并联机床数控加工的刀具瞬时包络面轮廓线研究

文章对用并联机床进行曲面加工,处于两个加工刀位之间的刀具的平移和旋转的运动速度进行了分析.通过引入在一般运动情况下(包括旋转和平移),通用锥形刀具的瞬时包络面轮廓线的求解公式,得到了用并联机床数控加工中刀具的瞬时包络面轮廓线的解法.对这些轮廓线进行放样处理就可以创建刀具的包络面体.应用上述研究成果可以模拟并联机床曲面加工中已加工表面的形状,文中最后给出了计算实例并进行了验证.     

Enhanced virtual machining for sculptured surfaces by integrating machine tool error models into NC machining simulation

Sculptured surface machining is a time-consuming and costly process. It requires simultaneously controlled motion of the machine axes. However, positioning inaccuracies or errors exist in machine tools. The combination of error motions of the machine axes will result in a complicated pattern of part geometry errors. In order to quantitatively predict these part geometry errors, a new application framework ‘enhanced virtual machining’ is developed. It integrates machine tool error models into NC machining simulation. The ideal cutter path in the NC program for surface machining is discretized into sub-paths. For each interpolated cutter location, the machine geometric errors are predicted from the machine tool error model. Both the solid modeling approach and the surface modeling approach are used to translate machine geometric errors into part geometry errors for sculptured surface machining. The solid modeling approach obtains the final part geometry by subtracting the tool swept volume from the stock geometric model. The surface modeling approach approximates the actual cutter contact points by calculating the cutting tool motion and geometry. The simulation results show that the machine tool error model can be effectively integrated into sculptured surface machining to predict part geometry errors before the real cutting begins.     

基于CATIA平底铣刀五轴数控编程技术研究

在五轴联动数控加工中,通常采用球头铣刀进行曲面的加工,但是对于双曲面加工,球头铣刀的加工效果较平底铣刀有所不足,因此需要采用平底铣刀来替代球头刀具进行双曲面的加工。但是采用平底铣刀加工双曲面时,由于曲面各处曲率的变化导致刀路轨迹的规划复杂而且困难,而大大影响其在加工曲面中的应用。对此,研究利用平底铣刀的五轴数控联动机床加工双曲面时的刀路轨迹,通过计算得到刀路轨迹的刀位点,设计出利用平底铣刀的五轴数控联动机床加工曲面的刀位轨迹规划方法。结果表明:该方法改善了五轴数控加工中球头铣刀的不足之处,提高了曲面加工的加工质量、加工精度和加工效率。     

Swept volume generation for the simulation of machining processes

To enhance the accuracy of five-axis milling processes, a simulation based NC-path optimization provides an efficient approach. The key to a reliable simulation of cutting processes is the accurate geometric modeling of engagement conditions and the resulting workpiece geometry. The article proposes a novel approach to calculate the cutter profile for modeling swept volume with respect to trajectory of the cutter. In terms of envelope theory, a swept volume is created as a NURBS surface representation. The proposed method is robust and the results can be applied to material removal simulations based on Boolean operation, as well as discrete methods.     

Swept volumes of toroidal cutters using generating curves

Modelling the volume swept by a tool as it moves from one programmed position to another in three, four and five-axis milling is a challenging task. In this paper, a technique for generating the volume swept by a toroidal cutter in its motion along a given tool path, is presented. This technique is based on identifying “generating curves” along the path and connecting them into a solid model of the swept volume. The swept volume simulations are verified experimentally for three test pieces. These are also compared with the simulation results from the Z-map technique. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate to within 10 μm for the three test pieces. Furthermore, the computation time for the new technique is significantly less than the Z-map method. It is concluded that the proposed method has the potential of allowing fast simulation and verification of multi-axis tool paths.     

Total differential methods based universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis NC machine tool

Multi-axis numerical control machining for free-form surfaces needs CAD/CAM system for the cutter location and orientation data. Since these data are defined with respect to the coordinate of workpiece, they need converting for machine control commands in machine coordinate system, through a processing procedure called post processing. In this work, a new universal post processing algorithm considering geometric error for multi-axis machine tool with arbitrary configuration. Firstly, ideal kinematic model and real kinematic model of the multi-axis NC machine tool are built respectively. Difference between the two kinematic models is only whether to consider the machine tool's geometric error or not. Secondly, a universal generalized post processing algorithm containing forward and inverse kinematics solution is designed to solve kinematic models of multi-axis machine tool. Specially, the inverse kinematics solution is used for the ideal kinematic model, while the forward kinematics solution is used for the real kinematic model. Then, a total differential algorithm is applied to improve the calculation speed and reduce the difficulty of inverse kinematics solution. Realization principle of the total differential algorithm is to transform the inverse kinematics solution problem into that one of solving linear equations based on spatial relationship of adjacent cutter locations. Thirdly, to reduce the complexity of geometric error calibration experiment, effect weight of geometric error components is determined by the sensitivity analysis based on orthogonal method, and then the real kinematic model considering geometric error is established. Finally, the universal post processing algorithm based on total differential methods is implemented and demonstrated experimentally in a five-axis machine tool. The results show that the maximum error value can be decreased to one-fifth using the proposed method in this paper.     

Multibody dynamic modeling of five-axis machine tool vibrations and controller

A computationally efficient, reduced-order multibody dynamic model of a five-axis machine tool is presented. The machine tool is modeled by substructures assembled via flexible springs and damping elements at interfaces which affect the machining performance. NC tool path commands are processed by the linear acceleration-based motion trajectory filters and fed to the axis servo controllers through an inverse kinematic model of the machine. The computed motor torque commands are applied to the structural dynamic model of the machine at the motor connections. The experimentally validated model predicts the performance of the five-axis CNC machine's controller along the tool path.     

Virtual process systems for part machining operations

This paper presents an overview of recent developments in simulating machining and grinding processes along the NC tool path in virtual environments. The evaluations of cutter–part-geometry intersection algorithms are reviewed, and are used to predict cutting forces, torque, power, and the possibility of having chatter and other machining process states along the tool path. The trajectory generation of CNC systems is included in predicting the effective feeds. The NC program is automatically optimized by respecting the physical limits of the machine tool and cutting operation. Samples of industrial turning, milling and grinding applications are presented. The paper concludes with the present and future challenges to achieving a more accurate and efficient virtual machining process simulation and optimization system.     

航发压气机叶片的加工仿真分析

航发压气机叶片型面及加工工艺复杂。为降低加工成本、提高加工效率,对某型复杂薄壁航空发动机压气机叶片零件进行加工仿真研究。分析叶片的结构特点,结合加工工艺路线制定原则,制定了叶片加工工艺路线,规划了刀具轨迹;根据五轴机床行程及运动特点,定制了五轴机床专用后处理器,并将刀具轨迹后处理生成了叶片加工的NC程序,同时输出加工总计用时;构建立式五轴数控机床仿真模型,对加工工艺进行仿真验证,取代实际加工试切步骤,节省生产成本和时间。仿真加工结果验证了加工工艺的合理性和后处理的正确性,为加工参数的进一步优化和加工误差分析奠定了基础。     

Design and analysis of a milling cutter with the improved dynamic characteristics

In this paper, a face-milling cutter is proposed and manufactured to improve a cutter’s dynamic characteristics. The proposed cutter, comprises double step blades, and is designed to give better stability in terms of vibration and to suppress the possibility of abrupt wear and chipping. Vibration experiments with the conventional type and the proposed cutter were performed, and the results showed that the vibration amplitude in the time domain and the peak value in the vibration spectrum in the frequency domain are considerably lower for the proposed cutter than for the conventional cutter. In addition, the validity of a cutting dynamics model, which can effectively predict the cutting dynamics on the machine–tool–workpiece (M–T–W), was examined by the vibration experiments.     

五轴联动加工中工装及旋转误差补偿方法的研究

文章提出了一种工装及旋转误差补偿后置处理方法,根据机床运动求解,建立了工作台/刀具回转摆动型机床VMC1250的数学模型.通过VB语言,开发了该五轴机床的后置处理软件.通过叶片的加工验证了该后置处理器的正确性和实用性,能够满足工程使用的要求.     

Design of a generic five-axis postprocessor based on generalized kinematics model of machine tool

This paper presents a generic five-axis postprocessor system for various five-axis machine tools. The generalized kinematics model of common five-axis machines is constructed by combining two rotational degrees of freedom on the fixture table and two rotational degrees of freedom on the spindle. The complete analytical equations for NC data are obtained through homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and inverse kinematics. The derived five-axis NC code expression is a general form suitable for all kinds of five-axis machine tools with three orthogonal linear axes and two orthogonal rotational axes. A window-based postprocessor software written by Borland C++ Builder and OpenGL has been developed according to the presented algorithm. The wireframe model of the configured five-axis machine tool can be promptly shown and rotated/zoomed dynamically on the screen to assist the user to input relevant parameters correctly and efficiently. Through the implementation of the developed postprocessor and the verification by the solid cutting simulation software as well as the real machining experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme was confirmed.     

Removing tool marks of blade surfaces by smoothing five-axis point milling cutter paths

Focused on the reverse movements of moving axes along five-axis tool paths, this study presents a procedure of removing a gouge phenomenon on impeller surfaces in five-axis machining. That is, when an impeller of a centrifugal compressor is being cut in finish milling, reverse movements and/or other linearization problems of moving axes along a five-axis interference-free tool path may make a cutter leave tool marks on the impeller surfaces. For generating interference-free cutter location (CL) data needed in rough, semi-finish and finish five-axis cutting processes, first, a simple yet useful approach is proposed. To identify the potential gouge area and to solve the problem for a tool path having reverse motion directions with its moving axes in finish milling, the CL data are further smoothed to remove the reverse movements about its rotating and tilting axes. The effectiveness of this procedure has been experimentally confirmed by successful five-axis finish milling of an impeller without leaving tool marks on its surfaces. In addition, with the spline tool paths, the machining time can be saved up to 23.57%.     

A new compensation method for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools

The present study aims to establish a new compensation method for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools. In the kinematic coordinate translation of five-axis machine tools, the tool orientation is determined by the motion position of machine rotation axes, whereas the tool tip position is determined by both machine linear axes and rotation axes together. Furthermore, as a nonlinear relationship exists between the workpiece coordinates and the machine axes coordinates, errors in the workpiece coordinate system are not directly related to those of the machine axes coordinate system. Consequently, the present study develops a new compensation method, the decouple method, for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools. The method proposed is based on a model that considers the tool orientation error only related to motion of machine rotation axes, and it further calculates the error compensations for rotation axes and linear axes separately, in contrast to the conventional method of calculating them simultaneously, i.e. determines the compensation of machine rotation axes first, and then calculates the compensation associated with the machine linear axes. Finally, the compensation mechanism is applied in the postprocessor of a CAM system and the effectiveness of error compensation is evaluated in real machine cutting using compensated NC code. In comparison with previous methods, the present compensation method has attributes of being simple, straightforward and without any singularity point in the model. The results indicate that the accuracy of positioning was improved by a factor of 8–10. Hence, the new compensation mechanism proposed in this study can effectively compensate geometry errors of five-axis machine tools.     

An accurate,efficient envelope approach to modeling the geometric deviation of the machined surface for a specific five-axis CNC machine tool

Geometric deviation, defined as the difference between the nominal surface and the simulation model of the machined surface, is the fundamental concern of five-axis tool path planning. Since the machined surface is part of the cutter envelope surface generated by the cutter motion, it is necessary to calculate the envelope surface in order to obtain the geometric deviation. In the stage of tool path planning, current approaches calculate the cutter envelope surface by using the cutter motion along the given tool path. However, the cutter motion of practical machining on a specific five-axis CNC machine tool is different from the given tool path. Moreover, the computation is very challenging when the accurate cutter motion of practical machining is applied to calculate the envelope surface. To overcome these two problems, a geometric envelope approach with two major distinctions is proposed in this paper. First, the envelope surface of the cutter undergoing a general motion is efficiently obtained as a closed-form vector expression. Second, the accurate cutter motion, which is determined by machine kinematic and interpolation scheme in practical machining, can be easily applied to calculate the accurate envelope surface. With the envelope surface, the geometric deviation is calculated to estimate the overcut or undercut in five-axis milling. An example is given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

数控机床五轴变换系统设计与研究

为实现数控机床五轴联动加工,基于国内蓝天系列数控系统提出了控制系统结构的改进方法。数控系统分为任务层和运动层,五轴变换单元集成在运动层。在对五轴机床进行分类并分析其几何信息的基础上,设计了机床的五轴运动库。以CA摆头机床为例,推导了其正向和反向运动变换。基于改进系统及五轴运动库,设计并分析了机床旋转刀具中心控制和三维半径补偿端铣。改进系统具有较好的可移植性,可在数控加工中直接执行刀具位置和方向指令。     

Machining accuracy improvement in five-axis flank milling of ruled surfaces

The aim of this study is to develop a new adjustment method for improving machining accuracy of tool path in five-axis flank milling of ruled surfaces. This method considers interpolation sampling time of the five-axis machine tools controller in NC tool path planning. The actual interpolation position and orientation between G01 commands are estimated with the first differential approximation of Taylor expansion. The tool swept volume is modeled using the envelope surface and compared with the design surface to determine the deviation, which corresponds to the machining error induced by the linear interpolation. We propose a feedrate adjustment rule that automatically controls the tool motion at feedrate-sensitive corners based on a bisection method, thus limiting the maximum machining errors and improving the machining accuracy. Experimental cuts are conducted on different ruled surfaces to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that it can enhance the machining quality in five-axis flank milling in both simulation and practical operation.     

Formulating the swept envelope of rotary cutter undergoing general spatial motion for multi-axis NC machining

Based on the tangency condition in envelope theory and the body velocity representation in spatial kinematics, a closed-form solution of the swept envelope of a general rotary cutter moving along a general tool path defined in the NC programs is derived. No additional moving frames or local frames are required, and the computational formulas are independent of the types of the machines. The results can be applied to NC machining simulation, tool path optimization, and CAD/CAM of spatial cams.     

基于OpenGL的刃磨加工仿真模型的建立方法

仿真模型的建立是数控加工过程仿真的核心部分.本文通过对旋转锉刃磨加工过程的分析,以OpenGL为开发工具,通过由刀具形状和刀具轨迹产生的刀具扫描体与离散的工件模型进行布尔运算的方法来建立仿真模型,并给出了仿真结果.