试析火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用

在进行火灾事故调查时,火灾痕迹是重要线索,火灾痕迹为调查人员提供了客观事实,帮助调查人员了解火灾事故起因.文章运用调查法、文献法等对火灾痕迹类型进行分析,并就火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用做具体探究,希望能为相关实践工作提供些许理论参考.     

贯彻落实新《消防法》统计火灾损失的思考

结合新《消防法》的贯彻落实,分析了当前统计火灾损失存在的问题,就如何更好地做好火灾损失统计进行了探讨,并提出了具体的对策,以做好火灾损失统计工作,更好地发挥统计火灾损失的作用。     

对消防指战员在灭火救援中紧急避险策略的思考

在社会经济快速发展的今天,我国各大城市的基础设施建设也日益完善.各种大型城市综合体在带动城市经济增长、为人们日常生活提供便利的同时,也增大了火灾扑救与应急救援的难度,增加了消防人员在灭火救援中发生安全事故的几率.鉴于消防人员工作的特殊性,只有不断地提升消防指战员的紧急避险能力,才能够最大限度地为消防人员在灭火救援工作中的生命安全提供保障,提高灭火救援的速度与效率.基于此,文章重点针对消防指战员在灭火救援中的紧急避险策略进行了详细的分析,以供参考.     

Inherent fire consequence estimation tool (IFCET) for preliminary design of process plant

Fire hazard has contributed to about one-third of world major accidents in chemical plants. One of the approaches to avoid or minimize fire hazard is by using an inherent safety concept. This concept is best implemented at the preliminary design stage. However, practical application of inherent safety is still limited due to non-availability of easy to use tool for direct application in a process plant. This paper addresses the above issue by proposing a prototype tool known as Inherent Fire Consequence Estimation Tool (IFCET) that can be used during preliminary design stage to eliminate or minimize the consequence of fire accidents. The tool is developed in MS Excel for pool fire model and linked with process design simulator, iCON. The functionality of the IFCET is demonstrated using case studies of flammable liquid leaked from a process stream and spilled of LPG during unloading at filling station. The results from the case studies show that IFCET can be used to eliminate or minimize the consequence due to pool fire during preliminary design stage. IFCET has a potential to be extended to include other types of fire accidents such as Jet Fire, BLEVE, etc.     

基于ISM 的建筑火灾事故致因分析

通过对70 例建筑火灾事故调查报告的整理,利用关键词抽取致因要素,并结合频率统计得出施工阶段事故中人的因素最为关键,使用阶段事故中物的因素最为关键。利用ISM 方法,从“人-物-管理-环境-其他”角度出发,建立建筑火灾事故致因要素解释结构模型,对各要素层级之间的逻辑关系进行分析,得出各层次的事故原因,为建筑火灾事故防范提供依据。     

如何加强消防战训工作提升灭火救援效能

文章通过分析影响灭火救援工作的因素,结合消防指战员战训工作以及灭火救援过程中出现的一些常见的问题,就如何提高执行工作效率、提升消防指战员灭火救援的工作效能,进行相关方法研究.     

谈古建筑的火灾危险性及防火对策

通过列举几起典型的火灾案例,分析了引起古建筑发生火灾的危险因素,并系统地提出了古建筑防火对策,以避免火灾的发生,确保历史文化遗产的消防安全。     

火灾后钢筋混凝土结构火灾温度的判断方法

对火灾后钢筋混凝土结构火灾温度的现行判断方法进行了论述,并说明了各种方法的具体使用,以准确判断火灾后钢筋混凝土结构火灾温度,从而为判断火灾后混凝土结构损伤程度和进行结构修复提供依据。     

消防宣传对增强全民消防意识的几点思考

随着我国社会、经济的快速发展,火灾事故发生的频率和所造成的经济损失也在逐渐上升,火灾事故形势也越来越严峻,这给消防工作也提出了更新的、更高的防治要求.因此,提高广大人民群众的消防安全意识,预防和有效减少各类火灾事故发生,乃当务之急.     

Time series study of the impact of serious fires on fire occurrence statistics in cities of Jiangsu

In this paper, the time series method is used to analyze the effect of fire disasters and serious fires on monthly fire occurrence statistics in 10 cities from January 1997 to December 2001 in Jiangsu province. After removal of outliers in the irregular component of the original data series and seasonal adjustments, the intervention model is applied to quantify the effect of the fire disasters and serious fires on the total monthly fire statistics in the cities of Jiangsu province. The results show that the impact on monthly fires lasts for 3 months for eight cities and 2 months for two cities. Other phenomena are also detected in these 10 cities. Finally, some explanations for these phenomena are proposed.     

地下建筑火灾危险性和消防设施设置要点分析

地下建筑的自身特点及使用的复杂性,决定其具有较大的火灾危险性,一旦发生火灾,其造成的损失远远高于地面建筑。为解决地下建筑提高火灾防御能力问题提供参考,本文从分析地下建筑的特点和火灾危险性入手,根据地下建筑火灾扑救的主要方法和依靠的消防设施,提出地下建筑设置消防设施应注意的八个要点,起到优化消防设施设置,有效提升建筑防火能力的作用。     

消防控制室的安全管理现状与展望

歌舞娱乐场所的消防安全隐患是比较多元的,因人员密集、电子设备也较为集中,一旦发生火灾,就可能产生较为严重的后果以及危害.为行之有效的保障消防安全,应该做好关键场所的消防控制安全管理工作.但不可否认的是,在当前阶段,关键场所消防控制室的安全管理还存在着较大的问题,亟待采用高效且科学化的管理手段、管理举措提升以及夯实安全管理成效,防范可能出现的消防安全隐患.     

浅谈新型金属屋面系统的防火安全问题

该文以近年来国内发生的新型金属屋面火灾事故为例,阐述了新型金属屋面系统的火灾特点、危害和当前国内金属屋面防火技术及规范的现状,并分析了新型金属屋面系统存在的火灾危险性,最后提出了解决其防火安全问题的若干措施和建议。     

Probabilistic aspect of fire whirl generation around an L-shaped fire source in a crosswind

Fire whirls can be generated during large outdoor fires such as post-earthquake urban fires, and their consequences are often devastating. Therefore, when assessing the post-earthquake fire risk in urban areas, the conditions of fire whirls generation must be understood. There have been attempts to determine the critical crosswind velocity that maximizes the occurrence of fire whirls. However, it does not account for the substantially varying frequency of fire whirl generation among different cases. From a fire-risk perspective, steadily generated fire whirls need to be distinguished from intermittently generated ones, but such a distinction has not been attempted to date. In this study, the probabilistic aspect of fire whirl generation around an L-shaped gas burner in a crosswind was experimentally investigated in a wind tunnel. The test parameters were the heat release rate per unit length (32.5–86.8 kW/m) and the crosswind velocity (0.115–0.696 m/s). Fire whirl was observed in 10 out of 19 cases, but the duration period (i.e., frequency) of the fire whirl generation varied substantially among the cases. The variation of the generation frequency was successfully generalized by the Froude number, Fr, a characteristic value of the counter-flow around the fire source. The Strouhal number, St, which is often used to characterize periodic pulsation of buoyant diffusion flames, was also found to be an appropriate value characterizing the coherency within the unsteady fire whirl generation phenomena.     

The fire situation and progress in fire safety science and technology in China

Since the 1950s, the direct property damage due to fire has increased with the development of industrialization and urbanization in China. The number of fire casualties has come down significantly since the 1980s while fire incidents with high casualties has occurred occasionally. Research on fire safety science and technology and its application have advanced, encouraged by Government at all levels, the Fire Service Department of the Ministry of Public Security and all of society. In recent years, the fire situation in China has become relatively stable and an effective strength in fire research has been established, comprising the four Fire Research Institutes of the Ministry of Public Security, the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, fire enterprises and other fire research institutes. Since the 1990s, research has been carried out on fire detection and alarm, fire suppression techniques, structural fire-resistance, fire prevention techniques, fire modeling, performance-based fire protection design, urban fire protection planning, fire-fighting and rescue, fire protection standardization, fire dynamics and the fundamentals of fire protection. In the next 5 years, research will be focused on the theory of fire dynamics; evaluation techniques for fire risk and fire and rescue services of urban areas; new techniques of fire suppression systems and equipment and their engineering application; modernization of fire department apparatus and equipment; techniques for evaluation and design of structural fire resistance; human behavior in fire; development of a fire database; fire protection engineering economics; and performance-based fire protection design.     

A probability-based Monte Carlo life-risk analysis model for fire emergencies

The paper proposes a probability-based Monte Carlo life-risk analysis model for fire emergencies. Based on the hazardous conditions in each compartment of a building and the evacuation path of each occupant, the model calculates the probabilities of injury and death determined by fractional effective doses due to heat and toxic gases, considers the probability of death due to fire spread, and produces the probabilities of injury and death for each occupant. Then these probabilities for all occupants are summed to give the total probabilities of injury and death in a Monte Carlo run, and statistics about the total probabilities of all Monte Carlo runs are produced for each fire scenario. According to the statistics and scenario composition, the expected risks of injury and death in the building are calculated. The model is applied to a life risk analysis of 6- and 12-storey apartment buildings. The results show that for these buildings, injuries and deaths are mainly limited to the rooms of fire origin and the effects of building area and the number of storeys on life risk are slight. The predictions for different layouts are in good agreement with the numbers of injuries and deaths given by Canadian and US statistics.     

城轨车站火灾应急方案模拟演练

结合城市轨道交通车站发生火灾的案例,分析了地铁火灾的特点,对地铁火灾进行了分类,并探讨了火灾的处理方式,主要对城轨车站火灾应急方案的模拟演练进行了研究,以提高城轨车站工作人员对火灾事故的处理能力。     

A method for determining fire accidental loads and its application to thermal response analysis for optimal design of offshore thin-walled structures

More than 70% of accidents that occur on offshore installations stem from hydrocarbon fire and explosion, and as they involve heat and blast effects, they are extremely hazardous with serious consequences in terms of human health, structural safety and the surrounding environment. To prevent further accidents, substantial effort has been directed towards the management of fire and explosion in the safety design of offshore installations. The aim of this paper is to present a risk-based methodology procedure to help determine the fire accidental design load of an offshore installation (AL Living Quarter) in association with the thermal response characteristics for structural optimisation. A probabilistic sampling approach with numerical fire simulations was taken to determine the fire accidental load. To determine the optimisation of the thin-walled structures of the living quarter, an A60 based on the results of thermal response analyses was conducted and the temperature distribution calculated. The analysis results suggest incorporating both the design and safety planning aspects of offshore Living Quarter.     

"智慧消防"在消防监督工作中的应用研究

"智慧消防"是借助现代科学技术进行消防防控的平台,其打破了传统消防中信息孤岛的问题,对消防监督工作提升具有重要作用.文章主要针对"智慧消防"在消防监督工作中存在的问题进行分析,并提出相应的解决措施,希望为消防监督工作效率的提升提供一定的参考建议.