has been carried out. The irreversibilities due to heat transfer and friction have been considered. The coefficient of performance based on the first law of thermodynamics as a function of various parameters, their optimum values, and the efficiency and coefficient of performance based on exergy analysis have been derived. Based on the exergy analysis, a simulation program has been developed to simulate and evaluate experimental systems. The simulation of a domestic heat pump—air conditioner of 959 W nominal power (Matsushita room air conditioner model CS-XG28M) is then carried out using experimental data. It is found that COP based on the first law varies from 7.40 to 3.85 and the exergy efficiency from 0.37 to 0.25 both a decreasing function of heating or cooling load. The exergy destructions in various components are determined for further study and improvement of its performance.     

Theoretical and experimental study of volumetric change rate during phase change process

The solid‐to‐liquid phase change material can be used to convert the thermal energy of low quality into mechanical energy. Its volumetric change rate has a great effect on the converting efficiency. The mathematical model of the volumetric change rate for the phase change processes of hexadecane within a cylindrical container was presented. A special experimental device was designed and constructed to verify the numerical model. The results at different Stefan numbers of the experiments matched well with those from the numerical simulations. The influences of Stefan number, Biot number and radius of cylinder on the volumetric change rate were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the volumetric change rate depends on the mass fraction of liquid phase and the difference between liquid and solid density of the materials. All the factors affecting the phase change rate will influence the volumetric change rate. The volumetric expansion rate is less than theoretical value under an external pressure. While a high‐pressure situation is taken into consideration, the numerical model should also be modified by adding a function calculating density varying with pressure to ensure that the model operates properly. The power output can be enhanced by reducing the total time of melting. It can also be improved when the phase change material is partly melted at a volumetric expansion rate less than 100% of the total value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

相变蓄热装置内部温度场的理论与实验研究

对螺旋盘管相变蓄热装置性能和相变材料 (PCM)的传热特性开展理论和试验研究,建立相变蓄热装置物理和数学模型,对蓄热温度场进行了数值模拟和实验测试。结果表明 ：自然对流换热对PCM的熔化过程影响很大,当考虑自然对流时,相变蓄热速率加快,相变分层现象明显;实验实测温度与模拟温度相近,说明所建立的模型适用于相变装置内部温度场的模拟。     

The application and experimental validation of a heat and mass transfer analogy model for the prediction of mass transfer in solar distillation systems

In the present investigation efforts have been made for the validation of a new theoretical model, allowing the prediction of mass transport in the barometric enclosure of solar distillation systems. It appears that this model which is based on the Chilton–Colburn analogy being applicable for a broad range of Prandtl and Schmidt dimensionless numbers, can potentially be employed at a wide range of operating conditions and may turn out to become an accurate, more universal alternative to the widely known Dunkle's theoretical model. The comparative validation is carried out employing a set of field experimental measurements which were derived in a passive solar still under favorable climatic conditions during mid summer, aiming validation at higher operating temperature conditions. It is derived that the model is impressively accurate for predictions of the derived measurements in a wide range of average operating temperatures higher than about 70 °C and up to about 0.2 gr/m² s yields.     

The steady-state solidification scenario of ternary systems: Exact analytical solution of nonlinear model

A mathematical model describing the steady-state solidification of ternary systems with mushy layers (primary and cotectic) is formulated: solidification along a liquidus surface is characterized by a primary mushy layer, and solidification along a cotectic line is characterized by a secondary (cotectic) mushy layer. Exact analytical solutions of the model under consideration are found in a parametric form (thicknesses of mushy layers, growth rate of their boundaries, temperature and composition fields, solid fractions are determined in an explicit form). The velocity of solidification is completely determined by temperature gradients in the solid and liquid phases. This velocity coincides with similar expressions describing binary melt solidification with a planar front or a mushy layer. It is shown that the liquid composition of the main component decreases in the cotectic and primary layers, whereas the second (cotectic) composition increases in the cotectic layer, attains a maximum point and decreases in the primary layer.