10种药剂对柑橘采后酸腐病菌的室内毒力测定

为了筛选出防治酸腐病菌的有效药剂,为防治柑橘采后酸腐病提供理论依据,采用生长速率法测定了10种化学药剂对酸腐病菌的毒力。结果表明:肟菌酯毒力最强,EC50为0.038 5mg/L;其次是双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐,EC50为0.104 2 mg/L。毒力最弱的是吩胺霉素,EC50为73.112 5 mg/L。肟菌酯、双胍三辛烷基苯磺酸盐和咪鲜胺效果较好。     

不同杀菌剂对水稻叶鞘腐败病菌室内生物活性及田间药效试验

[目的]为筛选防治水稻叶鞘腐败病有效药剂,为防治提供依据。[方法]采用室内毒力测定与田间药效试验相结合方法。[结果]NNF-0721分别与IR9792、氟环唑、噻呋酰胺复配毒力表现为增效。田间试验结果表明:NNF-0721+IR9792 60+15、NNF-0721+氟环唑70+35、NNF-0721+噻呋酰胺35+70、NNF-0721+氟环唑50+25 g a. i./hm2处理防效均在80%以上。[结论]筛选出防治水稻叶鞘腐败病的有效药剂及配比,为防治水稻叶鞘腐败病奠定基础。     

新杀菌剂丁二酸铜

丁二酸铜外观为淡蓝色固体粉末,现用剂型为30％胶悬剂。自1979年来的五年试验结果表明,该剂施用于蔬菜可防治细菌性角斑病、白粉病、黄萎病和疫病;施用于果树,可防治腐烂病、红点病、黑星病和溃疡病等。小白鼠口服原药LD50为501毫克/公斤,30％胶悬剂雄性LD_(50)为1946毫克/公斤、雌性LD_(50)为2646毫克/公斤。而且蓄积毒性较低,残留量测定也     

一种新型高效杀菌剂的研制与开发

本项目研制和开发的一种新型高效杀菌剂(30%福美双/烯唑醇可湿性粉剂)是由烯唑醇与福美双为有效成分组成的二元混剂,经室内配比筛选试验和联合毒力测定试验证明二者相混,对梨黑星病、麦类白粉病防治的增效作用明显;田间试验表明,30%福美双/烯唑醇可湿性粉剂在1000～1500倍剂量下可以有效防治小麦白粉病,在800～1000倍剂量下对梨黑星病等具有优异的防治效果,同时     

水稻烂秧病防治药剂筛选及应用

[目的]筛选防治水稻烂秧病的有效药剂。[方法]采用田间小区药效试验的方法,测定7种药剂对水稻烂秧病的防治效果。[结果]7种供试药剂对水稻烂秧病均具有一定的防治效果,其中4.9%甲霜灵·烯丙苯噻唑颗粒剂、0.8%精甲·嘧菌酯颗粒剂和500 g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂对水稻烂秧病具有优异的防治效果;进一步试验表明,4.9%甲霜灵·烯丙苯噻唑颗粒剂在30 g/m2剂量下对水稻烂秧病的防治效果可达90%以上。[结论]4.9%甲霜灵·烯丙苯噻唑颗粒剂对水稻烂秧病具有较好的防治效果,可以为防治水稻烂秧病的后续研究提供参考。     

马铃薯Y病毒病检测方法及防治策略研究进展

简要阐述了马铃薯Y病毒病的检测方法以及防治技术,总结了马铃薯Y病毒病在检测技术方面的研究状况和防治马铃薯Y病毒病的策略分析,归纳了国标中马铃薯Y病毒病鉴定方法的信息和近年来防治马铃薯Y病毒病的药剂使用状况。马铃薯Y病毒病的检测需在分子生物学基础上寻找捷径,探索多种检测方式相结合的运用,防治马铃薯Y病毒病需秉承以防为主、防治结合的绿色环保理念,有针对性提出运用物理、化学以及生物学等多学科交叉融合的新型防治体系。     

应用于马铃薯疮痂病防治药剂筛选的改良方法研究

[目的]对比部分商品化杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的室内生物活性和田间防效。[方法]采用改良后的96孔细胞培养板法进行了30个杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的最小抑菌质量浓度测定试验,并从中选取5个杀菌剂进行田间验证试验。[结果]室内试验结果表明咯菌腈、喹啉铜、氟啶胺、氰霜唑和代森联对马铃薯疮痂病均有不同程度的抑制作用。田间试验结果表明咯菌腈、喹啉铜和氟啶胺对马铃薯疮痂病的防效相对较好。[结论]改良后的方法可以应用于化学杀菌剂防治马铃薯疮痂病的室内筛选研究中,且筛选得到的5种化学杀菌剂可以为防治马铃薯疮痂病的后续研究提供参考。     

多种杀菌剂对抗多菌灵的芒果蒂腐病菌菌株的毒力测定

为了有效控制芒果蒂腐病对多菌灵的抗药性,采用生长速率法,对2株抗多菌灵的芒果蒂腐病菌菌株进行了21种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定,以期筛选出对抗多菌灵菌株毒力强的杀菌剂,为防治抗多菌灵的芒果蒂腐病提供理论依据。通过EC50值和EC90值综合分析,在供试的21杀菌剂中,对抗多菌灵的芒果蒂腐病菌菌株毒力强的杀菌剂是异菌脲、丙环唑、戊唑醇,其次为腈菌唑、咪酰胺锰盐、咪酰胺、氟硅唑、吡唑醚菌酯和苯醚甲环唑,这9种杀菌剂均可作为防治抗多菌灵的芒果蒂腐病的首选杀菌剂;另外,烯唑醇和百菌清的EC50值和EC90值均相对较低,也可作为防治抗多菌灵芒果蒂腐病的杀菌剂。     

防治花生网斑病杀菌剂的筛选

[目的]筛选防治花生网斑病的高效药剂。[方法]采用室内抑菌毒力活性测定与田间防治对比试验相结合的方法,研究评价了12种杀菌剂对花生网斑病菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的毒力作用及田间对花生网斑病的防治效果。[结果]室内药剂毒力测定结果表明:12种杀菌剂中对菌丝生长毒力最强的2个药剂是50%咯菌腈WP和50%嘧菌环胺WG,其EC_(50)值分别达到0.1824、0.2473 mg/L;12种杀菌剂中对病菌分生孢子毒力最强的2个药剂是25%吡唑醚菌酯EC和66%二氰蒽醌WG,其EC_(50)值分别达到0.0414、0.0478 mg/L。田间防治试验结果表明:12种杀菌剂中对花生网斑病防效最好的药剂处理为50%咯菌腈WP 333.3 mg/L,防效达80.11%,其次是25%吡唑醚菌酯EC1333.3 mg/L处理和50%嘧菌环胺WG 1000 mg/L处理,防效分别为79.14%和77.15%。[结论]50%咯菌腈WP和25%吡唑醚菌酯EC是防治花生网斑病有应用潜力的药剂品种。     

矿物油对无机铜制剂防治柑橘疮痂病和柑橘全爪螨的增效作用

[目的]测定矿物油对3种无机铜杀菌剂防治柑橘疮痂病和全爪螨的增效作用。[方法]采用喷雾法测定无机铜杀菌剂单独使用及与矿物油混用的田间药效。[结果]矿物油与铜制剂混合使用后,77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、53.8%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂和30%碱式硫酸铜悬浮剂对疮痂病的平均防治效果分别增加了28.25%、20.19%和16.79%;对全爪螨则分别增加73.37%、51.47%和91.95%。[结论]矿物油不仅对3种铜制剂防治疮痂病有增效作用,也能有效抑制其对全爪螨的诱发效应。     

Impact of Ozonated Water on the Quality and Shelf-life of Fresh Citrus Fruit,Stone Fruit,and Table Grapes

Spores of fungi that cause postharvest decay of fresh fruit die rapidly in ozonated water. We determined the impact of sporocidal or higher O₃ doses on fruit shelf-life and quality. Green mold and sour rot on citrus fruit, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum citri-aurantii, respectively, were not reduced by 20 min immersion in 10 ppm O₃. These fungi infect through wounds; their spores were placed in shallow wounds (l mm wide by 2 mm deep) 24 hr before treatment. On five peach varieties, the average natural incidence of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, was reduced from 10.9 to 5.4% by 1 min immersion in 1.5 ppm O₃. A treatment of 15 min with 5 ppm O₃ further reduced decay to 1.7%, but consistent control of brown rot was associated only with this severe treatment and it caused shallow pits on the fruit. Brown rot caused by spores placed in wounds before treatment was not controlled. Immersion for 1 or 5 min in 5 ppm O₃ reduced natural aerobic bacteria populations by 1.1 and 1.6 log₁₀ units, respectively, and yeast and filamentous fungal populations by 0.7 and 1.3 log₁₀ units, respectively. Spores of Botrytis cinerea, cause of gray mold, were sprayed on table grape clusters, the clusters were dried, and then immersed for 1 to 6 min in 10 ppm O₃. In two tests, immersion for 1 min in O₃ reduced gray mold from 35% among untreated grapes to about 10%, while in two other tests the incidence was only reduced from 35 to 26%. Minor injury to the rachis of grape clusters occurred at high O₃ rates. Immersion in ozonated water did not control postharvest decay of citrus fruit, injured peaches and nectarines at doses that reliably controlled decay, and on table grapes control was irregular and caused minor rachis injury at high rates.     

Analysis of triacylglycerols in leaves of citrus by HPLC

Lipids were extracted from leaves of cold-hardened and unhardened citrus plants and the crude triacylglycerol (TG) fraction of each sample was separated from other lipid components by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). To determine TG levels and molecular species, the crude TG was subjected to High presure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 12 fractions collected and these fractions quantified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Levels of TG/g fresh leaf were 139 μg in unhardened sour orange, 2460 μg in cold-hardened sour orange and 672 μg in cold-hardened Valencia orange. Twenty-one molecular species were determined in the 36–46 equivalent carbon number range (ECN). Five of the TG species that contained linoleate accounted for over 60% of total TG in hardened sour orange and Valencia leaves. Hardened sour orange leaves contained 2–5 times more of these major TG species than hardened Valencia leaves. The increase in these TG species may relate to cold tolerance since sour orange seedlings are more cold hardy than Valencia budded on sour orange. Presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the AOCS, Toronto, May 1982. Southern Region, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

甜橙采后果实贮藏新防腐保鲜剂的研制

本文报道一种以高效低毒的杀菌剂——95％特克多（TBZ）、对氯苯氧乙酸为主要成分,并辅以EDTA钠盐、羧甲基纤维素及碳酸氢钠混合而成的新甜橙防腐保鲜剂。以其处理的甜橙采后果实,室温贮藏4月腐果率为3.8％,与AB保鲜剂相当;油斑病病果率为3．0％及青蒂果为82．0％,明显优于药剂对照处理。贮藏前3月对处理果实呼吸的抑制作用明显,4月时因气温升高呼吸明显高于对照处理。     

柑橘类水果品质与施肥

介绍近年来世界柑橘产量与柑橘种植需要的地理自然环境,柑橘所需要的主要营养成分及各营养元素对柑橘产量及品质的影响,结合柑橘主要生产区美国和巴西的种植,提出柑橘科学平衡施肥的建议。     

土壤条件和施肥对柑橘品质的影响

近年来,我国柑橘生产发展迅猛,产量连年增长,但品质不佳。为此,探讨了土壤条件和施肥对柑橘品质的影响,以期为优质柑橘的生产提供依据。     

酸性水汽提装置长周期运转的影响因素

根据酸性水汽提装置技术改造及投产建设实践,分析了酸性水汽提装置工艺技术特点,提出保持装置长周期平稳运转应注重汽提工艺的选择、酸性水预处理、汽提塔操作、设备及管道防腐等4个主要影响因素。     

冶炼烟气制酸中酸性污水的资源化综合利用

介绍了冶炼烟气制酸中酸性污水的现状,包括酸性污水的来源、主要特点和常规处理方法,结合实例探讨了酸性污水的资源化综合利用的新方法,并分析了下阶段冶炼烟气制酸中酸性污水资源化综合利用的发展趋势     

重视含硫原油加工

分析了世界石油资源形势和国际油价的走势,针对含硫／高硫原油比例增加、高油价下低硫原油和高硫原油价差增大的趋势,指出炼油企业应充分重视含硫原油加工,抓紧提高加工含硫原油的适应性,解决好环境保护和不断升级的清洁燃料生产问题,同时获取较高的加工效益。     

炼厂含硫污水汽提技术分析

针对目前在炼油厂广泛使用的单、双塔汽提处理含硫污水工艺进行了综合性技术分析,提出了存在的问题及相应的改进方案。此外,为提高汽提净化水的回用率,提出含硫污水的污污分流及回用的技术方案。     

Extraction and determination of volatile organic acid concentration in pomegranate,sour cherry,and red grape juices by PPy-Ag nanocomposite fiber for authentication

A solid phase microextraction fiber based on nano-sized polypyrrole-Ag (PPy-Ag) was fabricated. The size and morphology of PPy-Ag particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A method based on PPy-Ag-SPME-gas chromatography (GC) was developed for determination of sour cherry and grape juice adulteration in pomegranate juice samples by determination of volatile organic acids (VOAs) concentration. The VOAs of pomegranate juice (valeric, isovaleric, lactic, and acetic acids) were extracted by fabricated polypyrrole-Ag fiber, and the concentration of VOAs was determined by GC analysis. The effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) percent, sour cherry juice (SCJ) percent, and red grape juice (GJ) percent as three variable factors on the concentration of VOAs were studied. Box Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to design the experiments that study the effect of factors on the VOAs concentration. The results showed that sour cherry and grape juice adulteration in pomegranate juice can affect the VOAs concentration, and there is a good relation between pomegranate, sour cherry, and grape juice percent and VOAs concentration. So the presented analytical method is a suitable and fast method for determination of pomegranate juice authentication.