冷却塔回流影响数值分析及优化研究

从建筑外观、空间限制、运行噪音等角度考虑,冷却塔一般被布置在隐蔽的区域。冷却塔的布置决定了热湿空气回流的情况,并直接影响冷却塔的运行性能。横流冷却塔侧面进风,逆流是塔身下部四周进风。冷却塔回流导致进风温湿度增高,同时,恶化周边微环境。采用数值模拟方法研究逆流与横流冷却塔布置方式的回流及影响。通过对比2种塔进风口空气的温升,来判断两种塔的回流量情况,并提出可行的措施来减少回流量。模拟表明逆流的进风温升和回流率都低于横流的,是因为逆流布置使进风气流更均匀,且排风风速大。模拟了横流冷却塔出风圆管口加15°向上百叶、加2.2 m进风百叶的优化措施,该措施可有效减少回流量。研究结果可为工程设计提供参考,以降低由于冷却塔设计不当引起不利的回流影响。     

Impact of computational domain on the prediction of buoyancy-driven ventilation cooling

Traditional solar heated cavity structures such as solar chimneys make use of the stored solar energy in the interior wall to enhance natural ventilation of buildings but integration of photovoltaic devices into the exterior wall of such a structure can result in different proportions of heat distribution on both interior and exterior walls. This paper presents results of CFD simulation of the buoyancy-driven airflow and heat transfer in vertical cavities of different heights and widths with different total heat fluxes and wall heat distributions for ventilation cooling. Two sizes of computational domain were used for simulation – a small domain same as the physical size of a cavity and a large extended domain that is much larger than the cavity. The predicted natural ventilation rate and heat transfer coefficient have been found to depend on not only the cavity size and the quantity and proportion of heat distribution on the cavity walls but also the domain size. The difference in the predicted ventilation rate or heat transfer coefficient using the small and large domains is generally larger for wider cavities where heat distribution on two vertical walls is highly asymmetrical; incoming air would be distorted from symmetrical distribution across the inlet opening; and/or significant reverse flow would occur at the outlet opening. The difference in the heat transfer coefficient is generally less than that in the ventilation rate. In addition, a cavity with symmetrical heating has a higher ventilation rate but lower heat transfer coefficient than does an asymmetrically heated cavity.     

CFD assessment of the performance of lateral ventilation in Double Glazed Façades in Mediterranean climates

Implementation of Double Glazed Façades (DGF) in buildings has been an object of broad study and application in recent years, both in new and existing constructions. However, there is little experience in predicting the operating behavior of a DGF. Sometimes the results obtained are not satisfactory and an extra energetic cost is necessary to obtain suitable comfort conditions in the inner space of the building, especially in Mediterranean climates, where large solar gains are a constant condition along throughout the year, and such large semi-transparent areas can produce significant over-heating in buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proven to be a useful tool for modeling air flow and heat transfer in DGF including conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer phenomena. The aim of this work was to evaluate, by means of CFD, the influence of several lateralventilation systems including the variation of the flow inlet (e.g., uniform or swirl flow inlet) and analyzing different inlet flow configurations (e.g., uniform, inclined, upper or lowercrossed inlet flow). From these CFD simulations, a comparative efficiency study, in terms of reduction of solar load gains and energetic requirements, was performed comparing the obtained results for horizontal ventilation against vertical ventilation, which was previously studied by this research group. It was found that using horizontal ventilation schemes would reduce the required air volumetric flow rate within the DGF for obtaining similar reductions in solar load gain to those obtained with vertical ventilation, when the construction and operation parameters of the DGF are equal for both cases.     

A study of the air quality in the breathing zone in a room with displacement ventilation

This paper is concerned with the difference in the air quality that is perceived by the occupants (breathing zone) and that existing in the occupied zone as a whole. An environmental chamber with displacement ventilation system has been used to carry out the measurements with the presence of a heated mannequin and other heat sources. Measurements of the age of air distribution, the air exchange index and the ventilation effectiveness were carried out at different points in the chamber for different room thermal loads. CFD simulations were also carried out for the purpose of flow visualisation as well as the calculation of air velocity, temperature and age of air distribution. In addition, CFD simulations were carried out to study the effect of changing the airflow rate to the chamber and the position of air inlet to extend the range of parameters. The results from the CFD simulations were compared with those from measurements and good agreement was obtained in most cases.     

Displacement Ventilation - the Influence of the Characteristics of the Supply Air Terminal Device on the Airflow Pattern

Displacement ventilation is acknowledged to be an efficient system for the removal of contaminants and excess heat from occupied zones of rooms. However, airflow rates, temperature and the design of the air supply device strongly influence the parameters which determine thermal comfort. This paper reviews experiments and theoretical models which show the connection between these parameters. The width and shape of the air supply device have been varied, and a porous media has been used on the inlet area of the air supply device. The velocity and temperature profiles have been measured. The results presented show also that the flow can be described with respect to width and form of the profiles for temperature and velocity. The flow does not operate like a turbulent jet due to thermal stratification. It is shown that the Archimedes number of the supply air is the parameter which determines the air velocity in the area close to the floor. (The Archimedes number is here defined as the ratio between buoyancy and inertia forces.) The results show that it is possible to remove considerable amounts of excess heat from a room, typically 40-50 W/m², without exceeding the limits for thermal comfort. However, this requires relatively high airflow rates and supply air terminal units at least along one of the walls.     

General expressions for the calculation of air flow and heat transfer rates in tall ventilation cavities

Solar heated tall ventilation cavities including solar chimneys are used to enhance natural ventilation of buildings. A validated CFD model was used to predict the buoyancy-driven air flow and heat transfer rates in vertical ventilation cavities with various combinations of heat distribution on two vertical walls ranging from symmetrical to fully asymmetrical heating. The natural ventilation rate and heat transfer rate have been found to vary with the total heat input, heat distribution on the cavity walls, cavity width and height and inlet opening position. General expressions for these variables have been obtained and presented in non-dimensional terms, Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Rayleigh number and aspect ratio (H/b), as Nu = f(Ra, H/b) and Nu = f(Ra, Re) or Re = f(Ra, Nu), for natural ventilation design.     

Development of new and validation of existing convection correlations for rooms with displacement ventilation systems

Building airflow, thermal, and contaminant simulation programs need accurate models for the surface convective boundary conditions. This is, especially, the case for displacement ventilation (DV) systems, where convective buoyancy forces at room surfaces significantly affect the airflow pattern and temperature and contaminant distributions. Nevertheless, for DV, as a relatively new ventilation system, the convective correlations are adopted from more traditional mixing ventilation correlations, or non-existent. In this study, the existing recommended correlations are validated in a full-scale experimental facility representing an office space. In addition, new correlations are developed for floor surfaces because the current literature does not provide necessary correlations, even though, the floor surface is responsible for >50% of the total convective heat transfer at the envelope. The convective correlations are typically functions of a surface-air temperature difference, airflow parameters, and characteristic room dimensions. Validation results show that the floor convection correlations expressed as a function of volume flow rate are much stronger than the correlations expressed as a function of a temperature difference between the surface and local air. Consequently, the new convection correlation for floor surfaces is a function of the number of hourly room air changes (ACH). This correlation also takes into account buoyant effects from local floor heat patches. Experimental data show that the existing correlation can be successfully applied to vertical and ceiling surfaces in spaces with DV diffuser(s). Overall, the new and the existing convection correlations are tabulated for use in building simulation programs, such as annual energy analyses or computational fluid dynamics.     

条缝型送风口形成的竖壁贴附射流通风模式研究:送风速度的影响

提出了一种介于混合通风、置换通风之间的新型通风模式——条缝型送风口形成的竖壁贴附射流。利用2DPIV研究了该模式下射流送风速度对气流流场的影响,并对极限贴附距离进行了探讨。研究表明,射流送风速度越大,形成的贴附射流距离越长,贴附效果越显著;同时,送风速度越大,射流对周围空气的卷吸能力越强,射流影响区域越大;射流送风速度的改变对极限贴附距离的影响不明显。     

A study of wind and buoyancy driven flows through commercial wind towers

Commercial wind towers have been the focus of intensive research in terms of their design and performance. There are two main forces which drive the flow through these devices, external wind and buoyancy due to temperature difference. This study examines the relationship between these two forces and the indoor ventilation rate achieved. The work uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to isolate and investigate the two forces and draw comparisons. The study found that as expected the external driving wind is the primary driving force providing 76% more internal ventilation than buoyancy driven flow, which is deemed secondary. Moreover the study found that the effect of buoyancy is insignificant without an external airflow passage other than the wind tower itself. The addition of an external airflow passage such as a window in combination with buoyancy force increased the indoor ventilation by 47%. Therefore the careful positioning of windows in conjunction with internal heat source has the potential to overcome the lack of external wind driven forces in dense urban environments.     

Study of wind towers with different funnels attached to increase natural ventilation in an underground building

Finding ways to cool buildings by natural, passive techniques is crucial in the context of global warming. For centuries, wind towers (traditional windcatchers) have been used in the Middle East for cooling purposes. In this study, the use of funnels at the openings of wind towers for wind ingress and egress is proposed primarily to increase the mass flow captured by the wind tower. The use of funnels in the wind ingress openings increases the inlet area, improving the capture of wind. In parallel, the use of funnels in the egress openings modifies the wake of the tower, which aims to ease the exit of the flow from inside the building. Several design configurations are presented, where the length and width of the funnels are changed and tested separately by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results of over 120 CFD simulations are presented and compared. The volumetric flow entering the wind towers increases by 10.7% in several cases. These results indicate that adding funnels to wind towers could positively influence their performance. Changing the dimensions of the funnels affects their efficacy and can increase or decrease the airflow entering the tower.     

Experimental investigation into the interaction between the human body and room airflow and its effect on thermal comfort under stratum ventilation

Room occupants' comfort and health are affected by the airflow. Nevertheless, they themselves also play an important role in indoor air distribution. This study investigated the interaction between the human body and room airflow under stratum ventilation. Simplified thermal manikin was employed to effectively resemble the human body as a flow obstacle and/or free convective heat source. Unheated and heated manikins were designed to fully evaluate the impact of the manikin at various airflow rates. Additionally, subjective human tests were conducted to evaluate thermal comfort for the occupants in two rows. The findings show that the manikin formed a local blockage effect, but the supply airflow could flow over it. With the body heat from the manikin, the air jet penetrated farther compared with that for the unheated manikin. The temperature downstream of the manikin was also higher because of the convective effect. Elevating the supply airflow rate from 7 to 15 air changes per hour varied the downstream airflow pattern dramatically, from an uprising flow induced by body heat to a jet‐dominated flow. Subjective assessments indicated that stratum ventilation provided thermal comfort for the occupants in both rows. Therefore, stratum ventilation could be applied in rooms with occupants in multiple rows.     

Airflow and heat flux through the vertical opening of buoyancy-induced naturally ventilated enclosures

Characteristics of the mean and turbulent airflow and heat flux through the vertical opening of a buoyancy-induced naturally ventilated full-scale enclosure with upper and lower vents on one of the sidewalls were studied experimentally. The effect of the interaction between the mixing and the displacement ventilation modes on the airflow through the upper vent is explored. Measurements include vertical profiles of mean and turbulent air velocity and temperature through the upper opening using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer. The airflow appears to be inclined to the horizontal plane due to the effect of buoyancy. The level of the neutral plane at the upper vent, defined here as the plane separating between inflow and outflow, can be identified by the vertical profiles of both mean flow and turbulence intensity, with good agreement between the two approaches. The contribution of the turbulent to the total (mean and turbulent) heat flux through the vent decreases as ventilation transforms from the mixing to the displacement mode.     

建筑直流配电系统研究

在微电网技术发展的基础上,本文提出一种建筑直流配电系统,由AC／DC、直流母线、分布式电源、直流负荷、蓄能器、开关及保护装置等部分组成。论述了直流母线电压的稳压原理,蓄能器在直流母线电压稳定过程中起关键作用,AC／DC做为直流配电系统的后备电源及向电网馈电的逆变器。着重讨论了建筑光伏BIPV、电梯用电与再生发电及四象限运行、AC／DC及蓄能器的特性等。     

横流热源塔换热性能研究

针对制热工况,建立横流热源塔传质传热数学模型。对数学模型的计算准确性进行实验验证。选取重庆、长沙、杭州、西安、南京、青岛6座城市作为计算对象,分析计算热源塔显热换热量、潜热换热量的影响因素以及一定计算条件下的显热换热量、潜热换热量。计算结果与实验测量结果偏差很小,数学模型的计算结果可信。进口防冻液温度的影响:当防冻液、空气质量流量一定时,6座城市的显热换热量、潜热换热量均随进口防冻液温度的升高而减小。进口防冻液温度相同时,显热换热量、潜热换热量由大到小的城市均为重庆、长沙、杭州、南京、西安、青岛。防冻液质量流量的影响:重庆、长沙、杭州、南京、西安、青岛的进口防冻液温度分别选取-4、-8、-9、-11、-12、-14 ℃,空气质量流量一定时,6座城市热源塔显热换热量、潜热换热量均随防冻液质量流量的增大而增大,但潜热换热量增大幅度非常小。空气质量流量的影响:重庆、长沙杭州、南京、西安、青岛的进口防冻液温度分别为-4、-8.-9、-11、-12、-14℃,防冻液质量流量一定时,6座城市热源塔显热换热量、潜热换热量均随空气质量流量增大而增大。空气质量流量对重庆热源塔潜热换热量的影响最明显,其次分别为长沙、杭州、南京、西安,对青岛热源塔潜热换热量的影响微弱。一定计算条件下,6座城市热源塔显热换热量差别比较小,而潜热换热量差别明显,室外空气含湿量越大的城市热源塔潜热换热量越大。     

孔板波纹填料热源塔换热及阻力特性实验研究

为了解决热源塔按冬季换热需求设计体积偏大的问题,本文对采用小片距大比表面积孔板波纹填料的热源塔进行实验研究,搭建了横流式热源塔实验平台,以乙二醇溶液为循环工质,实验获得了空气流量、温度、含湿量及溶液流量、温度、浓度对孔板波纹填料热源塔热质传递的影响规律,研究了孔板波纹填料热源塔的阻力特性,并拟合出了传热传质系数及压降的关联式。实验结果表明孔板波纹填料热源塔的传热传质系数主要受风量密度和淋液密度影响,而填料的压降主要受风量密度影响,这为孔板波纹填料热源塔的使用和设计提供了依据。     

严寒地区住宅建筑冬季通风研究

针对严寒地区节能住宅建筑冬季卫生通风不足的问题，本文应用Fluent软件对安装通风装置的示范住宅建筑的室外风场、室内气流组织及温度分布进行模拟研究并实测室内空气温度场。在严寒地区，为保证适当的卫生通风和气流组织，应加强热压的作用，而尽量避免风压的不利影响。对严寒地区典型的建筑住区不同尺度的外部风环境模拟分析结果表明：除建筑住区的迎风面建筑外，整个建筑住区及建筑子区内风场分布较为均匀，符合严寒地区冬季避免冷风侵入耗热量的建筑节能设计。为避免迎风面建筑较高层住宅的背风向房间出现进风口变为排风口的现象，需加强屋顶排风风口处的引风作用；示范性通风建筑室内的进风角度及安装位置、建筑构件、家具的材料以及家具摆放位置等是影响室内热舒适性和室内气流组织的主要原因。     

Measuring ventilation rate through naturally ventilated air openings by introducing heat flux

Existing ventilation rate measuring techniques for natural ventilation do not provide an online quantification of ventilation rate through the building envelope. Therefore, a need for a practical, robust, and cheap direct measuring technique is obvious. This study investigates the possibility of using a heat source to trace ventilation rate through an air inlet/outlet. A rectangular heat source was introduced in the middle of the air inlet with a known ventilation rate, and afterwards, the 2D temperature field in the flow direction was recorded using an infrared camera.     

Low-temperature baseboard heaters with integrated air supply – An analytical and numerical investigation

The functioning of a hydronic baseboard heating system with integrated air supply was analyzed. The aim was to investigate thermal performance of the system when cold outdoor (ventilation) airflow was forced through the baseboard heater. The performance of the system was evaluated for different ventilation rates at typical outdoor temperatures during the Swedish winter season. Three different analytical models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were used to predict the temperature rise of the airflow inside the baseboard heater. Good agreement between numerical (CFD) and analytical calculations was obtained. Calculations showed that it was fully possible to pre-heat the incoming airflow to the indoor temperature and to cover transmission losses, using 45 °C supply water flow. The analytical calculations also showed that the airflow per supply opening in the baseboard heater needed to be limited to 7.0 l/s due to pressure losses inside the channel. At this ventilation rate, the integrated system with one air supply gave about 2.1 more heat output than a conventional baseboard heating system. CFD simulations also showed that the integrated system was capable of countering downdraught created by 2.0 m high glazed areas and a cold outdoor environment. Draught discomfort in the case with the conventional system was slightly above the recommended upper limit, but heat distribution across whole analyzed office space was uniform for both heating systems. It was concluded that low-temperature baseboard heating systems with integrated air supply can meet both international comfort requirements, and lead to energy savings in cold climates.     

Simulation of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation of buildings—Impact of computational domain

Two computational domains have been used for simulation of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in vertical cavities for different total heat fluxes and wall heat distributions. Results were compared between cavities with horizontal and vertical inlets. The predicted ventilation rate and heat transfer coefficient have been found to depend on the domain size and inlet position as well as the cavity size and heat distribution ratio. The difference in the predicted ventilation rate or heat transfer coefficient using two domains is generally larger for wider cavities with asymmetrical heating and is also larger for ventilation cavities with a horizontal inlet than those with a vertical inlet. The difference in the heat transfer coefficient is generally less than that in the ventilation rate. In addition, a ventilation cavity with symmetrical heating has a higher ventilation rate but generally lower heat transfer coefficient than does an asymmetrically heated cavity. A computational domain larger than the physical size should be used for accurate prediction of the flow rate and heat transfer in ventilation cavities or naturally ventilated buildings with large openings, particularly with multiple inlets and outlets. This is demonstrated with two examples for natural ventilation of buildings.     

西大望220KV变电站暖通设计

着重介绍了这一目前国内规模最大的地下变电站的通风和防排烟系统设计。根据工艺设备布置和变电站的地理位置,在上风侧设进风竖井和可移动式进风塔,在下风侧设计排风竖井和排风塔,采用自然井风、机械排风的通风方式;对可能产生有毒气体的CIS室设正常通风和事故风系统,房间上、下部均设排风口。不同于常规变电站的防排烟,电气设备间的消防设计不仅考虑火灾后的排烟,而且考虑人员的安全疏散,排烟风机和各种防火阀既能集中控制,亦可就地控制。该变电站已安全运行一年多。